Appendix C Textbook: Sound and Light Answer Key for Guided ... - Bridgeway

Appendix C Textbook: Sound and Light Answer Key for Guided Reading Workbook:

What Are Waves? Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills This is one possible way to complete the graphic organizer. Accept all logical answers.

What You Know

1. Waves are high and low.

2. Waves move things up and down.

What You Learned

1. Mechanical waves can be transverse

or longitudinal.

2. Transverse waves move the medium

up and down or side to side, and they have crests and troughs.

3. Longitudinal waves move the medium

back and forth, and they have compressions and rarefactions.

1. A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from place to place. 2. Medium 3. A, b, c 4. Mechanical waves 5. False 6. The duck moves up and down but does not move along the surface of the water with the wave. 7. A light wave from the sun can travel through empty space. 8. Vibrate 9. A vibration is a repeated back-and-forth or up-and-down motion. 10. Mechanical waves are classified by how they move. Two classifications of waves are transverse

and longitudinal.

11. Transverse waves 12. In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium move in a direction that is perpendicular, or at

right angles, to the direction of the wave.

13. Crests 14. Troughs 15. Longitudinal waves 16. Compressions 17. Rarefactions 18. a. longitudinal waves b. crests c. compressions d. troughs e. rarefactions 19. crests, troughs

Properties of Waves

Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills This is one possible way to complete the graphic organizer. Accept all logical answers.

Properties of Waves I. Amplitude

A. Amplitude of transverse waves B. Amplitude of longitudinal waves II. Wavelength III. Frequency IV. Speed

1. Four basic properties of waves are amplitude, wavelength, frequency, speed. 2. amplitude 3. It is the maximum distance a water particle

moves above or below the surface level of calm water.

4. energy 5. Amplitude is a measure of how compressed

or rarefied the medium becomes.

6. b, d 7. Large 8. wavelength 9. You can measure the distance between one

crest or trough and the next.

10. You can measure the distance between one

compression or rarefaction and the next.

11. frequency 12. 1 wave per second, or 1 Hz 13. d 14. time 15. Wavelength ? Frequency 16. Speed/Wavelength 17. Speed/Frequency 18. b, c, d 19. decrease

Interactions of Waves

Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills This is one possible way to complete the graphic organizer. Accept all logical

answers.

Possible questions and answers:

a. How are waves reflected? (Waves are reflected when they hit a surface through which they cannot

pass and bounce back.) b. What is refraction? (The bending of waves due to a change in speed)

c. When does diffraction occur? (When a wave moves around a barrier or through an opening in a barrier) d. What is a standing wave? (A wave that appears to stand in one place, even though it is really two

waves interfering)

1. Students should label as the angle of incidence the angle formed by the vertical line and the arrow on

the left. They should label as the angle of reflection the angle formed by the vertical line and the arrow on

the right.

2. reflection 3. The law states that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. 4. True

5. One side of the wave changes speed before the other side, causing the wave to bend. 6. refraction 7. Bending occurs when one side of the wave enters the medium before the other side. 8. speeds 9. It bends and spreads out. 10. diffraction 11. interference 12. When two waves interact to make a wave with a larger amplitude 13. They make a higher crest. 14. constructive interference 15. The crest of one wave meets the trough of the other wave, and the two waves cancel each other out

because both have the same amplitude.

16. The amplitude of the resulting wave will be reduced but not equal to zero.

17. b 18. e 19. c 20. a 21. d

22. A standing wave is a wave that appears to

be standing still, even though it is really two waves

interfering as they pass through each other.

23. node

24. antinodes

25. true 26. resonance occurs when external vibrations match an object's natural frequency.

Seismic Waves

Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills

Sample sentences:

a. A seismic wave is produced by an earthquake. b. A P wave is a longitudinal seismic wave. c. An S wave is a transverse seismic wave. d. A surface wave is a combination of a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave that travels along the

surface of a medium.

e. A tsunami is a huge surface wave on the ocean caused by an underwater earthquake. f. A seismograph is an instrument used to detect and measure earthquake waves.

1. When stress in the rock builds up enough, the rock breaks or changes shape, causing an earthquake

and releasing energy in the form of waves.

2. seismic waves 3. a, d 4. S waves cannot travel through liquid, and part of Earth's core is liquid. 5. P waves 6. Surface waves 7. S waves 8. Tsunamis are huge surface waves on the ocean produced by underwater earthquakes. 9. a. P waves b. Longitudinal c. Transverse d. core e. Surface waves f. Combination g.surface 10. c

11. It records the ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth. 12. The ground 13. It shakes. 14. By measuring the time between the arrival of the P waves and the arrival of the S waves 15. By comparing readings from at least three seismographs at different places on Earth 16. a. explosives b. seismic waves c. underground d. seismographs

The Nature of Sound

Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skill This is one possible way to complete the graphic organizer. Accept all logical answers.

Main Idea Sound waves interact with objects and with other sound waves. Detail Reflection occurs when sound waves strike a surface. Detail Sound waves can diffract around corners and through openings. Detail The interference of sound waves can be constructive or destructive.

1. Sound is a disturbance that travels through a medium as a longitudinal wave. 2. vibration 3. False 4. a. Reflection b. Sound waves bend and spread out when they go around or through an opening in a

barrier. c. Interference

5. echo 6. Elasticity, density, and temperature 7. Water 8. elasticity

9. False 10. density 11. True 12. Sound travels more slowly through a given medium with a low temperature. 13. 343 m/s 14. Sound travels more slowly at higher altitudes because the air temperature is lower and sound travels

more slowly at lower temperatures.

15. He "broke the sound barrier" by flying an airplane faster than the speed of sound. 16. It is easier to fly faster than the speed of sound at high altitude because sound travels more slowly at

high altitude due to the low temperature.

Properties of Sound Guided Study and Reading

Use Target Reading Skill This is one possible way to complete the graphic organizer. Accept all logical answers.

Properties of Sound

I.

Loudness

A. Energy of a sound source

B. Distance from a sound source

C. Measuring loudness

II. Pitch

A. Pitch and frequency

B. Changing pitch

III. Doppler effect

A. What causes the Doppler effect?

B. What causes shock waves?

1. Loudness is the perception of the energy of a sound. 2. Loudness depends on the amount of energy it takes to make the sound and the distance from the

source of the sound.

3. True 4. intensity 5. Decibels 6. Loud sounds can damage to your ears, especially if you listen to them for long periods of time. This

can lead to hearing loss.

7. The pitch of a sound is a description of how high or low the sound seems to a person. 8. The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency of the sound wave. 9. ultrasound 10. infrasound 11. a, c

12. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a sound wave as its source moves in relation to an

observer.

13. pitch 14. When a sound source moves, the frequency

of the waves changes because the motion of the source adds to the motion of the waves.

15. a. Higher

b. Lower c. Higher d. Lower

16. True

Music

Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills This is one possible way to complete the graphic organizer. Accept all logical answers. Musical Instruments Q: How is pitch changed in each type of instrument? A: By changing the frequency of vibrations Q: How is loudness changed in each type of instrument? A: By changing the energy of the vibrations

1. Music is a set of notes that combine in pat- terns that are pleasing. 2. fundamental tone 3. Overtones have frequencies that are two, three, or more times the frequency of the fundamental

tone.

4. False 5. Resonance affects the sound quality of a musical instrument by increasing the loudness of certain

overtones.

6. To control pitch, musicians change the fun-

damental tones produced by the instrument.

7. To control loudness, musicians change the energy of the vibrations produced by the instrument. 8. Brass instruments produce sound when a musician's lips vibrate against the mouthpiece, causing the

air column in the instrument to vibrate.

9. A woodwind instrument produces sound when the reed vibrates, causing the instrument's air

column to vibrate.

10. True

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