OTTAWA FIRE SERVICES – LESSON PLAN
OTTAWA FIRE SERVICES
LESSON PLAN
|Subject: |Strategies and Tactics – Type II |
|Prerequisite: |Fire behavior, IMS / Accountability, Ventilation, Water supply, Fire Tactics Intro, |
| |Fire Tactics 1 |
|Learning Outcomes: |The firefighter will; |
| |Understand type 2 construction |
| |Know the tactical principles for type 2 buildings |
| |Understand the importance of size-up |
| |Understand duties of responding personnel |
| |Understand the common automatic protection |
| |Understand the common types of occupancies |
|Time: |2 hours |
|References: |OFS Strategy and Tactics Manual (issue: June 15, 2010, revision November 8th 2010) |
|Teaching Aids: |OFS Strategy and Tactics Manual, White board, Projector and Screen |
|Safety Considerations |N/A – Classroom Setting |
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|Slide #1 |Introduction |
| | |
| |Type II structures vary in size, configuration, occupancy, and fire load. Type II construction issued for |
| |• strip malls and warehouses, |
| |• grocery stores and big box stores, |
| |• school gymnasiums and hockey arenas, and |
| |• business and industrial parks. |
| | |
| |While commonly referred to as non-combustible, Type II buildings do not resist collapse and fire spread to the same degree as |
| |Type I buildings. A good rule of thumb for identifying these structures is that they tend to be no more than four storeys in |
| |height and usually have exposed steel roof joists. |
| | |
| |Ottawa has many urban, suburban, and rural areas where Type II construction is prevalent. Many of Ottawa’s business parks are |
| |comprised of one and two storey buildings that are mainly Type II. This training identifies Type II features and physical |
| |characteristics, and outlines the procedures and operational requirements for dealing with fires in this type of construction.|
Presentation
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|Slide # 2 |Objectives |
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| |Understanding type 2 construction |
| |Responding to type 2 buildings |
| |Tactical principles for type 2 buildings |
| |Size-up |
| |Duties of responding personnel |
| |Automatic protection |
| |Common types of occupancies |
| | |
| | |
|Slide # 3 |Definition |
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|3.1.3 |In Type II construction, also known as non-combustible construction, the structural components can be protected or |
| |unprotected. |
| | |
| |In unprotected construction, the structural elements are non-combustible, but have no fire resistance rating. The use of |
| |unprotected steel is the most common characteristic in unprotected, non-combustible construction. An example of this is the |
| |use of unprotected steel columns or steel beams for roof support. |
| | |
| |Type II construction differs from Type I fire-resistive construction in that Type II building tend to be lower and are not |
| |designed for residential use. The most common height of Type II buildings is from one to three storeys. |
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| |Unprotected Structures |
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|Slide # 4 |Example of unprotected structures is the use of exposed steel columns or steel beams for roof support |
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| |Typical construction used for mercantile commercial type buildings. |
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|Slide # 5 & 6 |Protected Structures |
| | |
| |Structural steel elements frequently have a degree of fire resistance that is less than what is required for Type I |
|Slide # 7 |construction. When this is the case, these structural elements can be covered with fire resistive material or encased in fire |
| |resistive insulation. |
|3.1.4. | |
| |Fire resistance refers to the ability of a structural assembly to maintain its load bearing ability under fire conditions. |
| |Non-combustible, a misleading term, refers to the fuel contributed by the structural components, not its resistance to fire |
| |spread. Type II construction has structural components that may or may not have a fire resistance rating. |
| | |
| |Use of fireproofing material to give the steel a fire resistance. The type of fireproofing and thickness applied dictates the|
| |degree of fire resistance provided. |
| | |
| |When protected in this fashion, Type II structures are referred to as protected non-combustible construction. |
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|Slide # 8 |If the building is equipped with sprinklers in areas where there are exposed steel |
| |elements, that area can also be considered protected. |
|3.1.4. | |
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| | |
| |Figure in this slide depicts a typical Type II building under construction. |
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|Slide # 9 |It has load-bearing steel columns supporting a lightweight steel joist assembly. |
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|3.1.4. |Long steel I-beams run perpendicular to the roof joists and are supported by the columns. |
| | |
| |The joists are often left exposed and unprotected from the underside. |
|Slide # 10 | |
| |The I-beam is also exposed and supported by steel columns that transfer the weight of the roof down to the footings. |
| | |
| |Open-webbed joists are available in various depths and spans of up to 44 metres. |
| | |
| |Depending on the occupancy, interior finishing, and fire load, during a fire these steel load-bearing elements must be cooled |
| |to prevent collapse. |
| | |
| |As with Type I construction, the structural members in Type II construction contribute little or no fuel load. |
| | |
| |However, buildings classified as Type II often do not meet the strict definition. |
| | |
| |Combustible construction materials are sometimes used in Type II buildings, example can be the roofing material. |
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| | |
| |Loads and Connections |
| | |
| |In Type II buildings, loads are transferred from the roof to load-bearing, non-combustible columns or walls to the foundation.|
| |As it is with all structures, the way the different building elements are connected dictate the building’s overall stability. |
| | |
| |There are two common types of connections in Type II construction: |
| |• With pinned connections, elements are joined with simple connections such as bolts, rivets, or welded joints. These are |
| |usually not strong enough to re-route forces if one member is removed or fails. |
| |• Rigid-framed connections, as illustrated in next slide, are strong enough to re-route forces if a single member is removed. |
| | |
| |Rigid Framing |
|Slide #11 | |
| |Rigid framing is designed to resist the bending forces resulting from the supported loads and lateral forces. |
| | |
| |In a building constructed with rigid-frame connections, sufficient rigidity exists between the beam and the column so that no |
| |change occurs in the angle between the beam and the column as loads are applied. |
| | |
| |Protected, non-combustible construction provides a degree of structural stability, depending on the degree of fire resistance |
| |provided. |
| | |
| |An unprotected, non-combustible building will not provide prolonged structural stability under fire conditions. |
| | |
| |To prevent firefighter safety from being compromised, the Incident Commander should anticipate failure of unprotected steel |
| |because of excessive heat. |
|Slide #12 | |
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|3.1.5. |Failure of Type II Construction |
| | |
| |The point at which unprotected members fail will depend on the following factors: |
| |• Ceiling height of the building; |
| |• Dimensions of the unprotected members; |
| |• Intensity and duration of the fire and heat exposure; and |
| |• The load stress on the unprotected steel. |
| | |
| |Figure on this slide shows a Type II structure under construction where the roof load is supported by concrete block |
| |load-bearing walls. |
| | |
| |The steel column supports an open web beam supporting roof joists, which are pinned to the top chord of the beam. |
| | |
| |This is not a rigid-frame design in that the bottom chords of the roof joists are shorter than the top chords and are |
| |unattached. |
| | |
| |This design allows the bottom chord to expand and twist without exerting horizontal pressure on the load-bearing elements. |
|Slide # 13 | |
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|3.1.5. | |
| |Characteristics |
| | |
| |The structural components of Type II buildings |
| |• are usually steel or concrete; |
| |• do not add to the fire load; and |
| |• have some or no degree of fire resistance, depending on use and occupancy. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Type II buildings are constructed either with a steel frame or concrete load-bearing walls. |
| | |
| |If constructed with a steel frame, they can have either metal or non-load-bearing concrete block exterior wall. |
| | |
| |There is a serious risk of early collapse of typical Type II buildings. These buildings are not structurally stable under fire|
| |conditions and failure of unprotected steel should be anticipated. |
| | |
| |Steel members can fail at as little as 426.66° C (800°F). When heated, steel beams and joists will expand, pushing out walls |
| |and creating a potential for load-bearing wall collapse. |
| | |
|Slide # 14 | |
| |Characteristics |
|3.1.5. | |
| |Combustible materials permitted. |
| |Fire loading based on occupancy. |
| |With or without sprinkler protection. |
| |HVAC typically mounted on roof. |
| |Large open space. |
| | |
| |Combustible materials can be used in Type II construction for interior finishes, roof coverings and structures, exterior |
| |veneers and trim and nailing strips. |
| | |
| |Depending on the occupancy type, fire loading will vary and the building may have sprinklers. |
| | |
| |Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment is usually located on the roof. |
| | |
| |Basements, although not common, can exist. Type II buildings can have a large building footprint and large open spaces within |
| |them. |
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| |Combustible Roofing Material |
| | |
| |Type II buildings are usually constructed with a flat, metal deck roof supported on open-webbed steel joists. |
|Slide # 15 | |
| |Roof composition is commonly combustible metal deck roofing, which is referred to as built-up roofing. |
|3.1.6. | |
| |It is comprised of a waterproof cover, rigid insulation, and corrugated metal decking. |
| | |
| |Many roofing systems, on Type II non-combustible buildings include fibre-board and polyisocyanurate (polyiso) combustible foam|
| |board insulation, which adds to the building’s combustible load. |
| | |
| | |
| |Responding to Fires |
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| |Combustible Roofing Material = Early Failure |
| | |
| |The roofs of warehouses built before 1970 can be comprised of layers of tongue and groove boards over steel roof joists. |
| | |
| |The boards are layered to be several centimetres thick and provide the basis for the roof deck. |
| | |
| |Many of the warehouses on Holly Lane in Ottawa’s south end have roof assemblies like this. |
| | |
| |Fire companies might have time to properly ventilate these roofs vertically if the fire has not taken hold of the roof itself.|
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|Slide # 16 |The weight of HVAC systems must be kept in mind. |
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|3.2.1 |Many older Type II and III buildings have had modifications for HVAC and venting systems for kitchen exhausts. |
| | |
| |In some instances, the roof structure might not be engineered for the added load. |
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| |Responding to Fires |
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| |Roof Bowed by Heat Exposure |
| | |
| |These open-webbed, unprotected bar joists can fail in as little as 5 to 10 minutes of intense fire exposure. |
| | |
| |Figure on this slide shows open-webbed steel roof joists that are bowed because of exposure to heat. |
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|Slide # 17 | |
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|3.2.1. |Responding to Fires |
| | |
| |The combustible roofs create a serious problem for fire spread. |
| | |
| |It is not advisable to place firefighters on these roof structures if a significant fire is burning. |
| | |
| |As a steel roof deck heats, the tar and foam insulation on top of the deck liquefy, they migrate into the channels of the |
| |steel decking and flow under unburned material. |
| | |
| |Once exposed to air, the material ignites, spreading fire from the area of origin to remote areas. |
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| |Tactical Principles |
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| |Forcible Entry |
| |Locating the Fire |
| |Using Master Streams |
| |Managing Air Supply |
| |Advancing Hose Lines |
| |Ventilation |
| |Hazards and Safety |
|Slide # 18 | |
| |We will now outline the strategies and tactics required for fighting fires in Type II structures. |
|3.2.1. | |
| |The information is based on the latest North American research pertaining to fires in these types of buildings. |
| | |
| |As with other types of building design, there are unique aspects to Type II construction that require specific treatment. From|
| |big box stores to small garages, Type II buildings present unique challenges to fire personnel. |
| | |
| |Type II structures are present in just about every area of Ottawa and have a wide variety of occupancy with various fire |
| |loads. While primarily used for commercial and manufacturing use, |
| | |
| |Type II structures are also used for office space, medical offices, and even restaurants. |
|Slide # 19 | |
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|3.2.1. |Forcible Entry |
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| | |
| |Rule 1: Try before you pry. It is inexcusable to have a crew go through the entire |
| |forcible entry process only to find out that the door was unlocked. |
| | |
| |Rule 2: Don’t ignore the obvious. Look for the easiest way to get in. There is |
| |often more than one entry point into a structure. Depending on the urgency of the situation and the purpose for forcing entry,|
| |all options should be considered |
| |before you undertake to gain entry forcibly. |
| | |
| |Rule 3: If possible, use the door that the occupants normally use to enter or exit |
| |the premises. Not only does this place you in the occupants’ most likely path of |
|Slide # 20 |egress for rescue purposes, it also makes your task much easier. |
| | |
|3.3 |Rule 4: Maintain the integrity of the door. In other words, keep the door intact. |
| |One of the least desirable methods of forcible entry is to smash open a plate glass |
| |door or window, even if it is obvious that a serious fire is burning. This approach |
| |can create the circumstance for a backdraft, as the sudden in-flow of fresh air can cause the triggering mechanism for a |
| |significant fire event. |
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| |Forcible Entry Methods |
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| |Figure shows where bolts for the panic bar are located and how these bolts can be cut using a circular saw. |
| | |
| |This method allows for the removal of the panic bar from the exterior. |
| | |
| |However, it is time consuming and may also require the removal of the deadbolt lock. |
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| | |
| |Forcible Entry Methods |
| | |
| |One of the most effective methods of defeating a deadbolt lock in a steel frame is to tap door wedges in the space between the|
| |door and the frame approximately 15-20 centimetres above and below the location of the lock. |
| | |
| |The wedges will expose the deadbolt sufficiently so that it can be cut using a circular saw blade. |
| | |
| |See the diagram on this slide. |
| | |
|Slide # 21 | |
| |Forcible Entry Methods |
|3.3.2. | |
| |Figure on this slide shows a rotary saw being used to cut a deadbolt lock on a double hinged door assembly. |
| | |
| |This method is the least destructive way to gain entry and leaves the door intact so that it can be used to control air flows |
| |and pressure. |
| | |
| |It also allows the building owner to effectively secure the building after the incident by simply replacing the lock. |
| | |
| | |
| |Forcible Entry Methods |
| | |
| |Figure on this slide shows how a triangular cut can be made to defeat a bar jam. |
| | |
| |This type of cut allows a firefighter to reach in and release the panic bar and remove the steel jam. |
| | |
| |This should only be done if interior conditions permit, as it would be inadvisable for any firefighter to reach into a super |
| |heated environment to release a door lock. |
| | |
| |In such an instance, a short pike pole or halligan could be used to push the bar out of the way and exert pressure on the |
| |panic bar. |
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|Slide # 22 | |
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|3.3.2.1. | |
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| |Forcible Entry Methods |
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| |Figure on this slide shows how a halligan can be used with a sledge hammer to break bolts on the exterior of a steel door to |
| |defeat a locking mechanism. |
| | |
| |The adze end of the tool is struck with the sledge hammer. |
|Slide # 23 | |
| |A flat headed axe can also be used to perform a striking function, but it tends to have less weight and may not be as |
|3.3.2.1. |efficient for this purpose. |
| | |
| | |
| |Forcible Entry Methods |
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| |Figure 3–17 shows how a halligan can be used to defeat the hinges on a steel door frame. |
| | |
| |Figure 3–18 shows how a halligan can be used to force a door in a steel frame. |
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|Slide # 24 | |
| |Forcible Entry Methods |
|3.3.2.1. | |
| |When using tools like halligans and pike poles, firefighters must be sure to pry down on the tool using body weight to reduce |
| |any back strain. |
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| |Locating the Fire |
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| |Officer/IC; 360 degree size-up. |
| |Use thermal imaging camera. |
|Slide # 25 |Assess condition of smoke. |
| |High ceilings can hide things. |
|3.3.2.1. |Watch for signs of flashover. |
| | |
| |The first arriving officer should ensure that a 360⁰ exterior reconnaissance is performed as part of the initial size-up. This|
| |reconnaissance provides important information that can be used in the decision-making process and formulation of incident |
| |action plans. |
| | |
| |Thermal imaging cameras and heat guns should be included as part of the on-scene size-up tools to allow companies the |
| |opportunity to locate any high heat areas prior to making entry. These tools will not provide accurate readings through |
| |glass. |
| | |
| |Visible smoke may not provide an accurate indication of the size and advanced state of the fire. |
| | |
| |High ceilings with few or no openings to the exterior can mask the level of involvement and the high heat conditions that may |
| |be present at the upper levels of the building. |
| | |
|Slide # 26 |Smoke without any appreciable heat or cold smoke is of grave concern. Although this smoke is cold it still contains volatile |
| |fuel elements that can ignite when exposed to a flame source. |
| | |
|3.3.2.1. |Firefighters must constantly look up and analyse the smoke layer to guard against a potential flashover. |
| | |
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| |Using Master Streams |
| | |
| |Use large master streams to cool structure. |
| |Direct hose streams through open windows & doors. |
|Slide # 27 |Smooth bore nozzles preferred to deliver large volume of water. |
| | |
|3.3.2.1. |If high heat conditions exist at the roof level of a fire in a Type II building, large diameter hose streams must be directed |
| |onto the exposed structural steel to control the heat of the fire and to cool the steel elements before they fail. |
| | |
| |Hose streams should be directed from protected windows or doorways to allow rapid egress for fire crews should the building |
| |begin to fail. |
| | |
| |Smooth bore nozzles or straight streams are preferred because of their penetration characteristics and ability to rain the |
|Slide # 28 |water down onto the source after cooling the exposed steel. |
| | |
|3.3.2.1. | |
| |Using Master Streams |
| | |
| |Ladder stream at ground level. |
| |Push fire back to burnt area. |
|Slide # 29 |Effective fire attack method for large floor spaces. |
| | |
|3.3.3. |In heavily involved structures, the use of elevating devices with their master streams operating at ground level should be |
| |considered. |
| | |
| |As a rule, hose streams should be positioned in such a way as to head off the advancing fire and push it back towards the main|
| |body; see Figure 3–26. |
| | |
| |It is too easy for Incident Commanders to focus on the most involved unit and neglect the adjoining exposures. |
| | |
| |This method of fire attack can be extremely effective and fire conditions can improve within minutes if the stream is |
| |effective and the device is in the right position. |
| | |
| |Fire companies should practice vehicle placement to master this technique. |
| | |
| |Fire personnel will not be able to properly position the apparatus in a timely fashion without practice. |
| | |
| | |
| |Advancing Hose Lines |
| | |
| |Because of the large areas involved with many Type II structures, exterior signs may not indicate a serious fire. |
| | |
| |Smoke can stratify in large buildings and accumulate along the entire roof area before banking down. |
| | |
| |Smoke is fuel. |
| | |
| |Big box stores should not be horizontally ventilated until a reconnaissance of the building has been conducted. |
| | |
| |Improperly ventilating a big box store can result in a rapid acceleration of the fire that can overwhelm fire companies in |
| |seconds. |
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|Slide # 30 |Advancing Hose Lines |
| | |
|3.3.4. |Determine origin & extent of fire before advancing. |
| |Use easily identified large openings. |
| | |
| |Hose lines should not be advanced into a building until the origin and extent of fire involvement has been determined. |
| | |
| |Hose lines should be advanced through the largest openings available to facilitate rapid egress if required. |
| | |
| | |
| |Managing Air Supply |
| | |
| |NO MORE THAN 60 METERS INTO STRUCTURE |
| | |
| |Air supply is 16 to 19 minutes. |
| |¼ of the air supply to advance |
| |¼ to accomplish a task |
| |¼ to retreat |
|Slide # 31 |¼ as a safety margin |
| | |
|3.3.4. |Tests conducted by the Phoenix Fire Department demonstrated that firefighters should not advance more than 60 metres into a |
| |structure when relying on their self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) for survival. |
| | |
| |Firefighters, company officers, and Incident Commanders must maintain awareness of how long a particular company has been “on |
| |air” and how much air time remains in their air bottle. |
| | |
| |DO NOT wait for your low air alarm to sound! It’s too late! |
| | |
| | |
| |Ventilation |
| | |
| |Indiscriminate breaking of windows can allow the fire to develop so rapidly that interior crews can quickly become victims of |
| |extreme heat and smoke. |
| | |
| |The incident action plan will identify the amount and extent of ventilation to be undertaken. |
| | |
| |If stores are equipped with large windows on one or more sides, they should remain intact until the heat impinging on the |
| |exposed steel elements has been effectively addressed. |
| | |
| |Windows should not be removed until the initial attack crew can confirm that they are cooling and extinguishing the fire. |
| | |
| |Most Type II buildings are equipped with a rear door that should be opened as soon as possible to allow an additional means of|
|Slide # 32 |egress as well as to establish an avenue for cross ventilation or positive pressure ventilation (PPV). |
| | |
|3.3.6 |PPV can help fire suppression, improve fresh airflow for firefighters, and aid visibility. |
| | |
| |Big box stores should not be horizontally ventilated until a reconnaissance of the building has been conducted. |
| | |
| |Improperly ventilating a big box store can result in a rapid acceleration of the fire that can overwhelm fire companies in |
| |seconds. |
| | |
| | |
| |Ventilation |
| | |
| |In strip malls, PPV can also be used to pressurize exposed units on either side of the unit on fire to help keep the fire and |
| |smoke from migrating out of the fire compartment. |
| | |
| | |
| |Ventilation |
| | |
|Slide # 33 |Avoid roof ventilation if possible. |
| |Unprotected steel joists fail 5-10 minutes. |
|3.3.6 |Assume defensive attack if unsure. |
| | |
| |Roof ventilation should not be undertaken on thin roof decks regardless of the structural elements that have been used. |
| | |
| |Unprotected steel bar joists can cause roof systems to fail rapidly (5 to 10 minutes) and without warning when exposed to |
| |direct flames or high heat. |
| | |
| |Firefighters could cut off one of the tack welded areas causing the area they are standing on to become unstable. |
| | |
| |A quick check for skylights, roof vents, or ventilation scuttles should be conducted after the roof’s stability has been |
|Slide # 34 |verified. Opening these natural breaches in the roof will provide some degree of vertical ventilation. |
| | |
|3.3.5 |If the fire is extensive and the backdraft potential is apparent, it would be advisable to break the glass on all sides of the|
| |structure and assume a defensive posture. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Hazards & Safety |
| | |
| |Early roof collapse. |
| |Exterior wall collapse. |
| |High fuel load, big box store. |
| |Large floor area = Firefighter disorientation |
| |High ceilings deceiving to firefighters below. |
| |Drop ceilings possible entanglement. |
| |Backdraft & Flashover |
| |Possible service pits in repair garage. |
| | |
| | |
| |Officers are responsible for the actions of their personnel at all times and must give them direction on the fireground. |
| | |
|Slide # 35 |They must ensure that their personnel are properly dressed for the tasks they are expected to perform. |
| | |
|3.3.7. |Officers generally oversee the execution of tasks, but do not execute them. |
| | |
| |Unless it is absolutely required, officers should not be using tools. An officer using a tool will not be focused on the |
| |safety of his or her personnel. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Size-Up |
| |Pre-Call |
| | |
| |Size-up should begin with pre-fire planning. |
| | |
| |Pre-fire planning identifies the protective elements in a structure and the critical considerations before any call is |
| |received. |
| | |
| |Understanding the strengths and limitations of on-duty personnel is an important consideration for officers. |
| | |
| |For fire personnel size-up includes reviewing memorandums pertaining to street closures and ensuring that members leaving duty|
| |provide a complete update as to what transpired on their tour of duty. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Size-Up |
| |Responding |
| | |
| |All fire services personnel should be engaged in the process of size-up upon receipt of a call. |
| | |
|Slide # 36 |Time of day, Weather conditions, Radio reports, etc |
| | |
|3.3.7. |The time of day is relevant depending on the building type and occupancy and has a bearing on rescue. |
| | |
| |If a fire service is responding to a Type II building during rush hour, it must expect heavier traffic patterns and possibly |
| |more people at the subject building. |
| | |
|Slide # 37 |Big box parking lots can be full depending on the time of day and even the day of the week. |
| | |
|3.3.7. |Valuable information can be obtained from the computer-aided dispatch (CAD) printout and should be used in the formulation of |
| |decisions. |
| | |
| |Company officers should take a moment and read the information on the printout while they are responding. All personnel should|
| |listen to the radio reports as the dispatchers will provide important information pertaining to the type of call, what the |
| |caller said, and whether a large number of calls are being received confirming an actual fire. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Size-Up |
| |Upon Arrival |
| | |
| |Announce & assume command. |
| |Description of building. |
| |Declaration of strategy. |
| |Declaration of operational mode. |
| |Request for additional information. |
| | |
| |For fire responses, the first arriving officer must provide a clear and concise report based on visual indications upon |
| |arrival. The initial radio report should include the above information. |
| | |
| |This information must be communicated clearly so that all incoming companies will be prepared to begin operations to fulfill |
|Slide # 38 |the requirements of the initial action plan. |
| |Tactical objectives should be assigned to the next due apparatus according to the requirements of each incident. |
|3.3.8. | |
| |As with all incidents, the basic concepts and requirements of incident management must be satisfied. Refer to the Ottawa Fire |
| |Services (OFS) Incident Management System (IMS) Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for more information. |
| | |
| | |
| |Size-Up |
| |Post-Incident Analysis |
| | |
| |Update pre-fire plan as required. |
| |COAL WAS WEALTH |
| | |
| |Size-up must be a continuous process throughout the incident that re-evaluates each critical factor and provides the necessary|
| |information to adjust or redevelop the current action plan. |
| | |
| |C Construction (Type I to V, or hybrid?) |
| |O Occupancy (number of people and what is inside the building?) |
| |A Apparatus and personnel (what do I have available for immediate use?) |
| |L Life Hazard (is rescue going to be the overriding concern?) |
| | |
| |W Water supply (hydrant or non-hydrant area, locations, and available supply?) |
| |A Auxiliary appliances (are there sprinklers, standpipes, and so on?) |
| |S Street conditions (where can apparatus be placed to best advantage? are there obstructions?) |
| | |
|Slide # 39 |W Weather (extreme cold, extreme heat, wind speed and direction, high humidity, etc.) |
| |E Exposures (are adjacent structures or occupancies threatened or involved?) |
|3.4.1. |A Area and height of the involved building |
| |L Location and extent of the fire |
| |T Time (how long has this fire been burning?) |
| |H Hazards (hazardous materials, overhead wires, construction work, etc.) |
| | |
| | |
| |Duties for Fires in Type II Buildings |
| | |
| |The Ottawa Fire Services (OFS) response model is flexible and vehicles regardless of their type may have to perform duties |
| |according to their arrival sequence. |
| | |
| |This section outlines operational procedures for Type II buildings based on the arrival sequence of the apparatus. |
| | |
| |A basic template for establishing operational procedures should be developed during pre-fire planning. |
| | |
|Slide # 40 |This section outlines the duties for fire companies when responding to fires in Type II structures based on fire company type |
| |and order of arrival. |
|3.4.2 | |
| |The tactics described in this section are based on the following response model: |
| |• Pump companies have one officer and three firefighters upon arrival; |
| |• Ladder companies have one officer and two firefighters upon arrival; and |
| |• Rescue companies have one officer and two or three firefighters upon arrival. |
| | |
| |In rural response areas, the Incident Commander will have to determine a course of action in accordance with the human |
| |resources available on scene. |
| | |
| |Rules of Operations |
| | |
| |Do not hesitate to use 65mm hose lines, |
| |Avoid directing hose streams into a vent, |
| |Never enter beyond 60 M when heavily involved, |
| |Limit vertical ventilation, |
| |Do not cut steel roof deck, and |
| |Roof operations include hose lines. |
| |NEVER FREELANCE! |
| | |
| |Never freelance. |
| | |
| |Fire personnel who lack the discipline to remain with their assigned company are a danger to themselves and to others. |
| | |
| |This rule includes officers who freelance with their company. |
| | |
| | |
|Slide # 41 |Command & Sectors |
| | |
|3.4.3 |Additional sectors might have to be assigned according to the size of the building and number of personnel on scene. |
| |Multiple entry control points might have to be established. |
| |Sectors need to work and plan at the tactical level. |
| | |
| |Command procedures for Type II buildings are generally the same as for any other types of structures. However, the following |
| |specific points should be kept in mind: |
| |• Additional sectors might have to be assigned according to the size of the building; |
| |• Multiple entry control points might have to be established; and |
| |• Multiple sectors might have to be established for large structures. |
| | |
| |Assigning sectors allows the Incident Commander to break a large fire problem down into smaller, more manageable units of |
| |operation. |
| | |
| |Each company officer in charge of a sector should mentally formulate a plan for the tactical objective he or she is attempting|
| |to achieve and ensure that the plan is consistent with the overall incident action plan. |
| | |
| | |
| |Duties for Fires in Type II Buildings |
| | |
| |Duties for officers and trucks specific to Type II buildings: |
| |1st Arriving Pump |
|Slide # 42 |2nd Arriving Pump |
| |1st Arriving Ladder |
|3.4.5 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Duties – 1st Arriving Pump |
| | |
| |Assume Command & First Radio Report |
| |Establish Water Supply |
| |Supplement Sprinkler System |
| |Allow space for ladder. |
| | |
| | |
| |The first arriving pump company officer assumes command, transmits the first radio report, performs a complete size-up and |
| |ensures that a continuous and reliable water supply is established, depending on the following factors: |
| |The size of the fire; |
| |Exposures; |
| |The arrival time of the second due pump company; |
| |Accessibility of the water supply; and |
| |Pump vehicle water tank capacity. |
| | |
| |First pump should immediately supply the subject building’s fire protection system if there is no immediate requirement for |
| |rescue; the fire is not directly impinging on or threatening to spread to an exposure; and the available water supply is |
| |sufficient to support the building’s protection system. |
| | |
| |Whenever possible, allowance for ladder placement must be made when apparatus are arriving on the scene. |
| | |
|Slide # 43 | |
| |Duties – 2nd Arriving Pump |
|3.5 | |
| |Ensure adequate water supply |
| |Non-hydrant area; establish rural water supply |
| |Supplement sprinkler system |
| |65mm hose line for safety & cool the roof |
| | |
| |The second arriving pump company performs the following duties: |
| |Ensure that the first arriving pump has an adequate water supply; |
| |Supply the building’s sprinkler Siamese connection, if the first pump has not done so; |
| |Stretch a 65 millimetre hose line to protect the fire attack company and cool the steel roof members; and |
| | |
| |If required by Command, the second arriving pump company can assist with fire attack or search and rescue operations. |
| | |
| | |
| |Duties – 1st Arriving Ladder |
| | |
| |Ladder the building. |
| |Forcible entry if needed. |
| |Ventilation, PPV |
| |Overhaul |
|Slide # 44 | |
| | |
|3.5.1 |The first arriving ladder company performs the following duties: |
| |Ladder the building according to the needs of the incident; |
| |Perform forcible entry, as required; |
| |Open any doors opposite the fire attack to allow for ventilation; |
| |Set up positive pressure ventilation (PPV), as required; and |
| |Perform overhaul. |
| | |
| |Doors to be opened for ventilation can include garage bay doors, roll-down shutters, and exit doors. |
| | |
| |Opening these doors is dependent on the needs of the incident and must be consistent with the incident action plan. |
| | |
| |Regardless of the construction type, wind and air temperature must be |
| |assessed before ventilating any building. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|Slide # 45 |Protective Features |
| | |
|3.5.2 |Fire Alarm System |
|3.5.3 |Sprinkler & Standpipe System |
| |Fire Separations |
| | |
| |Depending on several factors, including the age of the building, number of storeys, height, occupancy and use, Type II |
| |buildings may have protective features such as fire alarm systems, sprinkler and standpipe systems, and fire separations. |
| | |
| |Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems |
| |A standpipe or sprinkler system can be expected in Type II buildings that are greater than three storeys or 14 metres in |
| |height; are large in both height and area; or have an occupancy classification that would warrant such a system. |
| | |
| |Fire Separations |
| |Fire personnel can expect to find various separations within Type II occupancies. For example, a fire separation might exist |
| |between an office area and the manufacturing area, or between floors within a unit. Fire separations can consist of the |
| |following materials: |
| |Concrete block walls; |
| |Reinforced concrete walls; |
| |Dry wall on steel studs; and |
| |Steel roll-down fire doors activated by a fusible link |
|Slide # 46 | |
| | |
|3.5.4 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Occupancies |
| | |
|Slide # 47 |Variety of Occupancies: |
| |Mercantile |
|3.5.5 |Industrial |
| |Storage |
| |Assembly |
| |Office |
| |Service |
| | |
| |Type II buildings can include the following occupancies: |
| |Mercantile buildings like big box stores, strip malls, and convenience stores; |
| |Industrial buildings like manufacturing facilities or repair garages; |
| |Storage and warehouse facilities; |
| |Assembly occupancies like churches, theatres, schools, community facilities, arenas, restaurants, exhibition halls, television|
| |studios, and so on; |
| |Office buildings; and |
| |Windowless service buildings such as municipal pumping stations and hydro-electric substations. |
| | |
| |Type II buildings vary greatly in their size, occupancy, fire loads, hazardous materials content, and the degree of fire |
| |protection. Physical similarities among Type II buildings do not necessarily mean that fires in them can be fought in the same|
| |manner. |
| | |
| |The type of occupancy and building construction type will be the primary factors in determining the overall tactical approach |
| |taken by the Incident Commander. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|Slide # 48 |Mercantile Occupancies |
| | |
|3.5.6 |Commercial business; under 3 storeys in height |
| |Challenges: |
| |Non standard fire load |
| |Multiple tenants/uses |
| |Look for different company signs. |
| | |
| |Mercantile occupancies are Type II buildings at which business in the trade of goods is conducted. |
| | |
| |They are primarily commercial businesses. Typically less than 3 storeys in building height. |
| | |
| |The challenge concerning these occupancies is the variable fire load from one unit to the next. A printing shop might |
| |neighbour a paint store that is next to a flooring company. Containing the fire to the unit of origin by establishing |
| |containment tactics is key when fighting fires in these structures. |
| | |
| |For the building shown, the load bearing walls separating the units are detectable as brick outcroppings along the front |
| |façade. Roof joists generally run across the span between load-bearing walls. |
|Slide # 49 | |
| |As part of a comprehensive size‐up, firefighters should look at the signage at the front of a building. Signage will indicate |
|3.5.7 |the type of business occupancy, which can aid in assessing the potential fire load. |
| | |
| | |
| |Big Box Stores |
| | |
| |Large footprint & high ceilings, high rack storage. |
| |Extremely high fuel load. |
| |Flammable & combustible liquid. |
| |Fast-moving fire. |
| | |
| |Big box mercantile occupancies occupy a large footprint and have high square footage. |
| | |
| |These buildings tend to encompass large open areas and have high ceilings. |
| | |
| |In the case of large home renovation and hardware stores, such as Home Depot, there is an extremely high fire load with a wide|
| |variety of combustibles and flammable liquids. |
| | |
| |A typical big box store has a significant amount of material stored on high steel shelving units. |
| | |
| |While many of these stores follow similar shelving configurations; based on a series of rows, some have areas within the rows |
| |that act as nodes for the sale of flooring, window treatments, paint and tools, and so on. |
| | |
| |A concentrated fire involving such a diverse fire load could quickly overcome any built-in fire protection system and create |
| |the circumstance for an extremely large, fast-moving fire. |
|Slide # 50 | |
| | |
|3.6 |Big Box Stores |
| | |
| |Firefighters should only fight these fires from the end of the rows while hose streams cool the upper environment and roof |
| |joists. |
| | |
| |Firefighters should only fight these fires from the end of the rows while hose streams cool the upper environment and roof |
| |joists. |
| | |
| |When directing hose streams, the firefighter on the nozzle should ensure that the hose pattern does not disrupt heavily |
| |stocked shelves. |
| | |
| |A straight stream or a solid stream can knock material off shelving and even destabilize shelves. |
| | |
| |Fallen material and stock can also block means of egress. For an example of flammable materials stored in rows of shelving. |
| | |
| |Typically, the roof and structural components of this kind of store are exposed with no fire resistance rating. |
| | |
| |These buildings might have sprinkler or standpipe systems or both. |
| | |
| |Depending on the occupancy, there might be few window openings, which can make ventilation challenging. |
| | |
| |These buildings usually have a high fire loading because of stock that includes Class A, B, C, and D combustibles. |
| | |
| | |
| |Strip Malls |
| | |
| |Long, narrow buildings. |
| |Several small businesses. |
| |Individual entrances. |
| |Fire separations between units. |
| | |
|Slide # 51 |Strip malls are commonly long, narrow buildings that house several small businesses. Many of these malls have anchor tenants |
| |that are larger brand-name grocery or clothing stores. |
|3.7. | |
| |Each unit will have a separate individual entrance from the exterior, as there are no interior public corridors. Sometimes |
| |these buildings have a rear service corridor for deliveries and to access services and storage rooms. |
| | |
| |As in other Type II buildings, the roof and structural components of strip mall buildings are typically exposed with no fire |
| |rating. Depending on the occupancy type, the interior ceiling may be suspended. It is always sound practice to pull any |
| |suspended ceiling panels down as fire attack companies advance into a fire compartment. |
| | |
| | |
| |Strip Malls |
| | |
| |Many strip malls have overhanging canopies that cover walkways from one end of the mall to the other. |
| | |
| |Canopies can be a conduit for fire and smoke spread and can contribute to the fire load. In older strip malls, the overhanging|
| |canopies might be made of various kinds of insulation and wood supporting elements. |
| | |
| |In the case of a single unit fire, it is imperative that the underside of the canopy be overhauled in conjunction with the |
| |fire attack. If fire starts running along the inside of a canopy, extreme caution must be used in working under it because it |
| |can collapse without warning. |
| | |
| |The use of master streams can be a useful means to control fire spread in void spaces such as those found in canopies. |
| |However, fire personnel must be careful to ensure that their hose streams do not entrain oxygen into the fire compartment or |
| |push fire into unburned areas. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Industrial Occupancies |
| | |
| |Industrial buildings vary in size from small manufacturing shops and auto repair garages to large facilities like OC Transpo |
| |vehicle maintenance buildings located throughout the city. |
|Slide # 52 | |
| |Few fire separated compartments. |
|3.7.1 | |
| |Special hazards: |
| |fuel, oil, compressed gases, flammable liquids, cleaning solvents, |
| |battery recharging |
| |storage areas. |
| | |
| |Firefighters can expect to find non-conforming mezzanines in some Type II storage, manufacturing and industrial occupancies. |
| |These mezzanines are, in effect, makeshift second storeys within the structure. |
| | |
| |Stretching protective hose lines for fire attack personnel is a priority. |
| | |
| |When available resources permit and depending on the size of the structure, the assignment of more than one Rapid Intervention|
| |Team (RIT) should be considered. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |Storage & Self-Storage |
| | |
| |Low occupant load, high fuel load. |
| |Single or multiple storey |
| |Security controlled access. |
| |Pre-fire plan. |
| |Ladder building for 2nd exit. |
| |Assume the worst fuel load. |
| |Consider indirect attack. |
| | |
|Slide # 53 |Multiple storey self-storage temperature regulated buildings. |
| | |
|3.7.2 |The problems associated with fighting fires in these structures are similar to those associated with fighting fires in Type I |
| |structure, except that the fire load can be much more highly concentrated. |
| | |
| |Access may be difficult because of electronic security measures, as tenants usually access these buildings using a pass card |
| |system. |
| | |
| | |
| |Ladders are important in fighting fires in multi-storey facilities. Fire companies inside must have multiple means of egress |
| |and the Incident Commander should ensure that, wherever possible, ladders are strategically placed to ensure that a secondary |
| |means of egress to the exterior is established. |
| | |
| |Indirect fire attack methods can be employed in situations where the fire will be difficult to suppress using a direct frontal|
| |attack. |
| | |
| |The indirect method can include partially opening the door and injecting a series of one-to-two-second bursts of fog stream |
| |set at an approximately 30° angle into the gaseous layer of the fire compartment and closing the door for several seconds. |
| | |
| | |
| |Warehouse Storage Facilities |
| | |
| |Large footprint. |
| |Same hazards as big box stores. |
| |Height of storage is a hazard to firefighters. |
| |Rule of Thumb |
| | |
| |Large Building + Large Fire = Large Hose |
|Slide # 54 | |
| | |
|3.7.2 |Warehouse-type storage buildings can occupy a large footprint and present many of the same challenges as big box stores. |
| | |
| |The height of the stored materials is a concern. For example, shipping containers can be stacked one on top of another. |
| | |
| |Fire personnel must make a point of identifying the warehouses in their response area in an effort to determine the type of |
| |storage: |
| |• Movers’ warehouse and storage; |
| |• Paper distribution; |
| |• Dead file storage; |
| |• Textile storage; |
| |• Furniture; |
| |• Sporting goods; |
| |• Food; |
| |• Mechanical equipment; |
| |• Flammable liquid storage; and |
| |• Compressed gas storage. |
| | |
| | |
| |Assembly Occupancies |
| | |
| |Schools, Movie Theatres, Arenas |
| |1 or 2 storeys. |
| |High occupant load, low fuel load. |
| |Fire alarm systems. |
| |Several egress and access points. |
| |Type II buildings are used for assembly purposes such as |
| |• school gymnasiums; |
|Slide # 55 |• movie theatres; |
| |• sports arenas; |
|3.7.3. |• community centres; and |
| |• art centres. |
| | |
| |Most assembly occupancies are no more than one or two storeys in height. |
| |However, major sports arenas with seating for 20,000 people or more can exceed eight storeys in height. |
| | |
| |Alarm and sprinkler systems are common in assembly occupancies. |
| | |
| |Contents such as furnishings are the main fire load. Movie theatres can be a challenge if the fire occurs in a large seating |
| |area. |
| |Tend to have a great deal of ceiling height and are equipped with well-marked means of egress. |
| | |
| | |
| |Office Occupancies |
| | |
| |1 or 2 storeys. |
| |Occupant load high during normal working hours. |
| |Fire alarm and sprinkler systems |
| |Downtown or business parks. |
| | |
|Slide # 56 |One and two storey office buildings can be of Type II construction and are often located in suburban business parks. |
| | |
|3.7.3 |Access and egress points are usually sufficient for the purposes of fire fighting and rescue. |
| | |
| |Alarm and sprinkler systems are common, but not guaranteed. |
| | |
| |Occupant loads tend to be highest during normal daytime business hours. |
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|Slide # 57 | |
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|3.7.4 | |
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|Slide # 58 | |
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|3.7.5.1 | |
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|Slide # 59 | |
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|3.7.5.2 | |
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|Slide # 60 | |
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|3.7.6 | |
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|Slide # 61 | |
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|3.7.7 | |
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|Slide # 62 |Summary |
| | |
|3.8 |Type II buildings are extremely dangerous and diverse. |
| | |
| |High probability of building collapse. |
| | |
| |Pre-fire Planning is Very Important |
| | |
| |Diverse fire loads and unpredictable floor configurations pose a grave life safety hazard. As businesses stay open longer and |
| |longer hours, the risk to life is present throughout their entire extended workday. A proper and thorough size-up and |
| |effective and accurate pre-fire plans are the key to safe and efficient fireground operations in Type II buildings. |
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