12 A changing world - Oxford University Press

[Pages:5]12

A changing world

Words and phrases

Lead in

12.1 wilderness /"wIld@n@s/ (n) area of wild natural land, e.g. a desert, that is not used for growing crops

12.2 battleground /"b&tlgraUnd/ (n) an issue which people fight or argue over Whether or not women in their 50s and 60s should be able to have babies has recently become a moral battleground. L Also a place where a battle, i.e. a fight between armed forces, happens or has happened

12.3 lucrative /"lu:kr@tIv/ (adj) producing a lot of money, profitable

12.4 pristine /prI"sti:n/ (adj) fresh and clean, as if new L Formal.

12.5 thermostat /"T3:m@st&t/ (n) a piece of equipment that controls temperature by turning off or creating a supply of heat as necessary, e.g. in an oven or to heat a house thermostatic (adj), thermostatically (adv)

12.6 on standby /%Qn "st&ndbaI/ (idm) used to describe electrical equipment, e.g. computers, TVs, that is connected to the electricity supply but not being used at the moment If everyone turned their TVs off at the wall at night, instead of leaving them on standby, we'd save a significant amount of energy. L Also means that sb/sth is ready to be used: The soldiers are on 24-hour standby, and could be called into action at any time. stand by (phr v)

12.7 kettle /"ketl/ (n) container with a spout, lid and handle, used for boiling water Why don't you put the kettle on and we'll have a nice cup of tea?

Reading

Changing places

12.8 nourishment /"nVrISm@nt/ (n) food that is needed to stay alive, grow and stay healthy There are many children in remote African villages who are badly nourished and in great need of medical attention. nourish (v), nourishing (adj)

12.9 ecosystem /"i:k@U%sIst@m/ (n) all the plants and animals that live together in a particular place and the relationship between them and with their environment

12.10 greenhouse gas /%gri:nhaUs "g&s/ (n) any of the gases that are thought to cause the problem of the gradual rise in temperature of the earth's atmosphere

12.11 fossil fuel /"fQsl %fju:@l/ (n) a source of energy that comes from the remains of dead plants or animals, e.g. coal or oil

12.12 die off /%daI "Qf/ (phr v) die one after the other until there are none left

12.13 rot /rQt/ (v) (make sth) go bad and fall apart, usu. food or wood Eating too many sweets as a child rotted her teeth and now she's got to have false ones. rot (n), rot away (phr v), rotten (adj)

12.14 scenario /s@"nA:ri@U/ (n) the way in which future events might develop L Often used in the expression worst-case scenario to mean the worst that could possibly happen.

12.15 order of magnitude /%O:d@r @v "m&gnItju:d/ (n) approximate amount or importance of something No matter how you look at it, your problems aren't of the same order of magnitude as those of the President's!

12.16 output /"aUtpUt/ (n) the amount of sth produced Since they brought in more modern equipment, the factory's annual output has doubled. put out (phr v)

12.17 plentiful /"plentifl/ (adj) large amounts or numbers of sth plenty (n, adv), plentifully (adv)

12.18 southernmost /"sVDnm@Ust/ (adj) furthest towards the south than any other part

12.19 reaches /"ri:?Iz/ (n pl) areas It wasn't until 1930 that the planet Pluto was discovered on the outer reaches of our universe. reach (v)

CAE Result ? Oxford University Press 1

12.20 fertile /"f3:taIl/ (adj) that plants grow well in We planted our flowers in the most fertile part of the garden and they bloomed beautifully. infertile (adj), (in)fertility (n), fertilise (v), fertiliser (n)

12.21 boon /bu:n/ (n) benefit, sth that makes life easier or better

12.22 whip up /%wIp "Vp/ (phr v) make sth rise up L Also means create enthusiasm. Politicians are trying to whip up interest in the forthcoming elections by appearing on TV chat shows.

12.23 flux /flVks/ (n) flow, continuous movement

12.24 plankton /"pl&Nkt@n/ (n) microscopic forms of plant and animal life that float on the water of seas, lakes and rivers

12.25 knock-on effect /"nQk %Qn I%fekt/ (n) indirect result of an action Have you considered the knock-on effects of leaving your job? You'll have no money, nowhere to live, and you won't be able to afford to run your car.

12.26 counter /"kaUnt@(r)/ (v) have an opposite effect on sth counter (adv)

12.27 ice-sheet /"aIs %Si:t/ (n) large moving mass of ice

12.28 imperative /Im"per@tIv/ (adj) very urgent or important imperative (n), imperatively (adv)

12.29 waste /weIst/ (n) large area of land that is not or cannot be lived in or farmed wasteland (n)

12.30 tundra /"tVndr@/ (n) huge flat treeless Arctic areas of Europe, Asia and North America where the ground below is permanently frozen

12.31 storehouse /"stO:haUs/ (n) place where a lot of things can be found together The worldwide web is a storehouse of information on every subject under the sun. store (n), store (v)

12.32 decay /dI"keI/ (v) be destroyed gradually by natural processes decay (n)

12.33 permafrost /"p3:m@frQst/ (n) land that is permanently frozen to a great depth

12.34 methane /"mi:TeIn/ (n) a colourless gas with no smell, the main substance in natural gas

12.35 conveyer belt /k@n"veI@ %belt/ (n) a continuous band that moves on rollers to transport loads, used at airports to carry luggage and in factories to move goods conveyor (n), conveyer (n), convey (v)

12.36 dense /dens/ (adj) very heavy in relation to each unit of volume density (n)

12.37 dilute /daI"lu:t/ (v) make a liquid or colour thinner or weaker by adding water or another liquid Dilute one teaspoon of juice in a glass of warm water to make a delicious drink. dilution (n), dilute (adj)

12.38 halt /hO:lt, hQlt/ (n) stop We came to a sudden halt as the car's engine failed. halt (v)

12.39 plateau /"pl&t@U/ (n) large area of level land high above sea level

12.40 landmass /"l&ndm&s/ (n) large area of land

12.41 straddle /"str&dl/ (v) stretch across sth or exist on both sides of it L Also to stand with one leg on either side of sth. The Colossus of Rhodes was a giant statue that was said to have once straddled the harbour there.

12.42 fossil /"fQsl/ (n) remains of an animal or plant which have become hard and turned into rock fossilisation (n), fossilise (v)

12.43 ridge /rI?/ (n) long mountain range L Also the raised line where two sloping surfaces meet, e.g. the ridge of a roof. ridge (v)

12.44 keep a lid on sth /%ki:p @ "lId Qn/ (idm) keep sth under control The Principal warned the boys to keep a lid on their anger otherwise they would be punished.

12.45 jet stream /"?et %stri:m/ (n) strong wind that blows high up in the earth's atmosphere and affects the weather

Vocabulary

12.46 cost the earth /%kQst Di "3:T/ (idm) be very expensive

12.47 on top of the world /%Qn %tQp @v D@ "w3:ld/ (idm) extremely happy

12.48 thin on the ground /%TIn Qn D@ "graUnd/ (idm) few in number

12.49 have the world at your feet /%h&v D@ %w3:ld @t jO: "fi:t/ (idm) be in a very strong position to do whatever you want

12.50 make up ground /%meIk Vp "graUnd/ (idm) get closer to a goal or make progress

12.51 on earth /%Qn "3:T/ (idm) used in questions for emphasis with what/who/where/why, etc. What on earth are you wearing? You look ridiculous!

12.52 set the world on fire /%set D@ "w3:ld Qn %faI@(r)/ (idm) be very successful and cause great excitement

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12.53 get off the ground /%get %Qf D@ "graUnd/ (idm) make a successful start, usually referring to business activities

12.54 set the world to rights /%set D@ %w3:ld t@ "raIts/ (idm) make everything as it should be in the world

12.55 do sb a world of good /%du: ... @ "w3:ld @v %gUd/ (idm) have a very positive effect on sb

12.56 (be/live) in a world of your own /(%bi, %lIv) In @ %w3:ld @v jO:r "@Un/ (idm) live in a fantasy without communicating with other people

12.57 not for (all) the world /%nQt f@, f@r %O:l D@ "w3:ld/ (idm) not for anything that could be offered

12.58 think the world of (sb/sth) /%TINk D@ "w3:ld @v/ (idm) have a very high opinion of sb/sth

Grammar

12.59 extinguish /Ik"stINgwIS/ (v) put out a fire, stop it burning extinguisher (n)

12.60 petrified /"petrIfaId/ (adj) extremely scared petrification (n), petrify (v)

12.61 besiege /bI"si:?/ (v) surround sb/sth closely

12.62 enduring /In"djU@rIN/ (adj) lasting a long time without any loss of quality or importance endurance (n), endure (v), endurable (adj), enduring (adj), enduringly (adv)

12.63 botanist /"bQt@nIst/ (n) scientist who studies plants and their structure botany (n), botanise (v), botanical (adj)

12.64 puncture /"pVNk?@(r)/ (n) small hole, usu. in the tyre of a car or bicycle, made by a sharp object puncture (v)

12.65 draughty /"drA:fti/ (adj) having cold air blowing through it because, e.g. the windows or doors don't fit properly draught (n)

12.66 summit /"sVmIt/ (n) the very top of a mountain L Also a meeting between two important heads of state, usually from the world's most powerful countries. summit talk/meeting/conference (n)

12.67 mow /m@U/ (v) cut grass, etc. using a machine or tool with a special blade or blades

12.68 lawn /lO:n/ (n) an area of ground covered in short grass in a garden or park, or used for playing a game

12.69 out and about /%aUt @n @"baUt/ (phr) travelling around a place I get out and about quite a bit in my work as a salesman.

Listening

12.70 inexhaustible /%InIg"zO:st@bl/ (adj) that will always continue, that can never be used up Small children seem to have an inexhaustible supply of energy. inexhaustibly (adv)

12.71 toxic /"tQksIk/ (adj) poisonous toxicity (n), toxicology (n), toxicologist (n), toxin (n)

12.72 crack /kr&k/ (v) solve a problem I've been trying to do this Sudoku puzzle for hours, but I think I've finally cracked it.

12.73 dead /ded/ (adv) completely If you're dead certain that's where you want to go on holiday, let's go ahead and book it.

12.74 ironic /aI"rQnIk/ (adj) used to describe a situation or event that is odd or amusing because it involves a contrast It's ironic that the most generous people in the world are often the poorest. irony (n), ironically (adv)

12.75 untapped /%Vn"t&pt/ (adj) available but not yet used, usually to describe a supply of sth According to some scientists we only use 10 per cent of our brain, which means we could have untapped mental powers waiting to be discovered.

12.76 fuss /fVs/ (n) unnecessary excitement, activity or worry fuss (v) L A fussy person is concerned with small details and/or difficult to please: Many children are fussy eaters and won't eat fruit and vegetables. fussiness (n), fussily (adv)

12.77 not care/give a hoot /nQt %ke@r, %gIv @ "hu:t/ (idm) not care at all L Informal.

12.78 nitty-gritty /%nIti "grIti/ (n) the basic facts of a matter Having a party sounded like a great idea, but when we got down to the nitty-gritty, there was so much to organise we decided not to bother. L Informal.

12.79 in your (own) back yard /%In jO:r %(@Un) %b&k "jA:d/ (idm) used to describe sth that affects you personally Although many people support the idea of a new airport, they're not so keen when it's in their own back yard.

12.80 incidentally /%InsI"dentli/ (adv) by the way incidental (adj) L An incident is an event or sth that happens.

CAE Result ? Oxford University Press 3

Use of English

Review

Vocabulary

12.81 renovate /"ren@veIt/ (v) repair and paint, e.g. an old building so that it is in good condition again L Restore = return sth to its original condition; renovate includes the idea of making sth new and different. renovation (n)

12.82 acquaint /@"kweInt/ (v) make sb/yourself familiar with or aware of sth Please acquaint me with the facts of the case. acquaintance (n), acquainted (adj)

12.83 trash /tr&S/ (n) rubbish L American English.

12.84 collage /"kQlA:Z/ (n) picture made by fixing pieces of cloth, paper, etc. onto a surface

Vocabulary

12.85 infrequently /%In"fri:kw@ntli/ (adv) rarely frequency (n), (in)frequent (adj), frequently (adv)

12.86 presently /"prezntli/ (adv) at the time you are speaking or writing, now This product is presently not available, I'm afraid. L At the end of a sentence it could mean: soon, after a short time

Writing

12.87 concrete jungle /%kQNkri:t "?VNgl/ (n) a place with a lot of modern buildings that is unpleasant to live in

12.88 consumption /k@n"sVmpSn/ (n) the act of using energy, food or materials Consumption of coffee has increased dramatically in some countries like Britain. consume (v)

12.89 vertigo /"v3:tIg@U/ (n) feeling of losing your balance, esp. when looking down from a height vertiginous (adj)

Workbook

Reading

But will it save the planet?

12.90 co-operative /%k@U "Qp@r@tIv/ (adj) owned and run by the people involved, with the profits shared by them

12.91 premium /"pri:mi@m/ (n) extra payment added to the basic rate It was an important document so I decided to pay the premium for registered mail.

12.92 albeit /%O:l"bi:It/ (prep) although We finally managed to get the venue, albeit too late ? the conference had already started. L Formal.

12.93 wheelie-bin /"wi:li %bIn/ (n) large container with a lid and wheels, that you keep outside your house and use for putting rubbish in

12.94 kerbside /"k3:bsaId/ (n) side of the street or path near the edge of the pavement

12.95 compost /"kQmpQst/ (n) mixture of decayed plants, food, etc. that can be added to soil to help plants grow

12.96 fluctuate /"flVk?ueIt/ (v) change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc., especially from one extreme to another fluctuation (n)

12.97 mod cons /%mQd "kQnz/ (n pl) abbreviation for modern conveniences

12.98 indeterminate /%IndI"t3:mIn@t/ (adj) that cannot be identified easily or exactly Her dress had an indeterminate colour, something between green and blue. indeterminacy (n), determine (v)

12.99 refute /rI"fju:t/ (v) prove that sth is wrong

12.100 disallow /%dIs@"laU/ (v) officially refuse to accept sth because it is not valid The crowd protested when the referee disallowed their team's first goal.

12.101 vacate /v@"keIt, veI"keIt/ (v) leave or make sb leave a building, seat, etc. As the hurricane approached the coast of Florida, the authorities advised citizens to vacate the area.

Grammar

12.102 quay /ki:/ (n) platform in a harbour where boats come in to load, etc.

Listening

12.103 heatwave /"hi:tweIv/ (n) period of unusually hot weather

Use of English

12.104 dam /d&m/ (v) stop a river from flowing by building a wall across it dam (n)

Review Units 10?12

12.105 brass /brA:s/ (n) bright yellow metal made by mixing copper and zinc

4 CAE Result ? Oxford University Press

12.106 spicy /"spaIsi/ (adj) having a strong taste because spices have been used to flavour it spice (n)

12.107 bland /bl&nd/ (adj) not having a strong or interesting taste My children complain I don't put enough salt in the food and it tastes too bland.

Appendix

12.108 facilitative /f@"sIl@t@tIv/ (adj) helping to make things, e.g. processes easier facilitator (n), facilitate (v)

12.109 stalk /stO:k/ (n) thin stem that supports a leaf, flower or fruit and joins it to another part of the plant or tree

Writing Guide

Contributions

12.110 boulevard /"bu:l@vA:d/ (n) wide city street, often with trees on each side

12.111 busker /"bVsk@(r)/ (n) person who plays music in public places, e.g. the street, usu. to earn money busking (n), busk (v)

Articles

12.112 vista /"vIst@/ (n) view

12.113 idyllic /I"dIlIk/ (adj) peaceful and pleasant idyll (n), idyllically (adv)

Reviews

12.114 boom (out) /bu:m/ (v) say sth in a loud deep voice

12.115 cosmopolitan /%kQzm@"pQlIt@n/ (adj) containing a mix of people from all over the world cosmopolitan (n)

Proposals

12.116 concise /k@n"saIs/ (adj) giving a lot of information in a few words This book gives a concise account of the major battles in the Second World War, and does not bore the reader with unnecessary details. conciseness (n), concisely (adv)

12.117 reservation /%rez@"veISn/ (n) feeling of doubt about a plan, idea, etc. At first I had my reservations about Joan, but she turned out to be a first-class dancer.

12.118 minute /maI"nju:t/ (adj) extremely small

12.119 apt (to) /&pt/ (adj) likely (to)

12.120 state-of-the-art /%steIt @v Di "A:t/ (adj) best available because it uses the most up-to-date techniques or technology

Set texts

12.124 revenge /rI"ven?/ (n) sth that you do in order to make sb suffer because they have made you suffer She is seeking revenge for the murder of her husband. revenge (v), revengeful (adj), revengefully (adv)

12.125 tormented /tO:"mentId/ (adj) having suffered very much torment (n, v), tormentor (n), tormenting (adj)

12.126 convincing /k@n"vInsIN/ (adj) that makes sb believe that sth is true Her explanation for the misunderstanding wasn't very convincing, but we pretended to believe her. conviction (n), convince (v), unconvincing (adj), (un)convinced (adj), (un) convincingly (adv)

12.127 cliff-hanger /"klIfh&N@(r)/ (n) situation in a story, film, competition, etc. that is very exciting because you cannot guess what will happen next, or you do not find out immediately what happens next

Essays

12.121 bend the truth /%bend D@ "tru:T/ (idm) say sth that is not completely true The politician wasn't exactly lying, but he was certainly bending the truth about the length of hospital waiting lists.

12.122 bare-faced /"be@ %feIst/ (adj) showing that you do not care about offending sb or about behaving badly His bare-faced insult outraged me!

12.123 make for /"meIk f@/ (phr v) help to make sth possible, be likely to have a particular result Someone who is insincere and cruel doesn't make for a good friend.

CAE Result ? Oxford University Press 5

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