Cusp Emergence | Collaborating ~ Consulting ~ Constructing ...



Disclaimer: This is not an exhaustive list in the least. I am, however, actively working on a literature review in trauma informed behavior analysis. If you have some supportive articles please send them to kolubcbad@ or email me through . Thank you! –Camille Kolu BCBA-D Behavior analysis: Articles that inform trauma-related treatment using behavior analysis Batten, S. V., & Hayes, S. C. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of comorbid substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder: A case study. Clinical Case Studies, 4, 246-262.Becker, C. B., & Zayfert, C. (2001). Integrating DBT-based techniques and concepts to facilitate exposure treatment for PTSD. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8, 107-122.Fahmie, T.A., Iwata, B.A., & Mead, S.M. (2016). Within-subject analysis of a prevention strategy for problem behavior. Journal of Applied behavior Analysis, 49, 915-926. jaba.343 Falk, J.L., (1961). Production of polydipsia in normal rats by an intermittent food schedule. Science 133: 195–196Foster, W. S. (1978). Adjunctive behavior: an under-reported phenomenon in applied behavior analysis? Journal of Applied behavior Analysis, 11 (4), 545-546 Franks, Mata, Wofford, and Lazarte (2013). The effects of behavioral parent training on placement outcomes of biological families in a state child welfare system. Research on Social Work Practice, 23 (4), 377-382. Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1994). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Journal of Applied behavior Analysis, 27(2), 197-209. Johnson, L. M., Bickel, W. K., Higgins, S. T., & Morris, E. K. (1991). The effects of schedule history and the opportunity for adjunctive responding on behavior during a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of behavior, 55, 313–322 LeBlanc, Heinicke, and Baker (2012). Expanding the consumer base for behavior-analytic services: Meeting the needs of consumers in the 21st century. Behavior analysis in practice. 5. 4-14Orsillo, S. M., & Batten, S. V. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Modification, 29, 95-129.Petscher, E. S., Rey, C., & Bailey, J. S. (2009). A review of empirical support for differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 409-425. Richman, Barnard-Brak, Bosch, and Abby (2015). Meta-analysis on noncontingent reinforcement effects on problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48 (1), 131-152. ridd.2008.08.008 Prather and Golden (2009).A Behavioral Perspective of Childhood Trauma and Attachment Issues: Toward Alternative Treatment Approaches for Children with a History of Abuse. International Journal of Behavioral and Consultation Therapy, 5 (1), 56-74., Barnard-Brak, Bosch, and Abby (2015). Meta-analysis on noncontingent reinforcement effects on problem behavior. Journal of Applied behavior Analysis, 48 (1), 131-152 Singh, Singh, Lancioni, Singh, Winton, and Adkins (2010). Mindfulness training for parents and their children with ADHD increases the children’s compliance. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 157-166*Walser, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1998). Acceptance and trauma survivors: Applied issues and problems. In V. M. Follette, J. I. Ruzek & F. R. Abueg (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma (pp. 256-277). New York: Guilford Press.* Showed this technique resulted in fewer restraints; related to ACT and NCR approaches; used a multiple baseline across participants design; mindfulness training used acceptance and commitment therapy components and has been published elsewhere by Singh (see 2006 article in Research in Developmental Disabilities, or 2006 article in Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, or 20017 article in Behavioral Modification). Podcast on ACT for coping with trauma and PTSD (Robyn Walser): : Selected articles related to brain changes seen after traumaBucker, Muralidharan, Torres, Su, et al. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and corpus callosum volume in recently diagnosed patients with bipolar 1 disorder: Data from the Systematic Treatment Optimization Program for Early Mania (STOP-EM), Journal of Psychiatric Research, 48 (1), 65-72. Danese, McEwen, 2012. Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiol. Behav. Michael D. De Bellis, Matcheri S. Keshavan, Duncan B. Clark, B.J. Casey, Jay N. Giedd, Amy M. Boring, Karin Frustaci, and Neal D. Ryan (1999). Developmental Traumatology Part II: Brain Development. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1271-1284Edwards E, Harkins K, Wright G, Menn F (1990): Effects of bilateral adrenalectomy on the induction of learned helplessness. Behav Neuropsychopharmacol 3:109–114.Fuster JM (1980): The Prefontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. New York, NY: Raven Press.Goldman-Rakic PS (1994): Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 6:348–357.Hollocks, Howlin, Papadopoulos, Khondoker, and Simonoff (2014). Differences in HPA-axis and heart rate responsiveness to psychosocial stress in children with autism spectrum disorders with and without co-morbid anxiety. Psychoneuroindocrinology, 46, 32-45.Lauder JM (1988): Neurotransmitters as morphogens. Prog Brain Res 73:365–388.McCrory, E., et al. (2010). Research Review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. Journal of Child Psychology and PsychiatrySapolsky RM, Uno H, Rebert CS, Finch CE (1990): Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates. J Neurosci 10:2897–2902.Simantov R, Blinder E, Ratovitski T, Tauber M, Gabbay M, Porat S (1996): Dopamine induced apoptosis in human neuronal cells: inhibition by nucleic acids antisense to the dopamine transporter. Neuroscience 74:39–50.Smythies JR (1997): Oxidative reactions and schizophrenia: a review-discussion. Schizophr Res 24:357–364.Todd RD (1992): Neural development is regulated by classical neuro-transmitters: dopamine D2 receptor stimulation enhances neurite outgrowth. Biol Psychiatry 31:794–807Weinberger DR (1987): Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:660–669.Articles that are not published in behavior analytic journals but that support a behavioral approach to the trauma involved population (cited in Center For Child Welfare training on ABA and trauma-informed care): Clark, H.B., Crosland, K.A., Geller, D., Cripe, M., Kenney, T., Neff, B., & Dunlap, G. (2008). A functional approach to reducing runaways and stabilizing placements for adolescents in foster care. Research on Social Work Practice, 18, 429-441. Crosland, K.A., Cigales, M., Dunlap, G., Neff, B., Clark, H.B., Giddings, T., & Blanco, (2008). Using staff training to decrease the use of restrictive procedures at two facilities for foster care children. Research on Social Work Practice, 18, 401-40 Crosland, K.A., Dunlap, G., Sager, W., Wilcox, C., Blanco, A., & Giddings, T. (2008). The Effects of Staff Training on the Types of Interactions Observed at Two Group Homes for Foster Care Children. Research on Social Work Practice, 18, 410-420. Florida Department of Children & Families (2005) Essentials Tools for Positive Behavior Change: Creating a Positive Environment. Hummer,V., Dollard, N., Armstrong, M. & Robst, (2010) Innovations in Implementation of Trauma-Informed Care Practices in Youth Residential Treatment: A Curriculum for Organizational Change. Child Welfare Journal: special issue on residential care and treatment. Jolivette, K., Patterson, D., Swoszowski, C. K., McDaniel, C. S., Kennedy, C., Ennis, P. R. (2014). School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports in a Residential School for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: First Years of Implementation and Maintenance Follow-Up Focus Groups. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 31, 63-79 Citations for the ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) study: Felitti,V.J., Anda R.F, Nordenberg D., Williamson, D.F., Spitz A.M., Edwards, V., Koss, M.P., Marks, J.S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245-258.Felitti, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2014). The lifelong effects of adverse childhood experiences. In D. L. Chadwick, R. Alexander, A. P. Giardino, D. Esernio-Jenssen, & J. D. Thackeray (Eds.), Chadwick’s child maltreatment (4th ed., pp. 203–216). St. Louis, MO: STM Learning, Inc.PTSD and mindfulness and/or ACT (cited here: )Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45. Bishop, S. R., Lau, M. A., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-241. Block-Lerner, J., Salters-Pedneault, K., Tull, M. T., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2005). Assessing mindfulness and experiential acceptance: Attempts to capture inherently elusive phenomena. Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: Conceptualization and treatment (pp. 71-99). New York: Springer Science + Business Media. Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2002). Expanding our conceptualization of and treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Integrating mindfulness/acceptance-based approaches with existing cognitive-behavioral models. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 54-68. Follette, V. M., & Vijay, A. (2009). Mindfulness for trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 299-317). New York: Springer Science + Business Media. Bernstein, A., Tanay, G., & Vujanovic, A. A. (in press). Concurrent relations between mindful attention and awareness and psychopathology among trauma-exposed adults: Preliminary evidence of transdiagnostic resilience. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A. O., Kristeller, J., & Peterson, L. G. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 936-943. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press. Vujanovic, A. A., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Bernstein, A., McKee, L. G., & Zvolensky, M. J. (in press). Incremental validity of mindfulness skills in relation to emotional dysregulation among a young adult community sample. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Orsillo, S. M., & Batten, S. V. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Modification, 29, 95-129. Vujanovic, A. A., Youngwirth, N. E., Johnson, K. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009). Mindfulness-based acceptance and posttraumatic stress symptoms among trauma-exposed adults without axis I psychopathology. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 297-303. Walser, R. D., & Westrup, D. (2007). Acceptance & commitment therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and trauma-related problems: A practitioner's guide to using mindfulness and acceptance strategies. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Walser, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1998). Acceptance and trauma survivors: Applied issues and problems. In V. M. Follette, J. I. Ruzek & F. R. Abueg (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma (pp. 256-277). New York: Guilford Press. Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125-143. Shapiro, D. H. (1982). Overview: Clinical and physiological comparison of meditation with other self-control strategies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 267-274. Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2007). Cognitive processing therapy: Veteran/military version. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans' Affairs. Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences. Therapist guide. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., & Foa, E. B. (2004). Impact of personality disorders on treatment outcome for female assault survivors with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 117-127. Schottenbauer, M. A., Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., Tendick, V., & Gray, S. H. (2008). Nonresponse and dropout rates in outcome studies on PTSD: Review and methodological considerations. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 71, 134-168. Becker, C. B., & Zayfert, C. (2001). Integrating DBT-based techniques and concepts to facilitate exposure treatment for PTSD. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8, 107-122. Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002). Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1067-1074. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press. Wagner, A. W., & Linehan, M. M. (2006). Applications of dialectical behavior therapy to posttraumatic stress disorder and related problems. In V. M. Follette & J. I. Ruzek (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma (2nd ed., pp. 117-145). New York: Guilford Press. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33-47. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Dell. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion. Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L, & Burney, R. (1985). The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 8, 163-190. Ramel, W., Goldin, P.R., Carmona, P.E., & McQuaid, J.R. (2004). The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive processes and affect in patients with past depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 433-455. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 25-39. Marlatt, G. A., & Gordon, J. R. (1985). Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors. New York: Guilford Press. Batten, S. V., & Hayes, S. C. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of comorbid substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder: A case study. Clinical Case Studies, 4, 246-262. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848. Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the cognitive and affective mindfulness scale-revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 177-190. Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance: The Philadelphia mindfulness scale. Assessment, 15, 204-223. Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmuller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness--the Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1543-1555. Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., et al. (2006). The Toronto mindfulness scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1445-1467. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., et al. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15, 329-342. Grossman, P. (2008). On measuring mindfulness in psychosomatic and psychological research. Journal of psychosomatic research, 64, 405-408.References on family separation: Cohen, Mannarino, Berliner et al. (2000). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents: An empirical update. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15 (11).Date and Ronan (2000). An examination of attitudes and behaviors presumed to mediate partner abuse: A rural incarcerated sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15 (11), 1140-1155. Gillies, Taylor, Gray, O’Brien, and D’Abrew (2013). Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Evidence Based Child Health, 8 (3), 1004-116.Humphreys (2018) Future Directions in the Study and Treatment of Parent–Child Separation, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1534209 Pereira Lopes, Macedo, Coutinho et al. (2014). Systematic review of the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy related treatments for victims of natural disasters: A worldwide problem. PLoS One, 9(10), e109013.Zeanah, C. H., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017). Alternatives for abandoned children: Insights from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 182–188.References by topic (related to family separation, foster care, etc):Interpretations of child behavior: Bugental, D. B., Ellerson, P. C., Lin, E. K., Rainey, B., Kokotovic, A., & O’Hara, N. (2002). A cognitive approach to child abuse prevention. Psychology of Violence, 1(SUPPL.), 84–106. Number of orphans worldwide: UNICEF. (2017). Orphans. Retrieved from caregiver characteristics that relate to child mistreatment: Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), 413–434.Interventions to improve parent child relationship: Lieberman, A. F., Van Horn, P., & Ippen, C. G. (2005). Toward evidence-based treatment: Child-parent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(12), 1241–1248.Including the cultural context: Mitrani, V. B., Santisteban, D. A., & Muir, J. A. (2004). Addressing immigration-related separations in Hispanic families with a behavior-problem adolescent. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 219–229.Caregiver separation effects on children: Zeanah, C. H., Berlin, L. J., & Boris, N. W. (2011). Practitioner review: Clinical applications of attachment theory and research for infants and young children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(8), 819–833.Characteristics of individuals that affect response to intervention after separation: Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135(6), 885–908.Consensus on avoiding group care and remaining in families: Dozier, M., Kaufman, J., Kobak, R., O’Connor, T. G., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Scott, S., … Zeanah, C. H. (2014). Consensus statement on group care for children and adolescents: A statement of policy of the American Orthopsychiatric Association. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(3), 219–225.Stressors can cluster starting prenatally: Dong, M., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williamson, D. F., Thompson, T. J., & Giles, W. H. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28(7), 771–784. Total deprivation of adult care and its effects: Zingg, R. M. (1940). Feral man and extreme cases of isolation. The American Journal of Psychology, 53, 487–517.Institutions are nearly always harmful: Berens, A. E., & Nelson, C. A. (2015). The science of early adversity: Is there a role for large institutions in the care of vulnerable children? The Lancet, 386(9991), 388–398.; Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2009). A new model of foster care for young children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18, 721–734. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.003Nonhuman animal studies on effects of maternal separation: Nishi, M., Horii-Hayashi, N., & Sasagawa, T. (2014). Effects of early life adverse experiences on the brain: Implications from maternal separation models in rodents. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 166. Sánchez, M. M., Ladd, C. O., & Plotsky, P. M. (2001). Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: Evidence from rodent and primate models. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 419–449. It is not always better for the child who has been removed; they may go into environments that are more harmful:Nelson, C. A. (2018). The hazards of out-of-home care for children experiencing adverse home environments. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(9), 623–624.C?té, S. M., Orri, M., Marttila, M., & Ristikari, T. (2018). Out-of-home placement in early childhood and psychiatric diagnoses and criminal convictions in young adulthood: A population-based propensity score-matched study. Lancet Child Adolescent Health, 2(9), 647–653. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30207-4Dilemmas when policies favor reunification but this leads to children in limbo wondering about reunification that might not occur: Miron, D., Bisaillon, C., Jordan, B., Bryce, G., Gauthier, Y., St-Andre, M., & Minnis, H. (2013). Whose rights count? Negotiating practice, policy, and legal dilemmas regarding infant-parent contact when infants are in out-of-home care. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34(2), 177–188.Increased responsiveness to environment early in life: Stiles, J. (2000). Neural plasticity and cognitive development. Developmental Neuropsychology, 18(2), 237–272.After separation from parents, the earlier the better (socioemotional and language outcomes) in terms of placement with foster care support: Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2014). Romania’s Abandoned children: Deprivation, brain development, and the struggle for recovery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Effects of caregiving disruptions depend on child cognitive ability in part: Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2012). Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: Pathways of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 227–257.Harmful outcomes of excessive or harmful environmental input as well as deprivation or reduction in helpful input, in psychopathology: Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015). Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(1), 154–170.Early adverse experiences affect brain structure and function:Fair, D. A., Graham, A. M., & Mills, B. (2018). A role of early life stress on subsequent brain and behavioral development. Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 57, 89–101.The longer children are kept with their foster families the better: Humphreys, K. L., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Miron, D., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015). Effects of institutional rearing and foster care on psychopathology at age 12 years in Romania: Follow-up of an open, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(7), 625–634.Vanderwert, R. E., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2016). Normalization of EEG activity among previously institutionalized children placed into foster care: A 12-year follow-up of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 68–75.On the inadequacy of serving only instrumental care needs for children in shelters: Zeanah, C. H., Smyke, A., & Settles, L. D. (2006). Orphanages as a developmental context for early childhood. In K. McCartney & D. Phillips (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Early Childhood Development, 424–454. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download