NICE | The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence



A Guide to a Low potassium diet – incorporating African and Caribbean foods Dietitian:Contact Details:IntroductionThe dietary advice in this booklet has been developed by experienced renal dietitians with the support of patientsWhat is potassium?Potassium is a mineral that is found naturally in many foods. Some potassium is needed as part of a healthy diet. It is required to ensure healthy working of muscles, including the heart . Your potassium level should be 3.5 – 5.5mmol/l (3.5 – 6.0mmol/l if on haemodialysis)Why do I need to control the amount of potassium in my blood?Too much potassium in your blood can be dangerous as it affects the rhythm of your heart and can cause the heart to stop beating.Why is the level of potassium in my blood too high?The level of potassium in your blood is usually controlled by the kidneys. When your kidneys are not working properly, the potassium level in your blood may rise. It is quite common for people with kidney problems to have too much potassium in the blood..Can I tell if my potassium is high?There are usually no symptoms to indicate if your potassium is high and the most reliable way to tell is by having a blood test.What should I do to control my blood potassium levels?You can control your potassium levels by:Following a low potassium dietEnsuring regular bowel habits as you lose some potassium in the stoolIf you are diabetic, ensuring good blood sugar control If you are on dialysis, keeping to your scheduled sessionsWill the low potassium diet include healthy eating advice?This resource only focuses on a low potassium diet. We have?aimed to include low potassium foods that are suitable swaps for foods commonly eaten, e.g.?doughnut can replace fruit cake. For this reason, some of the foods in the low potassium section may be high in sugar, salt or fat. Please take into consideration any other diet you may be following when?making choices from the suitable/low potassium columns. If there are any questions, please discuss with your renal dietitianCarbohydrate Carbohydrates, also known as starchy foods, provide energy, vitamins and fibre. You should try to include something starchy at each meal to provide you with energy.Examples of carbohydrates:Rice, pasta and other grains for example semolina, cornPotato, sweet potato, cassava and yamBreakfast cereals, papBreadsStarchy root vegetables including tubers and ground provisionsChoose up to one boiled 150g serving per dayLimitBreadfruit Baked/fried/roasted/steamed/pressure cooked breadfruit/cassava/plantain/potatoes/sweet potatoes/taro/yamCassava Frozen/oven/retail chipsPlantain/green banana -100g onlyInstant mashPotatoes Potato products- potato waffles, hash browns, wedges, croquettesSweet potato Taro/dasheen Yam Some starchy root vegetables like potato, sweet potato, cassava and yam are particularly high in potassium and need to be limited in the diet (choose up to one serving per day- see table below). Other starchy foods based on wheat or rice are low in potassium and are good alternatives to choose. If you do not routinely include high potassium starchy vegetables in your diet, you may be able to allow for a higher intake of potassium elsewhere in your diet. Your dietitian can discuss this with you on an individual basis.If you are having foods made with these ingredients, e.g. plantain fufu or amala made with cassava/gari please include them in the allowance above.Cooking instructions for starchy root vegetablesThe starchy root vegetables in the table above should be boiled in water to lower their potassium content. Discard the water after boiling and do not use for stock, soups, dhals and sauces.The skins on potatoes provide a good source of fibre and B vitamins. However, if your potassium levels are often high, peel your potatoes and cut into small pieces before boiling, as this helps to remove more potassium.Baking, frying, roasting, and steaming potatoes, tubers, ground provisions and vegetables does not reduce potassium. Pre-boiling helps to remove some potassium before cooking this way.Microwaving is only suitable for reheating starchy root vegetables that have previously been boiled.Rice, pasta and other grajnsRice, semolina, pasta, cornflour and other grains can be eaten freely.LowHighAbolo (made with rice or maize)QuinoaCornmealPlantain- steamed/baked/friedCouscousDasheen- Steamed/fried/bakedKenkey millet grainsBreadfruit- Steamed/fried/bakedRice/rice flour/tuwo masa/tuwo shinkafaYam- Steamed/fried/bakedSemolina/Semovita fufuSteamed/fried/baked cassavaUgaliMillet flourCerealsBranflakesCereals with dried fruit/nuts/chocolateCocopopsCornflakes/Kooko/Tombrown/AkamuOgiPap/MielepapPorridgeRice KrispiesShredded wheatShreddiesBreakfast cerealsCereals made from wheat, oats, corn, rice and corn are lower in potassium and may be eaten regularly.Cereals containing bran, dried fruits, nuts and chocolate are higher in potassium and should be limited.Milk and yoghurt added to cereals should be counted within your dairy allowance (see dairy section).If you have diabetes please choose lower sugar containing breakfast cereals.BreadsBread, rolls, crackers and pitta breads without nuts and seeds may be eaten regularly.Bread and crackers containing nuts, seeds, coconut, dried fruits and chocolate are high in potassium and should be limited.Fruit and VegetablesFruit and vegetables are a good source of vitamins, minerals and fibre and form a large part of a healthy balanced diet. The potassium content of all fruits and vegetables varies and these are listed in the table below as low, medium, high and very high.Aim for a total of 4-5 portions of fruit and vegetables daily or as advised by your dietitian. Choose most of your choices fruits and vegetables from the low or medium columns. If choosing from the high column, you may need to reduce the number of fruit and vegetable portions you have that day. Fruit and vegetables listed as having a very high potassium content should be avoided.All vegetables should be boiled, rather than steamed or microwaved. Boiling allows some of the potassium to leach into the water which should be thrown away and not used for gravy or stock. Canned fruit and vegetables should be drained before eating.Vegetables and saladA portion of vegetables is 80g and boiled unless otherwise stated in the table below. If one portion of vegetables is not taken, then you can swap for a portion of fruit or a handful of salad. Low <3mmols/80gMedium (3-5mmols/80g)High (5-7mmols/80g)Avoid (>7mmols/80g)Beansprouts- raw or cooked 4 tbspCabbage 2tblp rawAckee -cannedAmaranth -rawAubergine - fried/bakedAmaranthAvocadoCabbageBroccoli 2 florets- Asparagus - 3 spears raw/fried (tough base removedBaby spinach –boiled or rawCauliflower -3 florets Carrots 1 medium- Brussel sproutscassava leaves -rawCucumber rawCelery raw 1 stickKarela/bitter gourdcocoyam leaf (Xanthosoma sagittifolium)- rawGreen beans- cannedLeeks -Leeks-rawDrumstick leaves-rawLettuce – medium handful rawCho-cho/christophene -cocoyam leaf Jute leaves-rawMixed vegetable - frozenColeslawDrumstick leaves Pak choiMushrooms - cannedCourgette -Jute leaves Okra -friedOkra-cannedCurly kale Taro leaves-rawOnion raw or cookedGreen/French beansMushrooms -raw/friedVernonia leaves bitter leaf-rawPeas- cannedPeas- Butternut squash-roastedMangetout- raw/fried 2 tblspMixed vegetables cannedTomato pureeSpring onion 3 rawPumpkin Pepper ? - rawOkra -Runner beansSorrell= 2tblspSweetcorn - weighed on the cobSpring greensPumpkin leaves -Water chestnuts -cannedSquash e.g. butternut Spinach (not the baby type)Watercress- raw 40gCocoyam leaf Sweetcorn –canned,fresh, frozen or baby sweetcorn Tomatoes-raw or tinned.Vernonia leaves/bitter leaf -boiledCabbage 2tblsp raw-933454489451 tblsp= tablespoon001 tblsp= tablespoonMangetout peas raw/fried 2tblsp Many African and Caribbean curries use tomatoes as a base. Canned plum tomatoes that are drained are lower in potassium than fresh tomatoes. It is recommended that you use canned whole plum tomatoes and drain off the juice before adding to curries, and avoid tomato puree.Beans and pulses- see protein section.FruitA portion is 80g unless stated otherwise in the table below. If one portion of fruit is not taken, you can swap for a portion of vegetables or a handful of salad. Canned fruit should be drained before eating. As a general rule, dried fruit, fruit or vegetable juices or smoothies should be avoided as they are concentrated sources of potassiumLOWMEDIUMHIGHApples, 1 smallApples, baked 1 mediumApricots 2Blueberries, 40Apricots (canned) 3 halvesBanana 1 smallCherries (canned) 1/3 of 425g large can tinBlackberries16coconut, dessicated, 1 tbspClementine , 2 small/1 mediumBlackberries (stewed) 2 tbspDamsons, 3 fruitFig, 1 fruitBlackcurrants (canned), 2-3 tbspJackfruitMamee Apple- 1 fruitCherries, 20Nectarine 1 mediumFruit cocktail (canned) 1/3 of 415g can small tinGrapefruit, 1/2 fruitOrange 1 mediumGooseberries (canned) ? of300g tin3 tbspGrapes, 16Ortaniques, 1 Gooseberries (stewed) 2 tbspGreengages, 1 fruitPlum 2 small Grapefruit (canned) 1/4 tin Guava, 1 smallPomegranate, 1/2Guava, (canned) 1/3 of 410g can 2 tinKiwi fruit, 1 mediumPrickly pears, 1 medium Lemon/limeKumquats, 10Quince, 1/2 fruitLimeLoquats, 6Sharon fruit/persimmon, 1 Lychees (canned) 6 fruit Lychees, 5Sugar apple (custard apple) 1/2 medium Mandarin oranges (canned) 1/2 small 298g canMango, 2 slicesTamarillos, 1 fruitOlives, green, in brine, drained, 20Medlars, 1 SoursopOranges, 1/2 mediumMelon, 1/2 slicePassion fruit, 2 fruitMulberries (stewed), 2 tbspPeach, 1 smallPapaya, 1/2 slicePeach (canned)1/3 of 420g can 2 halvesPear, 1 smallPear (stewed/canned), 2 halvesPhysalis, 10 fruitPear (canned) 2 halvesPineapple, 1 slicePineapple (canned) 2 rings/12 chunksPlums (stewed), 3 halvesPlums (canned) 4 halvesRaspberries, 16Pomelo, 1/4 fruitRaspberries (stewed), 2 tbspRambutan 8Sapodilla, 1 fruitVery High (avoid)Raspberries (canned) 1/2 300g can canStrawberries, 7-9 fruitRhubarb (canned) 1/3 of 539g tin?Tamarind (sweet) 5Avocado, Satsuma 1, 2 smallBlackcurrants (stewed)Strawberries (canned) 1/2 tinBaobab Tangerine, 1 medium?Dates ( Watermelon, 1/2 slice? coconut??Goji berries ????Grenadillas/granaditta?? (dried)??Prunes (canned/stewed)??=?Redcurrants ?Rhubarb (stewed)??Whitecurrants Tamarind paste (put in misc)Starfruit/carambola can be toxic for patients with kidney disease, please avoid. Grapefruit can interfere with some medications, please check with your doctor.ProteinProtein is necessary for growth and repair and the building and maintaining of muscle. Your dietitian will suggest the amount of protein you requiredaily . General advice on protein foods include:Choose either lean meat chicken, fish,eggs,beans or lentils.Cured and salted meats, chicken, fish are high in salt. These foods must be kept to a minimum.A portion of beans, pulses, dhal, Quorn or soya products can replace a portion of meat/fish/chicken/eggs. Canned and drained versions of pulses and beans tend to be lower in potassium than dried versions.Beans and peas such as kidney beans, gungo peas and foods that contain beans such as akari, rice and peas, waakye and moin-moin can be high in potassium. Please discuss these with your dietitian as this will depend on what your potassium levels were like when you had them in the diet and also your current kidney function.Nuts and seeds (groundnut, egusi, jansang, okuahene, wama) are high in potassium and may need to be restricted. If you need to use small amounts in cooking, please discuss with your dietitian.Soups Soups made with nuts or seeds such as groundnut soup, palm nut soup and egusi soup can be high in potassium, a light soup may be a lower potassium alternative. If your potassium is high and you are having soups with nuts or seeds, please discuss with your dietitian.Dairy Products and milk alternativesMilk and dairy products play an important role within our diet as they contain protein and essential nutrients such as calcium, which is needed for healthy bones.Dairy alternatives such as plant and grain based milks are a lower source of protein . Milk is quite high in potassium therefore milk should be limited.A recommended allowance of 300m (1/2pintl milk can be taken daily. This includes cow’s, sheep’s, goat’s milk. Milk in cereals, milky puddings, yoghurts and milk-based sauces should be counted within this allowance. . Rice and oat milk are very low in Milk made from nuts containing less than 10% nutfor example almond milk is low in potassium.Unsweetened soya milk contains approximately half the amount of potassium compared to dairy milk.Milkshakes, dried milk powder, evaporated milk, condensed milk, coconut milk and creamed coconut are all high in potassium and therefore should be restricted.All types of cream and cheese may be eaten as usual on a low potassium diet.Snacks?Some snacks can be high in energy (calories), salt,sugar and fat such as confectionary, cakes and crisps. Therefore should make up only a small part of your overall diet. However , if you have a poor appetite or are losing body weight, high calorie snacks can be helpful in maintaining or improving your weight. Your dietitian will be able to guide you in making the best snack choices..?. Savoury snacksPotato and vegetable crisps are naturally high in potassium and should be avoided.Crisps or snacks made with lentil/soya/quinoa flour are also high in potassiumSome potato and non-potato crisp varieties have potassium chloride added as a salt substitute. If potassium chloride appears on the ingredients list please avoid. LowHigh2 cream crackers Cheese flavoured crackersKelewelePopcornKuli KuliPretzelsNuts/Seeds (if you are adding to soups/stews e.g. egusi, ogbono- please discuss with your dietitian)Tortilla chips 1 small packetPotato/cassava/plantain crisps/Bombay mixAdd medium column, <2mmols, 2-4mmols, >4mmolsSweet snacksHealthy eating advice includes reducing your sugar consumption and choosing low sugar or sugar-free varieties. Snacks containing chocolate, nuts, coconut or dried fruit would have a higher potassium content.If you have diabetes, it is recommended you limit your intake of sugary foods.Low Potassium <2mmolHigh potassiumBiscuit – Banana breadBiscuits – Digestives, Rich tea, Shortbread 2Biscuits containing nuts, chocolate, coconutBulla 1 sliceChocolate, dried fruitCakes and Deserts e.g, 1 slice or 1 doughnutFlapjackChinchinFruit gumsCream filled biscuit 2Liquorice AllsortsRich fruit cakeGingernut 1Scone containing dried fruitJam filled biscuits 2Shuku ShukuJellyPeanut or nut brittlesMarieMeringueMints, sherbert, Plain sconePopcorn- 28g or ? bowlRich TeaRing doughnutSandwich biscuitshortbreadSponge cake – plain, cream, jam 1 sliceSweets- boiled, chewy, pastilles, jelly, marshmallows 10Swiss roll- 1 sliceTurkish DelightWafer DrinksIf you are following a fluid restriction, ensure you count your entire fluid intake as part of your daily allowance. Please consult your doctor if you are unsure of your fluid allowance. Low <1High >1Non-alcoholic drinksBarley water, squashFruit and vegetable juices/smoothiesFizzy drinksDrinking chocolate with milkCoffee, infusionEvaporated milk/condensed milkFruit squashHorlicks Herbal Tea, infusionJuicesLemonadeMilk shakeLucozadeMiloChocolate malted drink e.g MiloTonic waterNoni juiceTeasOvaltine with milkPeanut punchTomato juiceAlcoholic drinksLiqueurs (all)Beer, bitterGinCider, dry & sweetLiquersSpiritsLagerShandyLager, alcohol freeSherry, small glassPortVermouth, dryRed Wwine (all)VodkaRose wineWhiskyStout, GuinnessWhite wineOther ingredientsSome common miscellaneous foods are listed here. If you use these foods regularly or use large quantities, please seek advice from your dietitian. Akaun/akawn (Nigerian Potash) is high in potassium, so avoid using this as a meat or okra tenderiser.lefttopChooseLimitHerbs e.g coriander, gingerBrown sauceSpices e.g. garlic, chilliChocolate spreadPicklesNut buttersChutneysTomato ketchupMayonnaiseTomato pureeMustard Yeast extract e.g Marmite/VegemiteVinegarProcessed foods are high in salt, and should be limited for example. soya sauce, stock cubes and MSG (monosodium glutamate). Salt substitutes e.g. Lo salt, So-Lo, Low sodium salt contain potassium in place of sodium. It is important that all salt substitutes are avoided.Also avoid salt substitutes e.g. Lo salt, Saxa SoLo as they contain potassium chloride.If you need further information on a low potassium diet, please contact your dietitian.Produced by the Renal Nutrition Group of the British Dietetic AssociationAcknowledgements:Deepa Kariyawasam, Renal Specialist Dietitian, King’s College Hospital NHS Trust (Lead contributor)Tadala Kolawole, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Barts NHS TrustLakshmi Chandrasekharan, Diabetes & Renal Specialist Dietitian, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Susan Dawe, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Gloucestershire Hospital NHS Foundation TrustTina Dilloway, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Imperial College Healthcare NHS TrustSeverine Gregory-Smith, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Churchill Hospital NHS Trust Ruple Patel, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Epsom and St Helier University Hospital NHS Trust Gabby Ramlan, Diabetes & Renal Specialist Dietitian, North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust Patients from King’s College Hospital, Birmingham and other UK renal units. A Guide to a Low Potassium Diet171450025717500Incorporating South Asian FoodsIntroductionThe dietary advice in this booklet has been developed by renal dietitians.What is potassium?Potassium is a mineral that is found naturally in many foods. Some potassium is needed as part of a healthy diet. It is required to ensure healthy working muscles, including the heart. Your potassium level should be 3.5 – 5.5mmol/l (3.5 – 6.0mmol/l if on haemodialysis)Why do I need to control the amount of potassium in my blood?Too much potassium in your blood can be dangerous as it affects the rhythm of your heart and can cause your heart to stop beating if levels are very high.Why is the level of potassium in my blood too high?The level of potassium in your blood is controlled by the kidneys. When your kidneys are not working properly, the potassium level in your blood may rise. It is quite common for people with kidney problems to have too much potassium in their blood. Can I tell if my potassium is high?There are usually no symptoms to indicate if your potassium is high and the most reliable way to tell is by having a blood test.What should I do to control my blood potassium levels?You can control your potassium levels by:Following a low potassium dietEnsuring regular bowel habits as you lose some potassium in the stoolIf you are diabetic, ensuring good blood sugar control If you are on dialysis, keeping to your scheduled sessions and timesHow do I follow a low potassium diet?This booklet provides information on which foods are high in potassium, and those that need to be limited. It offers lower potassium alternatives to keep your blood potassium levels within range. Your dietitian will advise you on the changes that you need to make. Will the low potassium diet include healthy eating advice?This resource only focuses on a low potassium diet. We have?aimed to include low potassium foods that are suitable swaps for foods commonly eaten, e.g.?doughnut can replace fruit cake. For this reason, some of the foods in the low potassium section may be high in sugar, salt or fat. Please take into consideration any other diet you may be following when?making choices from the suitable/ low potassium columns. If there are any questions, please discuss with your renal dietitian.Carbohydrate (Starchy foods)________________________________________________________________________1790700-8324853648075-813435-66675-803910Carbohydrates, also known as starchy foods, provide energy, vitamins and fibre. You should try to include something starchy at each meal to provide you with energy. Examples of carbohydrates include:Potato, sweet potato, cassava and yamRice, pasta and other grains, for example, semolina, bulgar wheat, barley, sagoBreakfast cereals, upma, pawaBread, chapatti, paratha, puri and hoppersStarchy root vegetablesSome starchy root vegetables like potato, sweet potato, cassava and yam are particularly high in potassium and need to be limited in the diet. Choose only one serving per day, see table below. Other starchy foods based on wheat or rice can be lower in potassium and are good alternatives. If you do not usually eat high potassium starchy root vegetables, you may be able to have more foods elsewhere in your diet. Choose only one BOILED 150g serving per dayLimitCassava Baked/ fried/roasted/steamed/pressure cooked cassava, taro, green banana, potato, sweet potato, yamColacasia/ taro Green banana Instant mashed potato varietiesPotato Frozen/oven/microwave/retail chipsSweet potato Manufactured potato products, e.g. hash browns, potato waffles, wedges, croquettes, frittersYam Cooking instructions for starchy root vegetables The starchy root vegetables in the table above should be boiled in water to lower their potassium content. Discard the water after boiling and do not use for stock, soups, dahls and sauces.The skins on potatoes provide a good source of fibre and B vitamins. However, if your potassium levels are often high, peel your potatoes and cut into small pieces before boiling, as this helps to remove more.Baking, frying, roasting and steaming starchy root vegetables do not reduce potassium. Pre-boiling helps to remove some potassium before cooking in this way.Microwaving is only suitable for reheating starchy root vegetables that have previously been boiled.Rice, pasta, noodles and other grainsPasta may be eaten freely in its various forms, for example spaghetti, vermicelli or penne. All varieties of rice are low in potassium, for example flaked/ puffed/ red rice. The more fibre rice or pasta contains (wholemeal products), the higher the potassium content. Some examples of low potassium boiled grains include; barley, bulgar wheat, sago and semolina. Grains such as quinoa, bajra, jowar and ragi have a higher potassium content so use sparingly. Soya flour and soya beans should be avoided due to very high potassium levels.Breakfast cerealsCereals made from wheat, oats, rice and corn are lower in potassium and can be eaten regularly.Cereals containing bran/ dried fruits/nuts/chocolate are higher in potassium and should be limited.Milk and yoghurt added to cereals should be counted within your dairy allowance (see dairy section).If you have diabetes, choose lower sugar containing breakfast cereals.Breads Bread, rolls, pittas, wraps without nuts and seeds are low in potassium and can be eaten regularly.Breads containing nuts/ dried fruits/chocolate/coconut are high in potassium and should be limited such as peshwari naan and pittu. Indian breads such as, chapatti, thepla, puri, idli, dosa and hoppers are low in potassium. Stuffed vegetable parathas and masala dosas with potato fillings should be limited due to their higher potassium content.Fruit and Vegetables_________________________________________________________________________Fruit and vegetables are a good source of vitamins, minerals and fibre and form a large part of a healthy balanced diet. The potassium content of all fruit and vegetables varies and these are listed in the table below as low, medium, high and very high.Aim for a total of 4-5 portions of fruit and vegetables daily or as advised by your dietitian. Choose most of your fruit and vegetables from the low or medium columns. If choosing from the high column, you may need to reduce the number of fruit and vegetable portions you have that day. Fruit and vegetables listed as being very high in potassium should be avoided.All vegetables should be boiled, rather than steamed or microwaved. Boiling allows some of the potassium to leach into the water which should then be thrown away, not used for sauces or gravies. Canned fruit and vegetables should be drained before eating.Vegetables and Salad018415186817018415372121118415A portion of vegetables is 80g and boiled unless stated otherwise in the table below. If one portion of vegetables is not taken, then you can swap for a portion of fruit or handful of salad. LowMediumHighVery HighBeetroot (pickled)4 slicesAsparagus 3 spearsBeetroot 1 smallArtichoke Cabbage 2 tbspAubergine (fried/ baked) ? Brussel sprouts frozen or fresh Betal leaves Cauliflower 3 floretsBroad beans 3 tbspDrumstick leavesButternut squash (roasted)CucumberBroccoli 2 medium floretsGreen/ French beans 3 heaped tbsp.KantolaFenugreek leavesCabbage (raw) 2 tbspKarela Karela (fried)Karela (canned)Carrots 1 mediumLeek (fried)Okra (stir-fried)Kantola (canned)Celery (raw) 1 stickMushrooms (fried)1 tbspPatra leavesLettuce (raw) medium handfulCourgette Okra 9 medium piecesSpinach, baby variety (boiled/raw)Marrow Curly kale Parsnip 2 tbsp Tomato pureeMixed vegetables frozen Gourd – ash, bottle/ dhudi, ridge/ turya Spinach (not the baby variety)Okra cannedMange-tout (raw/fried) 2 tbspOnion (fried, used as a base in curry)Peas Onion (raw) 1 smallPepper (raw) ?Pumpkin Sweetcorn(canned/ fresh/frozen) 3 tbspRunner beans Tomatoes (raw) 1 medSpring onions (raw) 3Tomatoes (canned) 80g/? canSugar snap peas 2 tbspTurnip Swede 2 tbspTindora/Ivy gourd (fried)Watercress (raw) 40gtbsp = tablespoonMany South Asian curries use tomato as a base. Canned plum tomatoes that are drained are lower in potassium than fresh tomatoes. It is recommended that you use canned whole plum tomatoes and drain off the juice before adding to curries, and avoid tomato puree.Fruit3781425-72199595250-7219951933575-731520A portion is based on 80g unless stated otherwise in the table below. If one portion of fruit is not taken, then you can swap for a portion of vegetables or handful of salad. Canned fruit should be drained before eating.. As a general rule, dried fruit, fruit or vegetable juices and smoothies should be avoided as they are concentrated sources of potassium.Low MediumHighVery HighApple 1 smallBlackberries 16Apricots 2AvocadoBlueberriesCherries 20Custard apple? medium BananaClementine 1Grapefruit ? Jack fruitCoconut Fig 1 Grapes 16Nectarine 1 mediumDatesFruit pie filling (various) ? of 410g canGuava1 smallOrange 1 mediumPrunes canned/stewedFruit cocktail1/3 of 415g canKiwi 1 Plum 2 small Rhubarb stewedLemon/ lime 1 Loquats 6Pomegranate ?Mandarin oranges? of 298g canLychees 5 Sharon fruit /persimmon 1Passion fruit 2 Mango 2 slicesPeach 1 smallMelon ? slicePineapple canned2 rings/12 chunksPapaya ? sliceSatsuma 1 Pear 1 smallWatermelon ? slicePineapple 1 sliceRaspberries16Sapodilla / chikoo 1 Strawberries 7?Starfruit can be toxic for patients with kidney disease, please avoid. Grapefruit can interfere with some medication, please check with your doctor. Protein_______________________________________________________________________3962400-19052028825-1905Protein is necessary for growth and repair and the building and maintaining of muscle. Your dietitian will suggest the amount of protein you require daily. General advice on protein foods include:Choose lean meat, chicken, fish or eggs.Cured/smoked, salted, tinned and processed meats and some fish are high in salt. These foods should be kept to a minimum.A portion of beans, pulses, dhal, paneer, Quorn, tofu or soya products can replace a portion of meat, chicken, fish or eggs. Canned and drained versions of pulses and beans tend to be lower in potassium than dried versions.Nuts and seeds are high in potassium and may need to be restricted. If you need to use small amounts in cooking, please discuss with your dietitian.Lentil flours are a valuable source of protein and can be used as part of composite dishes.Soups___________________________________________________________________Packet and tinned soups are not encouraged due to their high salt and potassium content, and they can displace more nutrient-dense foods in the diet. Additionally, if you are on a fluid restriction, they would also count towards your fluid allowance for that day. Please do not consume herbal/ayurvedic soups or tablets as their side effects are not known in patients with kidney disease..Dairy Products and alternatives_________________________________________________________________________Milk and dairy products play an important role within the diet as they contain protein and essential nutrients such as calcium, which is needed for healthy bones. Dairy alternatives such as plant and grain based milks are a lower source of protein.Milk is quite high in potassium so should be limited.A recommended allowance of 300ml (1/2 pint) milk can be taken daily; this includes cow’s, sheep’s and goat’s milk. Milk in cereals, milky puddings, yoghurts, yoghurt drinks, raita, lassi, buttermilk, milk-based probiotics and milk-based sauces must be counted within this allowance.Rice and oat milk are very low in potassium. Milk made from nuts containing less than 10% nut, for example almond milk is low in potassium.Unsweetened soya milk contains approximately half the amount of potassium compared to dairy milk.Milkshakes, dried milk powder, evaporated milk, condensed milk, coconut milk and creamed coconut are all high in potassium and therefore should be restricted. All types of cream and cheese and paneer can be eaten as usual on a low potassium diet. Snacks_________________________________________________________________________Some snacks can be high in energy (calories), sugar, fat and salt, such as confectionery, cakes and crisps. Therefore they should make up only a small part of your overall diet. However, if you have a poor appetite or are losing body weight, high calorie snacks can be helpful in maintaining or improving your weight. Your dietitian will be able to guide you in making the best snack choices.CrispsPotato and vegetable crisps are naturally high in potassium and should be avoided.Crisps made with lentil /soya/quinoa flour are also high in potassium. Some potato and non potato crisp varieties have potassium chloride added as a salt substitute. If potassium chloride appears on the ingredients list please avoid.South Asian Snacks9525027305018573752413003609975146050Some South Asian snacks serve as mini meals and are an important part of the Asian diet and culture. As with all food items, the potassium content varies and so they are listed below as low, medium and high. In accordance with your weight, dietary intake and potassium levels, your dietitian will recommend which snacks are best for you to eat. Low Medium High 3 Breadsticks1 chakriBhajia1 Corn fritter1 Farsi puriBombay mix2 Cream crackers1 Meat / veg samosaBanana /plantain/Cassava crisps 2 squares Dhokla1 Papadum/ papadCassava chips (mogo)3 tbsp MasurPapdi nu lot (rice flour dumpling)Dal dhokli4 tbsp Mumra (puffed rice)Fried peas1 PapdiGathiya/sev? bowl Pawa (rice flakes)Lentil cutlet? bowl PopcornPakora1 small packet Tortilla chipsPatra? bowl UpmaPotato /lentil/ soya/quinoa crisps4 tbsp Vermicelli (roasted)NutsRoasted channaRoasted corn kernalsSoya beansWhole green gramtbsp = tablespoon.Sweet Snacks_________________________________________________________________________952581279036385508128001838325812800Healthy eating advice includes reducing your sugar consumption, and choosing low sugar or sugar free varieties where possible. South Asian sweets can be high in potassium, so as a general rule, avoid those that contain evaporated or condensed milk, nuts, dried fruit, dried milk powder or coconut milk; and choose or make your own using lower potassium ingredients. If you have diabetes, it is recommended you limit your intake of sugary foods.Low High BiscuitsBiscuits1 Ginger nutChocolate biscuits2 Plain or semi-sweet biscuits2 Sandwich biscuit- Jam/cream filled Cakes/DessertsCakes/Desserts1 slice Cake e.g sponge, creamFlapjack1 DoughnutScone with dried fruitIndividual fruit pieTrifleJelly MeringueSweetsSweets10 Boiled, chewy, fruit pastillesLiquoricejellies, marshmallows, mints, sherbet Nut brittle? bowl Sweet popcornSesame snacksTurkish delightSouth Asian sweetsSouth Asian sweetsAsmiAggala1 Gulab jamunBarfi2 JalebiJelly halva70g Siro/ karah70g Shandesh70g ZardaMilky puddings (from milk allowance)Custard, ice cream, yoghurt,All chocolateskheer, rasgulla, rasmali, semiya payasamDrinks_________________________________________________________________________ If you are following a fluid restriction, ensure that you count your entire fluid intake as part of your daily allowance.Please consult your doctor if you are unsure about your fluid allowance.Low High Barley water, diluted squashCoffee (instant) Fizzy drinks Drinking chocolate powderFruit squashFruit and vegetable juices/ smoothiesHerbal TeaMalted drink powder with milk e.g. Horlicks, Ovaltine, MiloLemonadeMilk shake powderLucozadeTonic waterTeasAlcoholLow High LiqueursBeer, BitterShandyCiderSherryLagerSpiritsLager, alcohol freeVermouthPortStout, GuinnessWineMiscellaneous__________________________________________________________________Some common miscellaneous foods are listed here. If you use these regularly in cooking, or consume large quantities, please seek advice from your dietitian. Low High Apple sauceBlack treacleGravy granules/ stock cubeBrown sauceHerbs, spicesChocolate spreadsHoney/ syrupsHorseradishJam/ preserves/ lemon curdInstant soup powdersPickles and chutneyNut buttersMint saucePestoMustard/ mayonnaise/salad creamTahiniSandwich pickleTamarind pasteStuffing (without dried fruit)Tomato ketchup, pureeVinegarYeast extracts e.g. Marmite, VegemiteHerbs, curry spices, coriander, chilli, garlic and ginger can be used as required.Processed foods are high in salt and should be limited, for example, soya sauce, stock cubes and MSG (Mono Sodium Glutamate).Salt substitutes e.g. Lo-Salt, So-Lo, Low Sodium Salt contain potassium in place of sodium. It is important that all salt substitutes are avoided.If you need further information on a low potassium diet, please contact your dietitian. Produced by the Renal Nutrition Group of the British Dietetic AssociationAcknowledgements:Ruple Patel, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Epsom and St Helier University Hospital NHS Trust (Lead contributor) Lakshmi Chandrasekharan, Diabetes & Renal Specialist Dietitian, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (Lead contributor)Tina Dilloway, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (Lead contributor)Severine Gregory-Smith, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Susan Dawe, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Gloucestershire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Deepa Kariyawasam, Renal Specialist Dietitian, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation TrustGabby Ramlan, Diabetes & Renal Specialist Dietitian, North Middlesex University Hospital NHS TrustA Guide to a Low Potassium Diet incorporating Chinese and Far Eastern FoodsIntroductionThe dietary advice in this booklet has been developed by renal dietitians.What is potassium?Potassium is a mineral that is found naturally in many foods. Some potassium is needed as part of a healthy diet. It is required to ensure healthy working muscles, including the heart. Your potassium level should be 3.5 – 5.5mmol/L (3.5 – 6.0mmol/L if on haemodialysis)Why do I need to control the amount of potassium in my blood?Too much potassium in your blood can be dangerous as it affects the rhythm of your heart and can cause your heart to stop beating if levels are very high.Why is the level of potassium in my blood too high?The level of potassium in your blood is controlled by the kidneys. When your kidneys are not working properly, the potassium level in your blood may rise. It is quite common for people with kidney problems to have too much potassium in the blood.Can I tell if my potassium is high?There are usually no symptoms to indicate if your potassium is high and the most reliable way to tell is by having a blood test.What should I do to control my blood potassium levels?You can control your potassium levels by:Following a low potassium dietEnsuring regular bowel habits as you lose some potassium in the stoolIf you are diabetic, ensuring good blood sugar control If you are on dialysis, keeping to your scheduled sessions and timesHow do I follow a low potassium diet?This booklet provides information on which foods are high in potassium, and those that need to be limited. It offers lower potassium alternatives to keep your blood potassium level within range. Your dietitian will advice you on the changes you need to make.Will low potassium diet include the healthy eating advice?Healthy eating for patients with kidney disease should include choosing reduce salt and sugar containing choices.This resource only focuses on a low potassium diet. We have?aimed to include low potassium foods that are suitable swaps for foods commonly eaten, e.g.?doughnut can replace fruitcake. For this reason, some of the foods in the low potassium section may be high in sugar, salt or fat. Please take into consideration any other diet you may be following when?making choices from the suitable/low potassium columns. If there are any questions, please discuss with your renal dietitian.Carbohydrate Carbohydrates, also known as starchy foods, provide energy, vitamins and fibre. You should try to include something starchy at each meal to provide you with energy.Examples of carbohydrates:Potato, sweet potato, cassava and yamRice, noodles, pasta and other grainsBreakfast cerealsBreads, baoStarchy Root VegetablesSome starchy root vegetables like potato, sweet potato, cassava and yam are particularly high in potassium and need to be limited in the diet. Choose only one serving per day, see table below. Other starchy foods based on wheat or rice are low in potassium and are good alternatives. If you do not usually eat high potassium starchy root vegetables, you may be able to have more potassium foods elsewhere in your diet. Choose only one boiled 150g serving per dayLimitCassavaPotatoesRadish WhiteRadish RedSweet potatoTaroYamBaked/ fried/ roasted/ steamed/ pressure cooked taro, potato and sweet potatoFrozen/oven/microwave/retail chipsInstant mashed potato varietiesManufactured potato products # : hash browns, potato waffles, potato wedges, potato croquettes, potato frittersSteamed starchy vegetables# High salt foodsCooking Instructions for starchy root vegetablesThe starchy root vegetables in the table above should to be boiled in water to lower their potassium content. Discard the water after boiling and do not use for stock, soups and sauces.The skins on potatoes provide a good source of fibre and B vitamins. However, if your potassium levels are often high, peel your potatoes and cut into small pieces before boiling, this helps to remove more potassium.Baking, frying, roasting and steaming starchy root vegetables and grains does not reduce potassium. Pre-boiling helps to remove some potassium before cooking in this way.Microwaving is only suitable for reheating starchy root vegetables that have previously been boiled.Rice, noodles, pasta and other grainsNoodles, rice, glutanous rice, sago, pasta and some other boiled grains such as pearl barley are low in potassium and can be eaten freely. Breakfast cerealsCereals made from wheat, oats, rice and corn are lower in potassium and may be eaten regularly.Cereals containing bran, dried fruits, nuts and chocolate are higher in potassium and should be limited.Milk and yoghurt added to cereals should be counted within your dairy allowance (see dairy section).If you have diabetes, choose lower sugar containing breakfast cereals.BreadsBread, rolls, pittas and crackers without nuts and seeds may be eaten regularly.Breads and crackers containing nuts, seeds, coconut, dried fruits and chocolate are higher in potassium and should be limited.Fruit and VegetablesFruit and vegetables are a good source of vitamins, minerals and fibre and form a large part of a healthy balanced diet. The potassium content of all fruits and vegetables varies and these are listed in the table below as low, medium, high and very high.Aim for a total number of 4-5 portions of fruits and vegetables daily or as advised by your dietitian. Choose most of your fruits and vegetables from the low or medium columns. If choosing from the high column, you may need to reduce the number of fruit and vegetable portions you have that day. Fruit and vegetables listed as being very high in potassium content should be avoided.All vegetables should be boiled, rather than steamed or microwaved. Boiling allows some of the potassium to leach into the water which should be thrown away and not used for gravy or stock. Canned fruit & vegetables should be drained before cooking or eatingVegetables and saladsA portion of vegetables is 80g and boiled unless otherwise stated in the table below. If one portion of vegetables is not taken, then you can swap for a portion of fruit or a handful of salad. LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH Beansprout or Taugeh 3 TbspAubergine (fried/baked) 1/4Asparagus (fried) 3 spearsAvocadoBeetroot (pickled/drained) 4 slicesBamboo shoots (canned) 1/4 small tinBrussel sprouts Butternut squashButternut squash 2 tbspBroad beans 3 tbspCourgette (raw) 1 smallCeleriac (raw) Cabbage 2 tbspButternut SquashCurly kale, rawChard (boiled) Carrots (canned/drained) 4 smallBroccoli 2 med floretsFennel (raw) 2 tbspChoi sum (raw)Cauliflower 3 floretsCabbage (raw) 2 tbspGreen beans 3 tbspEdamame beans (frozen/prepared), CucumberCarrots1 mediumKeralaLohbak, Chinese radishGherkins 2 medCelery (raw) medium 1 stickLeeks (raw) 1/2 stalkMushroom (dried)Green/french beans (canned) 3 tbspCourgette Mushrooms (raw/fried) 6 mediumOkra stir fried Lettuce (raw) medium handfulCurly kaleOkra 10 fingersKantolaMange tout 2 tbspLeeks 1/2 stalkParsnip 2 tbspKarela fried MarrowMange-tout (raw) 2 tbspSpinach (not baby)Kailan (raw) Mixed vegetables (frozen)Peas 2 tbspPak choi (raw) Plantain (fried) 1/2 Mushroom (canned)Pepper red/yellow/green (raw) 1/2Spinach, baby (raw)Olives, green, in brine, drained, 20Spring greens 2tbsp Tomato pureeOnions (raw), 1 smallSweetcorn, (canned/fresh/frozen) 3 tbsp?Pumpkin 2 tbspTomatoes (canned/raw)Radish (raw)TurnipRocket (raw) medium handfulWater chestnuts (raw) 5Runner beansShallots (raw)Spring onions (raw) 3Sugar-snap peas 2 tbspTung Kuah /Water gourd/ winter melon Tung Choi/Morning GloryWatercress, raw 40gWater chestnuts (canned) tbsp = tablespoonIf you are using tomatoes in cooking, choose canned plum tomatoes that are drained are lower in potassium than fresh tomatoes. It is recommended that you use canned whole plum tomatoes and drain off the juice before adding to your cooking, and avoid tomato puree.FruitsA portion is based on 80g unless stated otherwise in the table below. If one portion of fruit is not taken, then you can swap for a portion of vegetables or a handful of salad. Canned fruit should be drained before eating. As a general rule, dried fruit, fruit or vegetable juices and smoothies should be avoided as they are concentrated sources of potassium.LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGHApple 1 smallBlackberries 16Apricots 2CoconutBlueberriesCherries 20Banana 1 smallCurrantsChinese pear (yellow) 1 mediumCiku, Sapodilla 1 fruitCustard apple ? mediumDatesClementine 1 Grapefruit 1/2Jackfruit, cempedakGoji berriesDukuGrapes 16Jackfruit, nangkaGrenadilla / Delima DurianGuava 1 smallNectarine 1 mediumTamarind pasteFig 1 Hog plum, kedongdongOrange 1 mediumFruit cocktail 1/3 of 415g canKiwi 1Persimmon/ Sharon fruit 1Lemon/ Lime1 fruitLangsat 5Plum 2 small Longans (canned) 6 fruitsLychees 5Pomegranate 1/2Lychees (canned) 6 fruitsMango 2 slicesPrickly pear/ dragon fruit 1 medium fruitMandarin oranges 1/2 of 298g canMelon 1/2 sliceSoursopMangosteen, manggisPapaya, 1/2 slicePassion fruit 2 fruitsPear 1 smallPeach 1 smallPineapple, 1 slicePeach (canned) 1/3 of 420g canRaspberries 16?Pear (canned/ stewed) 2 halvesStrawberries 7?Pineapple (canned) 2 rings/12 chunksTamarind (sweet)?Plums (canned) 4 halves??Pamelo 1/4 fruit??Rambutan??Satsuma 1 ???Tangerine 1???Watermelon 1/2 slice?????Starfruit or carambola can be toxic for patients with kidney disease, please avoid. Grapefruit can interfere with some medications, please check with your doctor or pharmacist.ProteinProtein is necessary for growth and repair and the building and maintaining of muscle. Your dietitian will suggest the amount of protein require daily. General advice on protein foods include:Choose lean meat, chicken, fish or eggs.Cured and salted meats, chicken and fish are high in salt. These foods must be kept to a minimum.A portion of beans, pulses, lentils such as baked beans, soy sources such as tofu and tempeh can replace a portion of meat, chicken, fish or eggs. Canned and drained of pulses, beans and lentils tend to be lower in potassium than dried and boiled versions.Nuts and seeds are high in potassium and may need to be restricted. If you need to use a small amount in cooking, please discuss with your dietitian.SoupsSoups are a regular dish in Chinese diets. They are not generally encouraged in many renal patients due to their high salt and potassium content, and their inclusion can displace more nutrient-dense foods in the diet. Additionally, if you are on a fluid restriction, they would also count towards your fluid restriction for that day.However, if your potassium levels are well controlled and fluid is not a concern, they can be included in your diet with thoughtful planning. As packet and tinned soups are high in salt and potassium content, you are encouraged to make your own. This way, you can control the amount of salt used and also choose lower potassium ingredients and cooking methods to reduce the amount of potassium in the soup.Make a meat or chicken stock or use a ready-made low salt stock e.g. Kallo, orBoots baby stock cubes instead of LoSalt. You can use rice, barley or mini pasta shapes to give it body and cornflour can be used to thicken. Choose lower potassium vegetables (see page ***), blanch them and drain before adding to the stock. Flavour your soup with herbs and spices rather than salt.In addition to the soups made from meat and vegetables served at mealtimes, the Chinese diet can also include traditional herbal medicinal soups. These soups are made from a combination of numerous dried plants, roots, vegetables and herbs, simmered over long periods of time. Due to the nature of the raw ingredients and the cooking method, they can be very high in potassium content. Additionally, there are concerns regarding the safety of their use in chronic kidney disease and any possible interactions with your current medications. Therefore, the use of medicinal soups and alternative or Ayuverdic medicine are not recommended.Dairy Products and AlternativesMilk and dairy products play an important role within our diet as they contain protein and essential nutrients such as calcium, which is needed for healthy bones. Dairy alternatives such as plant and grained based milk are lower source of protein.Milk is quite in potassium therefore milk should be limited. A recommended allowance of 300ml (? pint) milk can be taken daily: this includes cow’s, sheep’s and goat’s milk.? Milk used in cereals, milky puddings, yoghurts, yoghurt drinks, kefir, buttermilk, milk-based probiotics and milk-based sauces should be counted within this allowance.? Rice and oat milk are very low in potassium.Milk made from nuts containing less than 10% nut, for example almond milk is low in potassium.Unsweetened soy milk contains aaproximately half the amount of potassium compared to dairy milk.Milkshakes, dried milk powder, evaporated milk, condensed milk, coconut milk and creamed coconut are all high in potassium and therefore should be restricted.All types of cream and cheese may be eaten as usual on a low potassium diet.SnacksSome snacks can be high in energy (calories), sugar, fat and salt such as confectionary, cakes and crisps. Therefore, they should make up only a small part of your overall diet.However, if you have a poor appetite or are losing body weight, high calorie snacks can be helpful in maintaining or improving your weight. Your dietitian will be able to guide you in making the best snack choices.CrispsPotato and vegetables crisps are naturally high in potassium and should be avoided.Crisps or snacks made with lentil/soy/quinoa flour are also high in potassium.Some potato and non potato varieties have potassium chloride added as a salt substitute. If potassium chloride appreas on the ingredients list, please avoid. LowMediumHigh3 breadsticks33 g cheese flavoured snacks Banana crisps 2 cream crackers27g corn snacks Brown soy beanPrawn/Fish crackers Cassava crisps24g pork scratching Fried peas ? bowl salted popcorn unless plain1 packet potato crisps 1 small packet tortilla chips 30g nuts or seeds Sweets snacksHealthy eating advice includes reducing your sugar consumption, and choosing low sugar or sugar free varieties where possible. Snacks containing nuts, chocolates, evaporated or condensed milk, dried fruit, dried milk powder, coconut, coconut milk and gram flour are high in potassium and should be lmited. If you have diabetes, it is recommended that you limit your intake of sugar.In accordance with your dietary intake, your dietitian will guide you as to which snacks that are safe for you to consume. BiscuitsLow Potassium ContentHigh Potassium Content2 Plain biscuits e.g. Digestive, Rich Tea, Gingernut, MarieBiscuits containing nuts, chocolates, dried fruits 2 wafers1 Shortbread 2 Cream or jam filled sandwich biscuitsCakes and dessertsLow Potassium ContentHigh Potassium Content1 slice Sponge cake (plain, cream )Cakes or scones containing dried fruit1 Doughnut Banana bread1 Plain sconeTrifle 1 slice Swiss rollChinese sweet peanut soupJelly Dessert or sweet served with coconut milk e.g. sago pudding Dau fu far (sweet soy curd dessert) Milky puddings (part of milk allowance)Low Potassium ContentHigh Potassium ContentCustard Ice cream Yoghurt SweetsLow Potassium ContentHigh Potassium Content10 Boiled or chewy sweets, fruit pastilles, jellies, marshmallows, mints, sherbetsFruit gums ? bowl Sweetened popcorn Liquorice Allsorts Peanut & nut brittles DrinksIf you are following a fluid restriction, ensure that you count all your fluid intake as part of your daily allowance. Please consult your doctor if you are unsure about your daily amount of fluid allowance.Low potassium contentHigh potassium contentBarley water, diluted squashDrinking chocolate powder Fizzy drinkFruit and vegetable juices & smoothiesCoffeeMalted drink powder with milk e.g. Horlicks, Ovaltine, Milo Fruit squash Milk shake powder Herbal Tea, infusionLemonadeLucozade Tonic waterTeasSoy drink Alcohol containing drinksLow potassium contentHigh potassium contentLiqueursBeer, bitterShandyCider, dry & sweetSherryLagerSpiritsLager, alcohol freeVermouth, dryPortStout, GuinnessWine MiscellaneousSome common miscellaneous foods are listed here. If you use this regularly in cooking or consume it in large quantities, please seek advice from your dietitian.LowHighApple sauceBlack treacle Gravy granules/stock cube Brown sauceHerbs, spicesChocolate spreads Honey syrupsInstant soup powders Jam/ preserves/ lemon curd Nut buttersMustard/mayonnaise/salad creamTomato ketchup, puree, chutneyPickles & chutneyYeast extracts e.g. Marmite, Vegemite VinegarProcessed foods are high in salt and should be limited, for example, soya sauce, stock cubes and MSG (Monosodium Glutamate).Salt substitutes e.g. Lo-Salt, So-Lo, Low Sodium Salt contains potassium in place of sodium should be avoided. Herbs, curry spices, coriander, chilli, garlic and ginger can be used as required.Acknowledgements:Gabby Ramlan, Diabetes & Renal Specialist Dietitian, North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust (Lead Contributor)Severine Gregory-Smith, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (Lead Contributor)Deepa Kariyawasam, Renal Specialist Dietitian, King’s College Hospital NHS FoundationTrustLakshmi Chandrasekharan, Diabetes & Renal Specialist Dietitian, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Ruple Patel, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Epsom and St Helier University Hospital NHS Trust Susan Dawe, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Tina Dilloway, Renal Specialist Dietitian, Imperial College Healthcare NHS TrustProduced by the Renal Nutrition Group of the British Dietetic AssociationDietitian:Contact Details: ................
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