Commack Schools



Global History Regents ReviewThis review is designed to have students recognize cue words in reference to a specific topic and trigger his/her memory to remember the correct answer for the question topic. The cue words are not fool proof as it will be necessary to read each question and answer carefully. This is what the topic is about…Question TopicIf the topic of the question is about….This is what you are looking for…Answer cuesYou should be looking for…Early river valley civilizations(Egypt, Sumerian, Indus, Huang He)River valley (favorable geography)Fertile soilIrrigation systemsWritten language Complex (advanced) societyInterdependence (relying on other countries for resources)European Union, NAFTA, GATTCultural diffusionContact, exchange, or spread of ideas, customs, religionUsually involves two countries or civilizations Free market economyCapitalism, individual decision making, supply and demandCommand economyGovernment ownership of businessesCentral authority controls production of goodsTraditional economy(subsistence farming)Following same job as past family membersFeeding enough for your family – no surplusNeolithic RevolutionPermanent settlementsFarmingBeginning of civilizationDomestication of animals Move from hunting and gathering and nomadic to cultivation of plantsCode of HammurabiLaw, legal systems, rules, harsh punishments – based on social classesAlso look for – Justinian’s Code, Rome’s 12 Tables, Asoka’s Rock Edicts, 10 CommandmentsAnimismDaoismShintoismSpirits in living and non-living objectsFocus on natureBuddhismGive up worldly desiresTripitaka, Eightfold Path, 4 Noble Truths, nirvanaHinduismPolytheistic, reincarnationCaste system – rigid social class (no social mobility)Caused partition in India – (conflict with Muslims)ConfucianismProper behaviorKnow place in societyFilial piety – respect eldersChinese dynastiesCivil service examsAnalects – sacred textLegalismHarsh rules and strict punishments (similar to Code of Hammurabi)JudaismMonotheisticTorah10 CommandmentsMiddle East – ZionismGuide to ethical behaviorChristianityMonotheisticBibleOfficial religion of Holy Roman EmpireIslamMonotheistic5 Pillars of Islam (pray five times a day, hajj)AllahMeccaMuhammadKoranIslamic expansionAcross North Africa to Spain across Arabian peninsula to India Creation of Golden Age of IslamCrusadesHoly war between Christians and MuslimsGoal: Christians wanted holy land from MuslimsResults: cultural diffusion, increase in trade, spread of Muslim ideas to Europe, increase demands of goodsAncient GreeceMountains, city-states (Athens vs Sparta)Direct democracy, philosophers (Socrates, Aristotle), advancements in art and architectureRome (similar to Han)Laws (12 tables) and engineering (aqueducts)RoadsAdopts Greek cultureDecline caused by instability and military weaknessResult: decentralized government – Middle Ages (west) and Byzantine Empire (East)Golden AgesPolitical stablilty, economic prosperity, advancements in math, science, and literature, Preservation of great culturesIncludes: Gupta (India), Tang and Song (China), Byzantine (Eastern Rome), Islam, Rome, Greece, Han (China), Mali (West Africa)Gupta EmpireConcept of zero, decimal systemAdvances in math and medicineChinese civilizationsGunpowder, compass, abacus, civil service exams, ethnocentric, Middle KingdomByzantine Empire Orthodox Christianity, preservation of Greek and Roman culture, Justinian’s Code, influence on Russia (Cyrillic alphabet)Constantinople – strategic trade route between the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea (b/w Europe and Asia)Taken over by the Ottoman Empire Middle AgesDecentralized government Feudalism – self-sufficientManorialism – economic system based on serfsExchange of land and loyaltyRigid social class – ex: lords, knights, serfsChivalry – knightsChurch most powerful organizationBlack DeathSpread due to increase in tradeKills enormous amounts of people 1/3 of Europe’s populationStarts in China and spreads to Europe Japan (before Commodore Perry)Tokugawa Shogunate Decentralized governmentFeudalism – rigid social classIsolatedSamurai- knightsBushido –chivalryMongolsGenghis KhanLargest empire in the world Fierce warriors and excellent fightersPax Mongolia – increase trade between China and Europe Travelers – Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta Global Trading CentersVenice, Mogadishu, Canton, MaliRise of merchantsIncrease in trade Commerical Revolution(commerce- trade)Start of banking systemsCapitalismGuildsJoint stock companiesGrowth of cities and townsRenaissance Revival of Greek and Roman culture HumanismSecular (worldly ideas)Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Machiavelli (better to be feared than loved – The Prince) Gutenberg – printing press – increase in books, spread of ideasProtestant ReformationMartin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIIICauses: corruption of Catholic Church, selling of indulgences, questioning the ChurchCounter Catholic ReformationCouncil of Trent, reform pope’s power, end of religious unityWest African Kingdoms(Ghana, Mali, Songhai)Gold and salt tradeTrans-Saharan TradeTimbuktu – trading centerMansa Musa – takes hajj to MeccaIslam Mesoamericans(Mayans, Aztecs, Incas)Advanced before Columbus, complex civilizationsAztecs – chinampas (adopted to environment)Incas – terrace farming (adopted to environment), roadsDefeated by Europeans (conquistadors) due to superior technology, and introduction of diseasesAge of ExplorationNew trade routes to Asia, new technology – compass, astrolabe, Mercator projectionEncounter with the AmericansColumbian Exchange (cultural diffusion) – exchange of plants, food, and animalsEx: potatoes introduced to Europeans European diseases kill Native Americans Encomienda SystemForced labor of Native Americans Leads to importation of Africans (African Slave Trade)MercantilismMother country benefits from raw materials/markets of its coloniesFavorable balance of tradeAbsolutismDivine right, centralize power, expand empire, get rid of oppositionThomas Hobbes supports absolutismEx: Louis XIV (Sun King), Akbar the Great, Peter the Great, Charles V, Philip II, Ivan the TerribleLimited MonarchyPower of king is limited Magna Carta, Petition of Right, Bill of Rights, Glorious RevolutionScientific RevolutionCopernicus, Newton, Galileo, observation and experimentation, questioning ideas of the Middle AgesEnlightenment (age of Reasons)Locke – natural rights (life, liberty, property)Montesquieu – 3 branches of governmentVolaire – freedom of speech and religionRights belong to the people, consent of the governed Influences American and French Revolutions and Latin American independence movements French RevolutionCauses:Social inequalities of the three estatesTaxes on 3rd estate – peasants, commonersEffects:Spread of democratic and nationalistic ideasNapoleon – loses in Russia (winter)Congress of Vienna“turn back the clock” before the French RevolutionRestore absolute monarchsUnification/NationalismItaly – Garibaldi, Cavour, MazziniGermany – Otto von Bismark – “blood and iron”Latin American Independent MovementsNationalist MovementsKey people: Simon Bolivar, Touissant l’ouevurture, Jose de San Martin Influenced by American and French RevolutionsCaused by Spanish nobility (peninsulares) controlling the colonies Industrial Revolution (Britain)Causes: abundance of natural resources (iron and coal)Factory system, mass production, urbanization, growth of unions, child labor lawsLaissez-faire capitalism (no government in business) – Adam Smith – Wealth of NationsKarl MarxCommunist Manifesto – criticizes capitalist systemClass struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat Workers must united (wealth belongs to workers)Government controls production for the people Irish Potato FamineShortage of foodCaused by British policiesLeads to migration to USMeiji RestorationModernize, industrialize, imperializeLacks natural resources – must go and imperializeCommodore Matthew Perry – opens trade with JapanMeiji similar to Peter the Great in Russia, Ataturk in Turkey, Reza Pahlavi in IranNew Imperialism – stronger nation taking over a weaker nationScramble for Africa Berlin Conference – splits Africa into colonies controlled by EuropeansZulu War – Zulus vs British and BoersChina – sphere of influence – Europeans used China for tradeOpium Wars – opened up trade with ChinaTreaty of Nanjing – China taken over by Europeans Resistance to imperialismBoxer Rebellion – ChinaSepoy Mutiny – IndiaGet rid of foreignersGet rid of European imperialism Starts nationalist movementsWorld War ICauses:Results:Treaty of Versaillesmilitarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, assassination of Archduke FerdinandBalkan Peninsula - powder keg – ethnic and nationalistic rivalries Trench warfare, new technologies – machine guns blames Germany for war, forced to pay war reparations, League of Nations, leads to rise of Hitler and WWIIRussian RevolutionAbuse of power by czar Nicholas IILosses of WWIVladimir Lenin – “PEACE, LAND, BREAD” – gets support from the peasants – uses Karl Marx ideasRussia becomes the 1st communist country in historyStalinCommand economy5-Year Plan – increase industrial output – heavy industry (compared to Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward)Collectivization – state run farmsForced famineTotalitarianismOne-party rule, use of censorship, repressive governments Ex: Mussolini – ItalyHitler – GermanyStalin – Soviet UnionHussein – IraqWorld War IICauses:Effects:Great Depression, government instability, rise of dictators (fascist leaders), treaty of Versailles, failure of the league of nations, appeasement (giving into demands of an aggressor), invasion of PolandBlitzkrieg – fast-moving warUS drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ending WWII Hitler loses in Russia (winter)Division of Germany into 4 zonesNuremberg Trials ‘ “Crimes against humanity” – people held accountable for the HolocaustCreation of the United Nations HolocaustHitler’s genocide in EuropeHuman right violation against Jews Leads to creation of Israel Ex of genocides/human rights violations: Armenian Genocide, Cambodia (pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge), Hutus and Tutsis, ethnic cleansing in the Balkans by Slobodan Milosevic(former Yugoslavia)Cold WarU.S. vs U.S.S.R./ West vs East/ capitalism vs communismNATO vs Warsaw Pact (military alliances)Democracy vs dictatorshipIron Curtain, Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Vietnam War, satellite nations (depended on Soviet Union)Arms race, space race Truman Doctrine/Marshall PlanStop spread of communism (containment)Promote democracyHelp rebuild Europe after WWIIUnited NationsPeace keeping organizationEnd of Cold War in Europe (end of communism in the Soviet Union)Mikhail Gorbachev (soviet Union leader)– perestroika and glasnost – political and economic reformsPerestroika - Move to a more capitalist economyGlasnost – move to more democratic ideas, freedom of speechSatellite nations – move to capitalist ideasFall of Berlin Wall leads to end of Cold War Turkish nationalismKemal Ataturk, westernization, modernizationNationalistic MovementsFormer colonies seeking independence after WWIIEx of nationalist leaders: Mohandas Gandhi (India), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam), Sun Xixian (China), Kemal Ataturk (turkey)Chinese Communist RevolutionMao Zedong vs. Chiang Kai-shekMao gets support from peasants – uses guerilla warfare Great Leap Forward – increase industrial output (similar to 5-Year Plan) Cultural Revolution – get rid of Mao’s opponents Deng Xiaoping’s China 4 Modernizations – economic reforms – move to more capitalism (similar to Gorbachev’s perestroika)No political reform – Tiananmen Square – protesters wanted more democracy but was put down with forcePartition of IndiaGandhi – uses civil disobedience, passive resistance to gain independence Ex: Salt March, home spun movement Britain split of India due to religious conflicts between Hindus and Muslims India – mostly HindusPakistan – mostly MuslimsFighting still continues in Kashmir (nuclear proliferation – build of weapons) – fear of another arms race Apartheid in South Africa Segregation between the racesViolations of black South Africans human rightsNelson Mandela – leads fight to end apartheid, becomes 1st black South African presidentF.W. DeKlerk – helps end apartheidOther countries put an embargo (no trading) to pressure South Africa to end apartheid (ends in 1994)Cuban RevolutionFidel Castro – used Karl Marx’s ideas Balfour DeclarationZionism – call for a Jewish state in PalestineArab-Israeli ConflictTerritorial (land) dispute about religionFighting over holy land Peace treaties have been ineffective in stopping violence Islamic FundamentalismBack to traditional theocracy (based on Islamic beliefs)Oppose westernization and modernizationIranian RevolutionAyatollah Khomeini – Iran becomes an ISLAMIC country-EVERYTHING BASED ON ISLAM – TRADTIONAL IDEASOPEC (Organization of Petroleum Countries) Control oil pricesMostly in the Middle EastSaudi Arabia, Iran, Nigeria, Venezuela (few OPEC countries)Persian Gulf War (1990s)Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait because of oil War in Iraq US and Britain suspected Iraq of having weapons of mass destruction and harboring terrorist groups Hussein – put on trial for “crimes against humanity” because of persecution of Kurds War in AfghanistanFighting radical Islamic groups – suspected terrorists ................
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