Study guide for the year:



Study guide for the year: Correlation with the GA Standards. Used Georgia CRCT Test Prep book by Louisa Moffitt, Emmett Mullins, Jr. & Dr. Glenn Blankenship and the Georgia CRCT Coach book by Cypress Curriculum Services.

CREATED by Amy Furbee & Pam Kramlich at Bennett’s Mill Middle School

Types of Governments: SS7CG6, SS7CG7, SS7CG1, SS7CG2, SS7CG4SS7CG5

1. Unitary-central government holds nearly all of the power

2. Confederation-local governments hold all of the power

3. Federal-power is shared among different levels of government. Example: India, Nigeria

4. Autocratic-ruler has absolute power to do whatever he wishes & makes & enforce laws. Example: Sudan

5. Oligarchy-“government by the few,” one political party or small group makes decisions

6. Democratic-people play a role in deciding who the rulers are & major decisions made

a. Parliamentary democracy-people vote for parliament & it makes & carries out laws, they also elect the Prime Minister. Example: Israel

b. Presidential democracy-president is chosen separately from legislature

Types of Economy: SS7E8, SS7E9, SS7E1, SS7E5

1. Traditional-decisions are based on customs & habits

2. Command-government & government planning groups make economic decisions (North Korea)

3. Market-economic decisions made by individuals, driven by supply & demand

4. Mixed-between a pure market & pure command economy, nearly all modern economies are this type

Economic systems are determined by answering three basic questions: SS7E5

1. What goods & services will be produced?

2. How will these goods & services be produced?

3. Who still uses the goods & services that are produced?

Economic Terms:SS7E10, SS7E2, SS7E3,SS7E4, SS7E6, SS7E7

1. Human Capital-knowledge & skills that make it possible for workers to earn a living producing goods or services

2. Specialization-those products a country makes best & that are in demand on the world market

3. Capital goods-factories, machines, & technology that people use to make products to sell

4. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)-total of all goods & services produced by a country usually over a 1 year time period

5. Per Capita GDP-GDP divided by the total population of the country

6. Embargoes-a trade barrier in which one country announces that it will no longer trade w/another country in order to isolate & cause problems w/that country’s economy

7. Quotas-a way of limiting the amount of foreign goods that can come into a country

8. Tariffs-a tax placed on goods when they are brought into one country from another country

9. Entrepreneurs-creative, original thinkers who are willing to take risks to create new businesses & products

10. Income-the monetary payment received for goods or services, or from other sources, as rents or investments

11. Credit-the ability to borrow money.

12. Exchange rate-a system of changing from one type of currency ($) to another

13. Free Enterprise-a business governed by the laws of supply & demand, not restrained by government interference.

14. Invest-to put $ to use in something offering potential profitable returns, as interest, income, or appreciation in value.

15. Savings-the $ that you have not spent after buying things you want.

SS7G11, SS7G3, Trade Barriers-anything that slows down or prevents one country from exchanging goods w/another can be physical or political.

OPEC: SS7G7 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries founded to set oil prices & policies. It controls the oil in the world market.

SS7G12, SS7G4, SS7G8 Ethnic Groups: Arabs, Ashanti, Bantu, Swahili;

Ethnic group-a group of people who share cultural ideas & beliefs that have been a part of their community for generations, could include language, religions, shared history, and types of foods, traditional stories, beliefs or celebrations

Religious Groups: Buddhist, Christians, Hindus, Jews, & Muslims

Religious group-shares a belief system in god/gods, specific set of rituals & literature, people from different ethnic groups may share the same religion, but may be from very different cultures.

Difference between a religious group & an ethnic group is the people in a religious group share a common belief system.

Religions: Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism

Monotheism-belief in one god (Christianity, Islam, Judaism), all developed in SW Asia.

Polytheism-belief in many gods (Hinduism)

Shinto-official religion of Japan, involves nature, centered around divine spirits

Confucianism-NOT a RELIGION but a philosophy or ethical system, “Golden Rule of Behavior”.

Islam-Sunni and Shia-SS7G8

Sunni 85% majority

Shia-more strict & believe that leader should be descendant of Muhammad not a caliph

SS7G8 Persians live in Iran Kurds live in several different countries in SW Asia & considered outcaste in most countries.

SS7H2 Anti-Semitism-hatred of Jews simply b/c they practiced the Jewish faith

Zionism-international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine & later for the support of modern Israel.

Diaspora-any people or ethnic group that must leave their homeland, & as a result is dispersed throughout other parts of the world.

Environmental Issues: SS7G10, SS7G2, SS7G3, SS7G6

1. Air Pollution: overcrowding, traffic, industries, Asian Brown Cloud

2. Water Issues- fights over water distribution (Turkey, Syria, & Iraq-building of dams), pollution (waste, cremation, pesticides, oil spills and industries), & no water b/c of drought

3. Deforestation- the destruction of trees & other vegetation (can cause flooding & poor soil)

4. Desertification-the process of land becoming like a desert, due to deforestation & drought.

5. Extraction: taking out (mining)

Political Figures:

1. Mao Zedong (China)-SS7H3 founder of the Chinese Communist Party

2. Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)-SS7H3 founder of the Vietnamese Communist Party

3. Mohandas Gandhi (India) - SS7H3 “Mahatma” Great Soul who helped India gain its freedom from the British

4. Nelson Mandela (South Africa)-SS7H1 fought against apartheid & South Africa’s first democratically elected president in 1994

5. F.W. de Klerk (South Africa)-SS7H1 South African president who, in 1990, freed Nelson Mandela from prison after 27 years.

Political Events:

1. Apartheid in South Africa SS7H1 (homelands-special reserves w/little land & no resources; townships-a racially segregated urban area outside a city)

2. AIDS/HIV SS7CG3 (south of Sub-Saharan Africa; highest in the world; can not afford to buy medications to treat disease)

3. Cultural Revolution (China-Mao Zedong) –SS7H3 an attempt to improve China’s economy by reorganizing its farms, businesses, & society (get rid of democracy ideas)

4. The Great Leap Forward (China-Mao Zedong) – SS7H3 an attempt in 1950s to reorganize China’s economy (communes)

5. Tiananmen Square-(China-Deng Xiaoping) –SS7H3 site of student demonstrations in 1989 suppressed by the government; want more freedom from government.

6. Rebuilding Japan after WWII- SS7H3 General MacArthur helped with new government (constitutional monarchy), no military, suffrage age 21, and new economy

7. Foreign involvement in Vietnam & Korea in containing Communism-SS7H3spreading of communism after WWII (domino theory), Cold War

8. Gandhi’s belief in non-violence & civil disobedience in India-SS7H3 (Salt March, boycott British goods, not paying unfair taxes). MLK & Nelson Mandela followed his beliefs.

9. Nationalism led to independence in South Africa, Nigeria, & Kenya SS7H1 (fighting to gain independence from European countries). A desire to be liberated from rule by another country’s government & a devotion & loyalty to one’s own country.

10. European partitioning Africa (Berlin Conference) – SS7H1 negative & positive effects of colonization.

Negative-1.Wars, riots, & protests

2. Starvation

3. Diseases

4. Forced into labor

5. New borders drawn separating families & tribes. Putting ancient enemies together.

Positive-1. Schools & hospitals built

2. Economy improved by new government

3. Roads & railroads built

4. Set an end date to the slave trade

5. New technology

11. Pan African movement-SS7H1 desire for people of African descent, no matter where they lived in the world, to think of Africa as a homeland & develop a unified political identity.

12. Break up of the Ottoman Empire-SS7H2 It gained/lost territory several times. This became known as the “Sick Man of Europe”. It sided w/the Central Powers in WWI & lost. Europeans decided new boundaries not considering nationalism.

13. Establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948 (anti-Semitism, Holocaust, Zionism, Jewish connection to the land) – SS7H2

14. Religious & land conflicts in the ME (Sunnis/Shia, Kurds, Persians, Jews & Muslims, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights)SS7H2 Historical claims to the same land, conflict still exists especially since Jews claimed more territory & have Israel while Palestinians are still refugees. Arabs support Palestinians while US supports Israel.

15. U.S. involvement in the Middle East (oil- Importance of OPEC, control of oil, Persian Gulf War-Iraq invading Kuwait over oil and land dispute, Operation Iraqi Freedom-2003, US invaded believing that WMD existed in Iraq & helped al-Qaeda, Invasion of Afghanistan-US invades in attempt to capture the people responsible for the attacks at the World Trade Center & Pentagon, Shah of Iran & Khomeini –US Embassy attacked & US civilians imprisoned & tortured for 444 days) SS7H2

16. Blood Diamonds SS7H1

17. Literacy Rate affects the standard of living-SS7G12, SSCG3, SS7G8

18. Nationalism in India & Vietnam-SS7H3 Gandhi’s fight to free India from Britain’s control & the Vietnamese from the French.

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