Science Research Project



Science Research Project

Taking Research Notes (Part I) and Citing Sources/References (Part II)

Due date: __________

Directions: Part I:

The following list contains directions and Hints/Tips for Taking Notes from your Sources. A note-card method has been used in previous years and may still be used, however, this method is more up to date and can be done electronically.

All of your notes from reading/reviewing related literature (references/sources) should be recorded in the following manner:

1. All notes are to be typed using the Resource Information Sheet as a guide. (See pages 5 & 6).

2. All notes need to be a summary of what is found in each source/reference. These notes may range from a paragraph to several pages. The idea is to summarize as much relevant information as possible for each source.

3. Some sources may repeat information that has already been read and summarized; continue to repeat writing the information. Information that is repeated in several sources can be considered to be very reliable. You will mention that the same findings were found in several sources and you can list those sources because you have taken proper notes denoting this.

4. Things to look for while taking notes on each of your sources:

• Previous research done within your topic or sub-topics

• What is already known about the area or field of research within your topic/sub-topics

• Define unfamiliar terms that are relevant to your experiment

• Explain unique procedures that might be required in your experiment

• See how your project/experiment relates to or expands on previous research

5. Summarize ideas and record facts that are relevant to your topic/sub topic and experiment.

6. If you are taking a direct quote from a source, be sure to copy it exactly and place it within quotation marks so that you will remember that it was a direct quote.

7. A minimum of 10 sources (references) needs to be used and mentioned (cited) in your Paper. So, initially taking information from MORE THAN 10 sources is best in case you don’t use some information. Remember, 10 sources is the MINIMUM.

8. What are valid, scientific sources (references)?

• Author’s name and publish date is readily apparent.

• Only one specialized encyclopedia can be used.

• Journal articles found in scientific magazines. Use the database information provided through Loudoun County Public Schools as a resource (website and passwords listed in 3 Ideas assignment).

• Source is recent or no more than 9 years old.

**Some examples of invalid sources are: Google, , Wikipedia, and general encyclopedias, such a Americana. You may use wiki’s as a starting point, but you need to follow their links and references….you cannot simply cite wiki’s as a primary source.

9. Numerically catalog each summary and source (1-10). For example, the first source/reference you look at and take notes from will be # 1, the second will be # 2 and so on. This way, if you have multiple pages of notes or multiple note cards, you don’t have to write the source info again, just simply put 1 or 2, etc.

10. Suggestions for gathering information from sources other than printed or web sources:

• Contact manufacturers of products involved in your research. Manufacturers are listed in the Consumer Resource Handbook in your school’s library or science department.

• Contact associations of people interested in your topic. The Encyclopedia of Associations in the school library lists them by topic.

• Call County/State/Federal government agencies of offices. Phone numbers for most offices are in the blue pages of the phone book. Ask them to send you any information they might have on your subject or if they can put you in touch with someone else.

• E-mail faculty members at local colleges and universities to ask for advice and information.

Directions: Part II:

All assignments throughout the year are to include a proper references page (previously called Bibliography) using the APA documentation style. Below are the guidelines you should follow and examples of how to write references.

All citations within the text and reference entries are to follow the form given in The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Fifth Edition).

The following Internet sites will also be helpful:









Use the following rules and examples to help you:

Rules for Referencing Books:

1. last name first alphabetized by first letter

2. first initial followed by a period

3. double space, then date of publication in parentheses, then period and double space

4. complete title and subtitle (if there is one) italicized, with only the first letter of each part capitalized

5. title and subtitle separated by colon and one space

6. period and double space after title

7. place of publication, colon, one space, name of publisher, period

Examples of Referencing Books:

Book by One Author

Sheehy, G. (1988). Character: America’s search for leadership. New York: Morrow.

Book by two or More Authors

Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Rules for Referencing Journal Articles:

Note: Pay attention to the features of this basic reference to a journal:

1. last name and initial as for a book reference

2. year of publication

3. title of article in lowercase, except for first word; title not underlined or in quotes

4. title of journal in italics

5. volume number in italics, issue number (if there is one) in parentheses and italics, followed by comma

6. page numbers, followed by period.

Examples of Referencing Journal Articles or Articles within Encyclopedias:

Journal Article, One Author

Sterk, H. (1985). The metamorphosis of Marilyn Monroe. The Central States Speech Journal, 36 (4), 294-304.

Journal Article, Two Authors

James, P., & Goldstraub, J. (1988). Terrorism and the breakdown of international order: The corporate dimension. Conflict Quarterly, 8, 89-98.

Encyclopedia Article, Signed

Kaelunohonoke, J. (1971). Hula. Encyclopedia Americana, 45-46.

Encyclopedia Article, unsigned

Georgetown. (1974). Encyclopedia Britannica: Micropaedia, 123-125. 21

Rules for Referencing Internet and Electronic Sources:

Citing of Internet sources is not yet completely set forth. At the very least when you cite an online source you must include the URL and entire address.

World Wide Web Rule:

Author. Title of item. [Online] Available , date of document or download.

Examples of Internet and Electronic References:

Document on a University Website:

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D.H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:

Electronic copy of a journal article (several authors) retrieved from a database:

Borman, W.C., Hanson, M.A., Oppler, S.H., Pulakos, E.D., & White, L.A. (1993). Role of early supervisory Experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.

Daily newspaper article, electronic version available by search:

Hilts, P.J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from

CD-ROM

Miller, M.E. (1993). The Interactive Tester (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. Westminster, CA: Psytek Services.

Rules for Parenthetical Citations :

Parenthetical citations occur within the text of the Paper. They are used to reference or “cite” information that is not common knowledge. The author’s last name and date of the source complete the reference.

Examples of Citations used within the text:

The construction industry is dependent upon aluminum which is light but strong (Miller, 1993).

For Wilson and Wallace, “science is the only true art form” as it calls for unrestrained creativity (1992).

Resource Information Sheet for Research Note-Taking

Directions: Use this template to take research notes instead of using note-cards. Type the information applicable to your source; (some criteria may not be available). Model this format or use this document as an electronic template for all of your notes for each source.

For each PRINTED source, please do the following:

Printed source = Book, “Full Text” PDF, Journal, Pamphlet, Periodical,

Specialty Encyclopedia (only allowed to use one).

Information needed for EACH PRINTED source:

Source #: ______________

➢ Title of Source:

➢ Article Title within Source:

➢ Page Number(s) information is found:

➢ Author(s) or Editor(s):

➢ Publisher:

➢ Place of Publication (City, State, Country):

➢ Publishing or Copyright Date:

➢ Volume / Edition #:

➢ Article Date (for journals): ____ Volume # _____ Issue # _____

➢ Article Date (for newspapers): _____ Edition / Section / Page #: _____

➢ Typed notes found in resource:

➢ Create an APA bibliography entry: use the Landmark Citation Machine at:



Directions: For each WEB source, please do the following:

WEB source = articles in Online Databases, Internet Publications

Prohibited web sources are: Ask Jeeves, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, Wikipedia, World Book. You may use Wiki’s to get started, but follow their sources for your information, do not cite or reference Wikipedia as a primary source.

Information needed for EACH WEB source:

Source #: ______________

➢ Web Address / URL:

➢ Web Page / Article / Journal Title:

➢ Website Title:

➢ Database Name (i.e. InfoTrac, etc.)

➢ Online Service (i.e. Google):

➢ Author(s):

➢ Organization (corporate site):

➢ Date the page / site was created or revised:

➢ Date (you) accessed the information:

➢ Volume # ___ and Issue # ___ (for online journals):

➢ Typed notes found in resource

➢ Create an APA bibliography entry: use the Landmark Citation Machine at:



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