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“Policy Jeopardy!” questions formed by students in preparation for the Policy Test. Please excuse the repetitions, this just cut-and-pasted emails posted for review purposes by students’ requests. What are the steps of the policymaking process and who conducts these stepsAgenda Building – Media, Interest Groups, Social MovementsPolicy Formulation – President, Congress, Interest GroupsPolicy Adoption – Congress, PresidentPolicy Implementation – Executive Branch, BureaucracyPolicy Evaluation and Revision – Scientists, Executive Branch, CongressWhat are some reasons for the rising cost of healthcare and how are these reasons affecting policymaking regarding healthcare?The changing demographic of the United States population has caused the life expectancy to rise drastically. In addition, advancements in medical technology cause the cost of healthcare to rise. These two factors affect the government’s decision on healthcare because the government has to find ways to allocate money, such that all people in need of healthcare receive it. In addition, the government also has to find a way to allocate money such that it does not enter into debt rapidly.What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?Medicare is a federal health insurance program that covers U.S. residents age 65 and older. These costs are met by a tax on wages and salaries. Medicaid is a joint state-federal program that provides medical care to the poor (including indigent elderly persons in nursing homes). The program is funded out of general government revenues.What is the importance of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969?The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) was important for many reasons. Firstly, it was responsible for establishing the Council on Environmental Quality. The act also mandated that an environmental impact statement (EIS) be prepared for all major federal actions that could significantly affect the quality of the environment. This act gave citizens and public interest groups who were concerned with the environment a weapon against the unnecessary and inappropriate use of natural resources by the government.Name one act that was intended to curb air pollution and one act that was intended to curb water pollution. Why were these acts significant?The Clean Air Act of 1990 established tighter standards for emissions of nitrogen dioxide and other pollutants by newly built cars and light trucks. This act was responsible for lowering emissions by immense amounts throughout the country.The Clean Water Act of 1972 established the following goals. It attempted to make waters safe for swimming, protect fish and wildlife, and eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the water. This act was important because it paved the way for future policymaking decisions regarding the matter of water pollution.What is the importance of the Department of Energy?In 1977, the United States under President Carter faced shortages in oil and natural gas. The Department of Energy was created, and numerous programs were instituted to assist citizens in buying more energy-efficient appliances and improving the energy profile of their homes. This department also promoted the legislation of new energy policies, which would lead to efficiency and growth.Why is nuclear power an unpopular solution to the energy crisis?After the Three Mile Island incident in 1979 and the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, countries around the world became afraid of the power that could be harnessed through nuclear physics. In the United States, many states fear that they could become repositories for nuclear waste, while others are afraid of air pollution. After the Fukushima disaster in2011, the concerns for nuclear power kept rising. Nuclear power is an unpopular solution because no one truly knows how to harness its power without causing mass destruction.Why was the creation of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program so important?Under the TANF program, the U.S. government turned over to the states, in the form of block grants, funds targeted for welfare assistance. The states, not the national government, now bear the burden of any increased welfare spending. For example, if a state wishes to increase the amount of TANF payments over what the national government supports, the state has to pay the additional costs.Name some other forms of Government AssistanceSupplemental Security Income (SSI)Food StampsEarned Income Tax Credit (EITC) ProgramWhat is the importance of the DREAM Act?The DREAM Act is a legislative bill proposed by President Obama that allows any child that was brought into the country illegally before the age of 16 to stay an additional year in the United States before deportation. This is important because it shows that the government is attempting to employ immigration reform. Even though this bill has yet to pass Congress, the presence of such a bill gives immigrants something to look up for.What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?Medicare is used to help support the elderly no matter what their income is and Medicaid is a joint state-federal program to help give health care to the poor. What steps have been taken by the government to help the Environment?Clean Water Act of 1972, Clean Air Act of 1990, National Environment Policy Act of 1969, Endangered Species Preservation Act in 1966What is the Migratory-Bird Rule?It was a regulation issued by the Army Corps of Engineers that said any body of water that could affect interstate commerce that are used by migratory birds that fly over state borders need to be regulated by the federal government under the Clean Water Act. What are some reasons due to the rising cost of Health Care?Life expectancy has gone up and the population is growing.What are the steps in policymaking?Agenda Building, Policy Formation, Policy Adoption, Policy Implementation, and Policy Evaluation.What are some ways that we can achieve sustainability?We can reduce greenhouse emissions; maintain healthy supplies of air, water, and other natural resources that make modern life possible, recycling. Some efforts have been made to ban non-recyclable plastic bags and to increase composting and reduction of waste for landfills. What do conservative groups mostly believe about Homelessness?They believe that most of them are alcoholics, drug users, or are mentally ill. They believe that homeless people should be dealt by the mental health system or the criminal justice system. In what ways does the government provide?There is the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program that gives support to families by giving cash to those of low-income and have children that are dependent deprived of parental support. There are also food stamps and housing vouchers. Why was the energy policy created?Millions or barrels or petroleum were being used and many other fuels. The average price of oil per barrel reached 40 dollars around the year of 2003. Where is oil drilling forbade in the United States?Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and California. 1) Ecologists and conservationists can argue that America has not reached our maximum potential in terms of conserving our resources, in comparison to what country?~Europe, whose efforts are much more advanced and ecologically thoughtful2) Why is crime a large problem with immigration?~The majority of immigrants are hispanic, mostly coming in from Mexico, where gang violence is extremely prevalent. *Juarez- city right over the Mexican border, leading murder rates in western hemisphere. 3) What did the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) give general citizens and public interest groups?~It gave them a weapon against the inappropriate and unnecessary use of natural resources by the government.4) What was one of the most controversial regulations concerning the wetlands?~The “migratory-bird rule”5) What percent of medicaid expenses does the federal government pay?~About 60%, leaving the states to pay the rest of the expenses.6) Why is hard for the uninsured to stay uninsured?~The uninsured, even though not paying of health insurance, will have to pay higher expenses if they do seek medical attention. ?They also on average are just less healthy than those who are insured. ?Because of higher costs they typically do not go to the doctor— even if they may really need to in order to stay healthy.7) Who started the environmental movement? How?~President Theodore Roosevelt started it with his creation of five national parks.8) When was the order to reduce greenhouse emissions emissions reinforced? By who~2009 by President Obama9) Why is nuclear power unpopular?~Dangerous explosions, long-term effects, radiation, costly10) What program was implemented to help low-income workers by giving back part or all of their Social Security taxes?~The earned income tax credit program1. Describe the first step in the policymaking process.First, Congress must become aware than an issue needs congressional action. This awareness is heightened by media, interest groups, and social movements.?2. Why does health care cost so much?As life expectancy goes up in the US, more people need it, especially the elderly. In addition, advancing technology must become readily available, despite the high costs of the machines and medicine.?3. What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid??Medicare is a federal health insurance program that covers US residents age 65 and older. These costs are met by a tax on wages and salaries. It specifically supports the elderly. Medicaid is a joint state-federal program that provides medical care to the poor. This program is funded out of general government revenues. Individuals must earn a certain salary to qualify for Medicaid.?4. How did the environmental movement begin?In the 20th century, President Theodore Roosevelt created five national parks and expanded federal protection to an area near Yellowstone. The environment movement has been based on conservation and preservation. Conservation emphasizes that natural resources should be used and not abused. Under preservation, natural preserves are isolated from human activity.5. What was the environmentalist movement that arose in the 1960s?More awareness was brought to pollution problems. The publication of Silent Spring, the oil spill near Santa Barbara, and a fire caused by chemicals in the Cuyahoga River awakened many to start new environmental clubs focusing on pollution.6. Explain the Clean Water Act of 1972.The goals of this act were to make the waters safe for swimming, protect fish and wildlife, and eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the water. Through certain time schedules, the EPA announced certain limits on discharges of types of pollutants. This act also prohibits the filling or dredging of wetlands unless a permit is obtained.?7. What was the Endangered Species Act and its effect?Congress made it illegal to kill, harm, or take an endangered or threatened species. Government was allowed to purchase land in order to protect these animals. Controversy erupted when cases regarding this act was taken to the Supreme Court.?8. What was significant about the Kyoto Protocol?Delegates gathered in Kyoto to discuss the global climate. They issued a treaty that aimed to reduce greenhouse gases by 2012. Only some developed nations followed this treaty. Developing nations such as China and India were not required to follow this. As a result, the United States rejected this treaty. The countries that did support this treaty did not necessarily follow it. Some nations eventually withdrew from this agreement, proving it ineffective.9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power?Nuclear power plants are very efficient and emit low levels of greenhouse gases. But, many power plant accidents have tainted the reputation of nuclear power. In addition, it is a common target for terrorist attacks. Nuclear plants also produce spent fuel, which must be stored until it is safe. Radiation from nuclear plants also poses a hazard.10. What are the advantages of immigration?Immigration helps offset the low birthrate and aging population in America. They expand the workforce and help support, through taxes, government programs that benefit other Americans.?What is the policymaking process?Agenda-Building, Policy Formation, Policy Adoption, Policy Implementation, Policy Evaluation and Revision2. Why have healthcare costs risen so much?The U.S. population is growing older; they are the top users of health-care services.?3. What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?Medicare is for the elderly and Medicaid is for the poor.4. What was a major cause of people being uninsured?The 2008 recession which caused a loss in jobs, thus people who where insured by employers are no longer insured.5. What did the government do to try to curb air pollution?Some answers could be: 1990 act that required the stop of CFCs from being produced by 2002 and tighter standards for emissions. EPA's rigorous standards for ground-level ozone.6. Why weren't China and India included in decreasing emissions in the Kyoto Protocol?Because they were considered developing nations and the Kyoto protocol required permanent reductions for developed nations.7. How is the Energy policy and Environment policy related?The energy and environment policy are related due to the effects of producing energy and producing fossil fuels.8. What are examples of in-kind subsidies?Food stamps and housing vouchers.9. What are some advantages of high rates of immigration?This creates a larger work force and offsets the low birthrates.10. What do public policies have a major impact on?Cities and the housing market. As well as various government sponsored programs, such as those which provide tuition for veterans and womens sports programs.1.? What is an example of a domestic policy?A. Speed limit on highways2. What are the five steps of the policy making process?A. Agenda Building, Policy Formulation,Policy Adoption, Policy Implementation and Policy Evaluation3. What is Medicare?A. government funded healthcare package for anyone 65 or older4.What is Medicaid?A. A joint state-federal program that subsidizes healthcare for the poor5. Why has Medicaid spending increased??An increasing number of people are eligible for Medicaid and many of these people chose Medicaid over their's employees health program because Medicaid is cheaper.6. On average how much of the medicaid's cost does the federal government pay for?60 percent7. What did the National Environmental Policy Act do?The act established a council on environmental quality, this act also mandated that an environmental impact statement be made for all all federal actions that could affect the environment.8. What goals did the clean water act of 1972 establish?The clean water act was designed to make waters safe for swimming,protect fish from wildlife and eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the water.9. What was the engendered species preservation act of 1973?This act made it illegal to kill,harm, or "take" engendered species that are threatened.10. What is the welfare reform act of 1996 do?Under this act the US government essentially turned over to the states funds targeted for welfare assistance.1. What are the five steps of the policymaking process?Agenda building, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation. 2. Why is the cost of health care rising?The American population is getting older, life expectancy has increased, and technology is advancing. 3. When was the Medicare program created, and under which President?It was created in 1965 under President Lyndon B. Johnson. 4. What is the Medicaid program?It is a joint federal-state taxpayer-funded program for the "working poor." 5. The movement to protect the environment has been based on which two major strands of thought? Conservation and preservation6. What incident galvanized the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969?The oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, which released 235,000 gallons of oil into the water. 7. What are the goals of the Clean Water Act of 1972?To make waters safe for swimming, to protect fish and wildlife, and to eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the water. 8. What does the Endangered Species Act make illegal?This act makes it illegal to kill, harm, or "take" a species listed as endangered or threatened. 9. Why did the United States refuse to accept the Kyoto Protocol?The treaty exempted developing nations like China and India. 10. What is the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)?It is a program that states administer. National grants are used to provide welfare benefits. ?_____ is a federal insurance plan for citizens __ and older. (Medicare, 65)A tax on what funds Medicare? (wages and salaries)Who makes the laws regarding Medicaid eligibility? (state governments)Which president established five national parks, which sparked the beginning of the environmental movement? (Theodore Roosevelt)Where was the oil spill of 1969? (Santa Barbara, CA)Which act amended the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948? (Clean Water Act, 1972)Where did nations meet in 1997 for a conference regarding the global climate? (Kyoto, Japan)The program known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children was replaced by what? (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families)What was the famous nuclear leak in the United States in 1979? (Three Mile Island, PA)Which states passed the 'show your papers' law? (Arizona)1.??? What act did the TANF change?AFDC2.??? What is a difference in the way Medicare and Medicaid are funded?a.???? Medicaid- states pay for 40% Federal Government pays for the other 60%b.??? Medicare- comes out of taxes on wages and salaries3.??? What are the 5 steps of creating a policy in order?a.???? Agenda Buildingb.??? Policy Formulationc.???? Policy Adoptiond.??? Policy Implementatione.???? Policy Evaluation4.??? What is a welfare program designed to provide assistance to people with disabilities?Supplemental Security Income (SSI)5.??? What is a disadvantage to not having health insurance?It’s more expensive/unaffordable to those who don’t have it6.??? What are two ways Advanced Technology have contributed to the rising cost of health care?a.???? People are getting older (death rate decreases at a young age and the system has to support a larger populationb.??? It’s more expensive7. How does the US Department of Agriculture determine who is classified as "poor"?the CPI- Consumer Price Index8. Why is it so difficult to identify the number of homeless?Because homeless can be defined in different ways- ex: you can count people living on the streets as homeless but there are also homeless living in shelters9. What is an In-Kind Subsidy?a good or service- such as food stamps, housing, or medical care- provided by the government to low-income groups10. What is one positive of Immigration?More people entering the workforceQ1 - What is the role of interest groups in policy formulation?A1 - Interest groups offered proposals and commented on the draft legislation. Their input is invaluable because they know more about the issue at hand than any member of Congress.Q2 - Does policy implementation have to occur immediately after the policy has been adopted?A2 - The policy must be implemented after the legislation comes into effect. For example, the Affordable Health Care Act was passed by the Senate on December 24, 2009 and signed into law on March 23, 2010 but the main portion of the legislation did not come into effect until 2014. So, for the most part, implementation did not begin immediately.Q3 - What is the cause of wasted medical care resources?A3 - When third parties pay for medical care, the demand for medical care services increases, so health care recipients have no incentive to restrain their use of health care.Q4 - What are two responses by the government to increasing Medicare costs?A4 - The government has imposed arbitrary reimbursement caps on specific procedures and has cut rates of reimbursement to individual physicians and physician groups.Q5 - Why do many low-income workers choose Medicaid over health care offered to them by their employers?A5 - Medicaid is less expensive and often covers more medical expenses than health care offered by employers.Q6 - What are two other names for the term "socialized medicine"?A6 - Two other names are "single-payer plans" or "national health insurance systems".Q7 - What was the effect of the explosion of the oil well 6 miles off the coast of Santa Barbara, California?A7 - Congress passed the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.Q8 - List two goals of the Clean Water Act of 1972.A8 - 1) making waters safe for swimming? ? ? ?2) protecting fish and wildlife? ? ? ?3) eliminating the discharge of pollutants into the waterQ9 - The Endangered Species Act (passed in 1973) was a powerful legal tool for which environmental movement?A9 - It was a powerful tool for the ecology movement.Q10 - In 1997, for what reason did the Senate unanimously vote not to accept the Kyoto protocol?A10 - The Senate unanimously agreed not to accept the Kyoto protocol because it exempted developing countries such as China and India.What are the steps of the policymaking process and who conducts these stepsAgenda Building – Media, Interest Groups, Social MovementsPolicy Formulation – President, Congress, Interest GroupsPolicy Adoption – Congress, PresidentPolicy Implementation – Executive Branch, BureaucracyPolicy Evaluation and Revision – Scientists, Executive Branch, CongressWhat are some reasons for the rising cost of healthcare and how are these reasons affecting policymaking regarding healthcare?The changing demographic of the United States population has caused the life expectancy to rise drastically. In addition, advancements in medical technology cause the cost of healthcare to rise. These two factors affect the government’s decision on healthcare because the government has to find ways to allocate money, such that all people in need of healthcare receive it. In addition, the government also has to find a way to allocate money such that it does not enter into debt rapidly.What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?Medicare is a federal health insurance program that covers U.S. residents age 65 and older. These costs are met by a tax on wages and salaries. Medicaid is a joint state-federal program that provides medical care to the poor (including indigent elderly persons in nursing homes). The program is funded out of general government revenues.What is the importance of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969?The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) was important for many reasons. Firstly, it was responsible for establishing the Council on Environmental Quality. The act also mandated that an environmental impact statement (EIS) be prepared for all major federal actions that could significantly affect the quality of the environment. This act gave citizens and public interest groups who were concerned with the environment a weapon against the unnecessary and inappropriate use of natural resources by the government.Name one act that was intended to curb air pollution and one act that was intended to curb water pollution. Why were these acts significant?The Clean Air Act of 1990 established tighter standards for emissions of nitrogen dioxide and other pollutants by newly built cars and light trucks. This act was responsible for lowering emissions by immense amounts throughout the country.The Clean Water Act of 1972 established the following goals. It attempted to make waters safe for swimming, protect fish and wildlife, and eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the water. This act was important because it paved the way for future policymaking decisions regarding the matter of water pollution.What is the importance of the Department of Energy?In 1977, the United States under President Carter faced shortages in oil and natural gas. The Department of Energy was created, and numerous programs were instituted to assist citizens in buying more energy-efficient appliances and improving the energy profile of their homes. This department also promoted the legislation of new energy policies, which would lead to efficiency and growth.Why is nuclear power an unpopular solution to the energy crisis?After the Three Mile Island incident in 1979 and the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, countries around the world became afraid of the power that could be harnessed through nuclear physics. In the United States, many states fear that they could become repositories for nuclear waste, while others are afraid of air pollution. After the Fukushima disaster in2011, the concerns for nuclear power kept rising. Nuclear power is an unpopular solution because no one truly knows how to harness its power without causing mass destruction.Why was the creation of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program so important?Under the TANF program, the U.S. government turned over to the states, in the form of block grants, funds targeted for welfare assistance. The states, not the national government, now bear the burden of any increased welfare spending. For example, if a state wishes to increase the amount of TANF payments over what the national government supports, the state has to pay the additional costs.Name some other forms of Government AssistanceSupplemental Security Income (SSI)Food StampsEarned Income Tax Credit (EITC) ProgramWhat is the importance of the DREAM Act?The DREAM Act is a legislative bill proposed by President Obama that allows any child that was brought into the country illegally before the age of 16 to stay an additional year in the United States before deportation. This is important because it shows that the government is attempting to employ immigration reform. Even though this bill has yet to pass Congress, the presence of such a bill gives immigrants something to look up for.What is domestic policy? Government actions that concern internal issues.Under which president did Medicare originate? Lyndon B. JohnsonWhat is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid? Medicare is for the elderly, Medicaid is for the poorWhat is the difference between Conservation and preservation? conservation is where natural resources are used not abused, preservation is where they are not used.What is the Environmental Impact Statement? A report that must show the costs and benefits of major federal actions that could severely impact the environment.What is sustainability?? Achieving a balance between both society and nature that will permit both to exist in harmony.What was the Kyoto Protocol? A UN sponsored conference to reduce pollution in industrialized countries.What is energy policy? Laws concerned about how much energy is used.what have been the issues with nuclear power? meltdowns and radiation as well as lots of toxic waste.What are some complaints with welfare? its users are lazy and have no work incentive. it costs too much...?1) List and briefly explain the five steps of the policy process.?2) How does an increase in life expectancy transform our health care process?3) At what age does Medicare start for the elderly??4) What are some reasons Medicaid is progressively becoming more expensive? ?5) Why is the United States so late in adopting an universal health care system? Why is it still so contested??6) Explain why 1969 was a big year for environmental policy?7) Why is the Environmental Impact Statement important to our country?8) Explain the restrictions on Welfare and their importance.9)Explain the conservative and liberal views on immigration?10) How does our country benefit from high rates of immigration??Ecologists and conservationists can argue that America has not reached our maximum potential in terms of conserving our resources, in comparison to what country?~Europe, whose efforts are much more advanced and ecologically thoughtful2) Why is crime a large problem with immigration?~The majority of immigrants are hispanic, mostly coming in from Mexico, where gang violence is extremely prevalent. *Juarez- city right over the Mexican border, leading murder rates in western hemisphere.3) What did the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) give general citizens and public interest groups?~It gave them a weapon against the inappropriate and unnecessary use of natural resources by the government.4) What was one of the most controversial regulations concerning the wetlands?~The “migratory-bird rule”5) What percent of medicaid expenses does the federal government pay?~About 60%, leaving the states to pay the rest of the expenses.6) Why is hard for the uninsured to stay uninsured?~The uninsured, even though not paying of health insurance, will have to pay higher expenses if they do seek medical attention.? They also on average are just less healthy than those who are insured.? Because of higher costs they typically do not go to the doctor— even if they may really need to in order to stay healthy.7) Who started the environmental movement? How?~President Theodore Roosevelt started it with his creation of five national parks.8) When was the order to reduce greenhouse emissions emissions reinforced? By who?~2009 by President Obama9) Why is nuclear power unpopular?~Dangerous explosions, long-term effects, radiation, costly10) What program was implemented to help low-income workers by giving back part or all of their Social Security taxes?~The earned income tax credit program1: In 2012, the president, by executive order, suspended for one year any deportation of a young adult who had been illegally brought to the US by parents before the age of…2: Since 1977, what percentage of immigrants have been from Latin America or Asia?4/5 or 80%3: How do interest groups influence the formulation of public policy?They bring issues to the attention of lawmakers.4:Advanced technology has been the driving factor in the cost of what?healthcare5:What was the purpose of Medicare?To pay for hospital and physicians’s bills for US residents over the age of 65.6:What is another name for socialized healthcare?single-payer plan7:Which book started the contemporary environmental movement in the United States?Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring8:In an attempt to prevent the killing, harming or taking of endangered and threatened species, Congress passed what in 1966?The Endangered Species Act.9:Where is Three Mile Island?Pennsylvania10:The poverty level is triple the monthly cost of what for a family?Food.What was credited with starting the contemporary environmental movement in the United States?Silent Spring by Rachel Carson2. What happened to the migratory bird rule in 2001 and why?The rule was struck down because the Court was not prepared to hold that isolated and seasonal ponds, puddles and "prairie potholes" become "navigable waters of the US" simply because they serve as a habitat for migratory birds.?3. Name 3 provisions of the Affordable Care Act.Answer can be any 3 of the following:-All Americans who earn wages must have a health insurance policy either through their employer or through one of the new nonprofit exchanges.-Taxpayers who do not have health insurance may face a fine if they do not qualify for government help to buy insurance.-Employers may purchase private insurance as they do now, or, by 2017, participate in the state based exchanges.-Types of insurance that employers offer employees will be regulated to ensure certain coverage and to limit employee contributions.-Eligibility for Medicaid will be expanded-Prescription costs for seniors will be discounted gradually until all their costs are covered-New mandates to insure younger Americans up to age 26 on their parents' policies, to not drop coverage for those who become ill, and to eliminate lifetime limits on coverage-Includes more than 100 new programs to improve health services and medical systems4. President _____ refused to submit the Kyoto Protocol to the Senate for ratification.Bush.5. What is reason for people to go against the "cap and trade" system.They believe that the system will drive up energy costs for everyone because costs will be passed down to the ultimate consumer.?6. Food stamps, housing vouchers, and other services provided by the government to low income groups are called________.in-kind subsidies7.What program is most directly associated with the word welfare?Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) ................
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