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Name Class Date Population Ecology—pp 97-119Before you read the chapter, answer each question with information you know. Afteryou complete the chapter, re-answer the questions using information you learned.How Do Changes in Population SizeRelate to Environmental Conditions?What I LearnedWhat I Know4.1 How do ecolo-gists organize andstudy life?4.2 What are theimportant character-istics of populations?4.3 What factorsdetermine whether,and how, a popula-tion’s size changes?56CHAPTER 4: POPULATION ECOLOGY VOCABULARYabiotic factor: a nonliving part of an ecosystemage structure: describes the relative numbers of organism of each age within a populationbiosphere: part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmospherebiotic factor: any living part of an environmentbiotic potential: maximum ability to produce offspring in ideal conditionscarrying capacity: the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resourcescommunity: (ecology) a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each otherdensity-dependent factor: limiting factors whose influence changes with population densitydensity-independent factor: limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population densityecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environmentsecosystem: a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environmentemigration: departure of individuals from a given areaenvironment: the circumstances or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms as well as the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or communityexponential growth: population increases by a fixed percentage each yearhabitat: the place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism livesimmigration: arrival of individuals from outside a given arealimiting factor: an environmental factor that prevents a population from increasinglogistic growth: describes how a populations initial exponential increase is slowed and finally stopped by limiting factorsmigration: seasonal movement into and out of an areaniche: organism's role, or job, in its habitatorganism: a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independentlypopulation density: describes the number of individuals within a population per unit areapopulation distribution: describes how organisms are arranged within an areapopulation dynamics: the study of changes in birth rate, death rate, and migration that affect the total number of organisms in a given ecosystempopulation size: describes the number of individual organism present in a given population at a given timepopulation: group of individuals of the same species that live in the same arearesource: anything an organism needs, including nutrients, shelter, breeding sites, and matessex ratio: a populations proportion of males to femalesspecies: group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspringsurvivorship curve: graph that shows the likelihood of death at various ages4.1 Studying Ecology—pp 100-103Key ConceptsEcologists study life at many levels, from individual organisms to the entire biosphere.Ecosystems include both biotic and abiotic anisms depend on resources provided by their habitat for survival.Levels of Ecological Organization—page 100For Questions 1 and 2, circle the letter of the correct answer.1.The most basic level of ecological organization is a(n)A.biosphere.B.individual.C.ecosystem.D.population.2.The study of living and nonliving components of a system can best be described as a(n)A.abiotic factor.B.level hierarchy.C.ecosystem ecology.anism interaction.3.Describe how a species is commonly defined. Explain why the common definition forspecies may be problematic for some organisms, such as bacteria.4.What is community ecology? Give examples.Name Class Date Biotic and Abiotic Factors—page 1025.Fill in the T-chart with examples of abiotic and biotic factors inan ecosystem.Abiotic FactorsBiotic Factors6.Is a fallen, rotting tree considered an abiotic or biotic factor? Explain.Habitat—Page 103For Questions 7 and 8, complete each statement by writing in the correct word.7.A cloud forest’s soil, rocks, leaf litter, humidity, plant life, and seasonal pools of water areall part of a toad’s .8.Habitats provide organisms with the they need to live, such asfood, shelter, breeding sites, and mates.pare and contrast an ecosystem and a habitat.10.Explain the importance of resources and suitable habitats to an organism.11.Name at least two specific elements of the golden toad’s cloud forest habitat.59Name Class Date Organize Information12.Fill in the table to explain how each concept applies to the golden toad.ConceptThe Golden ToadPopulationCommunityEcosystemHabitatResource13.Explain why organization is important to the study of ecology.14.Why are dead or decaying organisms still considered important parts of an ecosystem?15.What makes up an organism’s habitat?4.2 Describing Populations—pp 104-109Key ConceptsThe overall health of a population can often be monitored by tracking how its sizechanges.A population’s density is a measure of how crowded it is.Populations can be distributed randomly, uniformly, or in clumps.Age structure diagrams show the number of males and females in different age groups within a population.Population Size—Page 104-105For Questions 1–3, complete each statement by writing in the correct word.1.When a population size or remains steady, this is often a sign of ahealthy population.2.If a population size begins to rapidly, this can be a signal thatextinction is coming.3.Instead of counting each organism individually, ecologists use methods to estimate population sizes.4.Explain why the passenger pigeon, which was once the most abundant bird in NorthAmerica, disappeared completely.Describe how you could determine the population size of a specific type of plant in a largeforest without counting all of the plants.Population Density—page 106For Questions 6 and 7, circle the letter of the correct answer.6.A population’s density describes howA.old the population is.Cbig the population is.B.crowded the population is.Dfast the population is declining.7.Which piece of information is used along with population size to calculate populationdensity?A.areaC.ageB.weightD.location8.How can high population density be helpful to a population?9.How can high population density be harmful to a population?Population Distribution—Page 10710.Fill in the cluster diagram with short descriptions or drawingsof the different types of population distribution.Types ofPopulationDistributionRandomIndividualsare arrangedaround sourcesof resources.11.Which type of population distribution is found most often in nature?Age Structure and Sex Ratios—Page 108-10912.Describe how to use an age-structure diagram to determine how many males and femalesare in a population.13.What will happen to a population made up mostly of individuals that are past reproductiveage?14.What can you predict about a population with an age-structure diagram shaped like apyramid?Name Class Date Think Visually15.Use dots to represent individuals in populations as you contrast the populationcharacteristics in each set below.B.Population DensityA.Population Sizelow densitylarge populationsmall populationhigh densityC.Population Distributionclumped distributionuniform distributionrandom distribution16.Which way of describing a population would be more informative in terms of availableresources—population size or population density? Explain.17.Describe how you might use population distribution to find the sources of food or otherresources used by a species.18.Explain the significance of an age-structure diagram in which the bars are short along oneside and long on the opposite side.4.3 Population Growth—pp. 110-117Key ConceptsA population’s growth rate is determined by births, deaths, immigration, andemigration.Populations can grow exponentially or logistically.Limiting factors and biotic potential regulate a population’s growth.Reading StrategyAs you read the lesson, complete the main ideas and details chart.Main IdeasDetailsImportant factorsdetermine populationgrowth. (pp 110-113)Populations growexponentially orlogistically.(pp 114-115)A population’s growthis regulated bylimiting factors andbiotic potential.(pp.116-117)Name Class Date Factors That Determine Population Growth—pp 110-113For Questions 1 and 2, complete each statement by writing in the correct word.1.Populations when more individuals enter the population thanleave it.2.Populations when more individuals leave the population thanenter it.3.Explain how a population would be affected when the birthrate is significantly higher thanthe death rate and there are no changes due to immigration or emigration.4.Describe how emigration and immigration affect the size of a population.5.Explain how migration causes population size to change cyclically over time.How Populations Grow—pp 114-1156.Describe the shape of a graph curve indicating exponential growth and a graph indicatinglogistic growth.7.Explain how the availability of resources in the environment is linked to exponentialgrowth of a species.8.Describe how you can recognize where the carrying capacity for a population occurs on alogistic growth curve.pare and contrast exponential growth and logistic growth.67Name Class Date 10.Explain how the carrying capacity for a population can change over time.Limiting Factors and Biotic Potential—pp. 116-11711.Circle the factors below that are density-dependent.climate changediseasefloodpredation12.Explain why a forest fire is considered to be a density-independent limiting factor.13.Give two examples of organisms that differ greatly in their biotic potential.14.List two factors that increase the growth rate of a population and two factors that decreasethe growth rate of a population.15.Describe the effects that limiting factors and biotic potential have on a population’sgrowth.Turkey VulturesThe graph at the right shows theaverage number of turkey vulturesthat were counted on protectedlands at the Hawk MountainSanctuary in Pennsylvannia. Inthis activity, you will interpret thegraph by describing the trends thatit shows and drawing conclusionsabout the annual migration cycle ofturkey vultures.Interpreting the GraphTo understand the information in a graph, the first step is to figure out the information thatit shows. Study the axes and note the trend shown by the graph.1.What do the x and y-axes show?2.What do the two bars for each month represent?3.To describe the annual trend in the graph, look at the overall changes in the bar heightover the entire year. Describe what you see.Inferring From the GraphTurkey vultures migrate from the north onto the sanctuary lands and reside there for a whilebefore migrating south. You know that when the vultures migrate through the sanctuary, theywill increase the population size. Answer the questions below to help you identify when thevultures migrated through the sanctuary.4.In which two months is the turkey vulture population significantly greater than in theother months?5.When would you conclude that the vultures migrating from the north arrive at thesanctuary?6.When would you conclude that the vultures leave the sanctuary and begin to migratesouth?SCIENCE BEHIND THE STORIES: THE CLOUDLESS FORESTRead Pages 118-119 and complete the cause and effect organizer below. Analyze the data presented and separate into what scientists infer from it. CAUSEEFFECTWrite About It: What do you think caused the extinction of the golden toad? Write a conclusion statement and support it with 3 pieces of evidence from the case study.Conclusion statement ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence 1 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence 2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence 3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter Vocabulary ReviewMatch each term with its definition.1.immigration2.sex ratio3.population4.habitat5.population distribution6.limiting munity8.ecosystem9.carrying capacity10.exponential growth11.population density12.speciesa.all the living things and their physicalenvironments within a particular areab.the number of individuals within apopulation per unit areac.the largest population size that anenvironment can sustainably supportd.the arrival of individuals from outside anareae.the specific environment in which anorganism livesf.occurs when a population increases by afixed percentage each yearg.the proportion of males to females in apopulationh.characteristic of the environment thatrestricts population growthi.all the populations in a particular areaj.a group of individuals that interbreed andproduce fertile offspringk.members of a species that live in thesame areal.how organisms are arranged within anarea ................
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