PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING
PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING
EXAM 3
Use the information about the size of stimuli, positive gradients, negative gradients, and the difference between the positive and negative gradients depicted in the graph below, to answer questions 1-7.
5.2
3.6 ↓ 6.5
↓ | ↓
2.1 | | | 7.1
↓ | | | ↓
1.5 | | | | | 5.2
↓ | | | | | ↓
0.7 | | | | | | | 4.8
↓ | | | | | | | ↓
0.0 | | | | | | | | | .5
↓ | | | | | | | | | ↓
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
20 50 75 130 210 300 450 700 820 960 1100
cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2
(-) (+)
1. According to Spence and the information on the above graph, the originally reinforced stimulus of 300 cm2 and a new stimulus of ____would receive an equal number of responses.
A. 450
B. 700
820
C. 960
D. 1100
2. Transposition occurs because the algebraic difference between the positive and negative gradients is ______ than at the original stimulus
A. about equal.
B. smaller.
C. larger.
D. All of the above
None of the above, it is because the new stimulus is larger
3. Gestalt theory predicts the subjects would choose which new stimulus over the original stimulus?
A. 700 cm2
B. 960 cm2
C. 1100 cm2
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
4. Transposition would break down and the response would be to the original stimulus at_____.
A. 450 cm2
B. 700 cm2
C. 820 cm2
D. 960 cm2
E. 1100 cm2
5. According to Spence, the response would be about equal between the originally reinforced stimulus and the new stimulus because the algebraic difference between the positive and negative gradients is ______ as compared to the originally reinforced stimulus.
A. about equal.
B. smaller.
C. larger.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above, it is because the new stimulus is larger
6. Transposition breaks down because the algebraic difference between the positive and negative gradients is _____ than at the original stimulus.
A. about equal.
B. smaller.
C. larger.
D. All of the above
None of the above, it is because the new stimulus is larger
7. Transposition would break down at the new stimulus because the algebraic difference between the positive and negative gradients is ______ as compared to the originally reinforced stimulus
A. about equal.
B. smaller.
C. larger.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above, it is because the new stimulus is larger
8. The Gestalt psychologist that developed a theory of human motivation around field theory was
A. Kurt Kofka
B. Wolfgang Kohler
Kurt Lewin
C. Max Wertheimer
D. All of the above
9. An example of a psychological fact according to Gestalt field theory would be
A. hunger
B. physical location
C. memories
all of the above
D. none of the above
10. The concept of a direct relationship between a sensation and ideas caused by a sensation is
epiphenomenalism
A. isomorphism
B. epistemology
C. insight
D. transposition
11. When the principle learned in a problem-solving situation is being applied to another similar problem, we may say _____ has occurred. attribute the application to
A. absolute theory
B. presolution
transposition
C. accommodation
D. epiphenomenalism
12. In Piaget's theory the specific manifestation of a stimulus and a response form the ________ of intelligence
A. functions
contents
B. organization
C. structures
D. insight
13. According to Piaget, assimilation and accommodation are processes necessary for
intellectual adaptation
A. functional variants
B. structure formation
C. organization
D. insight
14. In Tolman's theory, _____ is important in determination of interest of the subject
A. reinforcement
motivation
B. latent learning
C. all of the above
D. none of the above
15. The process whereby the child interprets incoming information in terms of previously existing schemata is
A. accommodation
B. adaptation
C. conservation
assimilation
D. transposition
16. In stage 1 of the sensorimotor period, the infant's behavior
is largely reflexive
A. is purposeful
B. involves primary and tertiary circular reactions
C. includes mental representations
D. all of the above
17. The repetitive acts that center on the infant's own body during the second stage of the sensorimotor period are
A. tertiary circular reactions
B. concrete operations
primary circular reactions
C. mental representations
D. secondary circular reaction
18. Which of the following actions is a primary circular reaction?
A. repeatedly throwing one's spoon from the high chair
B. repeatedly shaking a rattle
C. repeatedly kicking the crib to shake a mobile
repeatedly sucking one's thumb
D. none of the above
19. An infant accidentally shakes a rattle and hears a noise. the infant then shakes the rattle repeatedly, trying to produce the noise again. This is an example of a
A. tertiary circular reaction
B. primary circular reaction
secondary circular reaction
C. mental representation
D. concrete operations
20. According to Tolman, the cognitive testing of hypotheses instead of behaviorally testing hypotheses is due to
A. the principle of least effort
B. latent learning
C. latent extinction
D. vicarious trial and error
E. reinforcement
21. The reason we associate hunger with a thick, juicy steak but not with an aplasia is due to a type of learning that Tolman calls positive and negative
A. equivalence beliefs
B. drive discriminations
1 cathexes
C. field expectancies
D. all of the above
22. Tolman's type of learning that parallels the concept of secondary reinforcement is that of
equivalence beliefs
A. drive discriminations
B. cathexes
C. field expectancies
D. none of the above
23. Tolman considered heredity, age, previous training and special endocrines, drugs or vitamin conditions as
A. environmental variables
B. individual difference variables
C. intervening variables
D. biases
E. all of the above
24. A pigeon is reinforced for pecking a disk with a diameter of 10 cm and is not reinforced if it pecks a disk with a diameter of 8 cm. When the 8 cm disk is replaced with a 12 cm disk, ________ theory by ________ theorists would predict that the pigeon would peck the 12 cm disk.
A. relational; Hullian
relational; Gestalt
B. stimulus/response; Gestalt
C. all of the above
D. none of the above
Definition & Short answer - 4 points each
1. Define Life space
2. What is the law of Pragnanz
3. Describe the Zeigarnik effect
4. What is a Schema
5. List and explain the four characteristics of Insightful Learning
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4. ___________________________________
6. Define equilibration
7. Describe what Tolman determined regarding place learning vs responselearning
8. Why is Tolman referred to as a S-S theorist instead of a S-R theorist?
Cognitive problem solving - 1 point each
These puzzles represent common expressions. Solve them by carefully noting the positions of words and figures.
0
___________
BS
MA
PhD
P
I
A
N
O
CYCLE
CYCLE
CYCLE
DICE
DICE
FESSHARKTED
H2O H2O
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
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