12 A changing world - Oxford University Press
[Pages:5]12
A changing world
Words and phrases
Lead in
12.1 wilderness /"wIld@n@s/ (n) area of wild natural land, e.g. a desert, that is not used for growing crops
12.2 battleground /"b&tlgraUnd/ (n) an issue which people fight or argue over Whether or not women in their 50s and 60s should be able to have babies has recently become a moral battleground. L Also a place where a battle, i.e. a fight between armed forces, happens or has happened
12.3 lucrative /"lu:kr@tIv/ (adj) producing a lot of money, profitable
12.4 pristine /prI"sti:n/ (adj) fresh and clean, as if new L Formal.
12.5 thermostat /"T3:m@st&t/ (n) a piece of equipment that controls temperature by turning off or creating a supply of heat as necessary, e.g. in an oven or to heat a house thermostatic (adj), thermostatically (adv)
12.6 on standby /%Qn "st&ndbaI/ (idm) used to describe electrical equipment, e.g. computers, TVs, that is connected to the electricity supply but not being used at the moment If everyone turned their TVs off at the wall at night, instead of leaving them on standby, we'd save a significant amount of energy. L Also means that sb/sth is ready to be used: The soldiers are on 24-hour standby, and could be called into action at any time. stand by (phr v)
12.7 kettle /"ketl/ (n) container with a spout, lid and handle, used for boiling water Why don't you put the kettle on and we'll have a nice cup of tea?
Reading
Changing places
12.8 nourishment /"nVrISm@nt/ (n) food that is needed to stay alive, grow and stay healthy There are many children in remote African villages who are badly nourished and in great need of medical attention. nourish (v), nourishing (adj)
12.9 ecosystem /"i:k@U%sIst@m/ (n) all the plants and animals that live together in a particular place and the relationship between them and with their environment
12.10 greenhouse gas /%gri:nhaUs "g&s/ (n) any of the gases that are thought to cause the problem of the gradual rise in temperature of the earth's atmosphere
12.11 fossil fuel /"fQsl %fju:@l/ (n) a source of energy that comes from the remains of dead plants or animals, e.g. coal or oil
12.12 die off /%daI "Qf/ (phr v) die one after the other until there are none left
12.13 rot /rQt/ (v) (make sth) go bad and fall apart, usu. food or wood Eating too many sweets as a child rotted her teeth and now she's got to have false ones. rot (n), rot away (phr v), rotten (adj)
12.14 scenario /s@"nA:ri@U/ (n) the way in which future events might develop L Often used in the expression worst-case scenario to mean the worst that could possibly happen.
12.15 order of magnitude /%O:d@r @v "m&gnItju:d/ (n) approximate amount or importance of something No matter how you look at it, your problems aren't of the same order of magnitude as those of the President's!
12.16 output /"aUtpUt/ (n) the amount of sth produced Since they brought in more modern equipment, the factory's annual output has doubled. put out (phr v)
12.17 plentiful /"plentifl/ (adj) large amounts or numbers of sth plenty (n, adv), plentifully (adv)
12.18 southernmost /"sVDnm@Ust/ (adj) furthest towards the south than any other part
12.19 reaches /"ri:?Iz/ (n pl) areas It wasn't until 1930 that the planet Pluto was discovered on the outer reaches of our universe. reach (v)
CAE Result ? Oxford University Press 1
12.20 fertile /"f3:taIl/ (adj) that plants grow well in We planted our flowers in the most fertile part of the garden and they bloomed beautifully. infertile (adj), (in)fertility (n), fertilise (v), fertiliser (n)
12.21 boon /bu:n/ (n) benefit, sth that makes life easier or better
12.22 whip up /%wIp "Vp/ (phr v) make sth rise up L Also means create enthusiasm. Politicians are trying to whip up interest in the forthcoming elections by appearing on TV chat shows.
12.23 flux /flVks/ (n) flow, continuous movement
12.24 plankton /"pl&Nkt@n/ (n) microscopic forms of plant and animal life that float on the water of seas, lakes and rivers
12.25 knock-on effect /"nQk %Qn I%fekt/ (n) indirect result of an action Have you considered the knock-on effects of leaving your job? You'll have no money, nowhere to live, and you won't be able to afford to run your car.
12.26 counter /"kaUnt@(r)/ (v) have an opposite effect on sth counter (adv)
12.27 ice-sheet /"aIs %Si:t/ (n) large moving mass of ice
12.28 imperative /Im"per@tIv/ (adj) very urgent or important imperative (n), imperatively (adv)
12.29 waste /weIst/ (n) large area of land that is not or cannot be lived in or farmed wasteland (n)
12.30 tundra /"tVndr@/ (n) huge flat treeless Arctic areas of Europe, Asia and North America where the ground below is permanently frozen
12.31 storehouse /"stO:haUs/ (n) place where a lot of things can be found together The worldwide web is a storehouse of information on every subject under the sun. store (n), store (v)
12.32 decay /dI"keI/ (v) be destroyed gradually by natural processes decay (n)
12.33 permafrost /"p3:m@frQst/ (n) land that is permanently frozen to a great depth
12.34 methane /"mi:TeIn/ (n) a colourless gas with no smell, the main substance in natural gas
12.35 conveyer belt /k@n"veI@ %belt/ (n) a continuous band that moves on rollers to transport loads, used at airports to carry luggage and in factories to move goods conveyor (n), conveyer (n), convey (v)
12.36 dense /dens/ (adj) very heavy in relation to each unit of volume density (n)
12.37 dilute /daI"lu:t/ (v) make a liquid or colour thinner or weaker by adding water or another liquid Dilute one teaspoon of juice in a glass of warm water to make a delicious drink. dilution (n), dilute (adj)
12.38 halt /hO:lt, hQlt/ (n) stop We came to a sudden halt as the car's engine failed. halt (v)
12.39 plateau /"pl&t@U/ (n) large area of level land high above sea level
12.40 landmass /"l&ndm&s/ (n) large area of land
12.41 straddle /"str&dl/ (v) stretch across sth or exist on both sides of it L Also to stand with one leg on either side of sth. The Colossus of Rhodes was a giant statue that was said to have once straddled the harbour there.
12.42 fossil /"fQsl/ (n) remains of an animal or plant which have become hard and turned into rock fossilisation (n), fossilise (v)
12.43 ridge /rI?/ (n) long mountain range L Also the raised line where two sloping surfaces meet, e.g. the ridge of a roof. ridge (v)
12.44 keep a lid on sth /%ki:p @ "lId Qn/ (idm) keep sth under control The Principal warned the boys to keep a lid on their anger otherwise they would be punished.
12.45 jet stream /"?et %stri:m/ (n) strong wind that blows high up in the earth's atmosphere and affects the weather
Vocabulary
12.46 cost the earth /%kQst Di "3:T/ (idm) be very expensive
12.47 on top of the world /%Qn %tQp @v D@ "w3:ld/ (idm) extremely happy
12.48 thin on the ground /%TIn Qn D@ "graUnd/ (idm) few in number
12.49 have the world at your feet /%h&v D@ %w3:ld @t jO: "fi:t/ (idm) be in a very strong position to do whatever you want
12.50 make up ground /%meIk Vp "graUnd/ (idm) get closer to a goal or make progress
12.51 on earth /%Qn "3:T/ (idm) used in questions for emphasis with what/who/where/why, etc. What on earth are you wearing? You look ridiculous!
12.52 set the world on fire /%set D@ "w3:ld Qn %faI@(r)/ (idm) be very successful and cause great excitement
2 CAE Result ? Oxford University Press
12.53 get off the ground /%get %Qf D@ "graUnd/ (idm) make a successful start, usually referring to business activities
12.54 set the world to rights /%set D@ %w3:ld t@ "raIts/ (idm) make everything as it should be in the world
12.55 do sb a world of good /%du: ... @ "w3:ld @v %gUd/ (idm) have a very positive effect on sb
12.56 (be/live) in a world of your own /(%bi, %lIv) In @ %w3:ld @v jO:r "@Un/ (idm) live in a fantasy without communicating with other people
12.57 not for (all) the world /%nQt f@, f@r %O:l D@ "w3:ld/ (idm) not for anything that could be offered
12.58 think the world of (sb/sth) /%TINk D@ "w3:ld @v/ (idm) have a very high opinion of sb/sth
Grammar
12.59 extinguish /Ik"stINgwIS/ (v) put out a fire, stop it burning extinguisher (n)
12.60 petrified /"petrIfaId/ (adj) extremely scared petrification (n), petrify (v)
12.61 besiege /bI"si:?/ (v) surround sb/sth closely
12.62 enduring /In"djU@rIN/ (adj) lasting a long time without any loss of quality or importance endurance (n), endure (v), endurable (adj), enduring (adj), enduringly (adv)
12.63 botanist /"bQt@nIst/ (n) scientist who studies plants and their structure botany (n), botanise (v), botanical (adj)
12.64 puncture /"pVNk?@(r)/ (n) small hole, usu. in the tyre of a car or bicycle, made by a sharp object puncture (v)
12.65 draughty /"drA:fti/ (adj) having cold air blowing through it because, e.g. the windows or doors don't fit properly draught (n)
12.66 summit /"sVmIt/ (n) the very top of a mountain L Also a meeting between two important heads of state, usually from the world's most powerful countries. summit talk/meeting/conference (n)
12.67 mow /m@U/ (v) cut grass, etc. using a machine or tool with a special blade or blades
12.68 lawn /lO:n/ (n) an area of ground covered in short grass in a garden or park, or used for playing a game
12.69 out and about /%aUt @n @"baUt/ (phr) travelling around a place I get out and about quite a bit in my work as a salesman.
Listening
12.70 inexhaustible /%InIg"zO:st@bl/ (adj) that will always continue, that can never be used up Small children seem to have an inexhaustible supply of energy. inexhaustibly (adv)
12.71 toxic /"tQksIk/ (adj) poisonous toxicity (n), toxicology (n), toxicologist (n), toxin (n)
12.72 crack /kr&k/ (v) solve a problem I've been trying to do this Sudoku puzzle for hours, but I think I've finally cracked it.
12.73 dead /ded/ (adv) completely If you're dead certain that's where you want to go on holiday, let's go ahead and book it.
12.74 ironic /aI"rQnIk/ (adj) used to describe a situation or event that is odd or amusing because it involves a contrast It's ironic that the most generous people in the world are often the poorest. irony (n), ironically (adv)
12.75 untapped /%Vn"t&pt/ (adj) available but not yet used, usually to describe a supply of sth According to some scientists we only use 10 per cent of our brain, which means we could have untapped mental powers waiting to be discovered.
12.76 fuss /fVs/ (n) unnecessary excitement, activity or worry fuss (v) L A fussy person is concerned with small details and/or difficult to please: Many children are fussy eaters and won't eat fruit and vegetables. fussiness (n), fussily (adv)
12.77 not care/give a hoot /nQt %ke@r, %gIv @ "hu:t/ (idm) not care at all L Informal.
12.78 nitty-gritty /%nIti "grIti/ (n) the basic facts of a matter Having a party sounded like a great idea, but when we got down to the nitty-gritty, there was so much to organise we decided not to bother. L Informal.
12.79 in your (own) back yard /%In jO:r %(@Un) %b&k "jA:d/ (idm) used to describe sth that affects you personally Although many people support the idea of a new airport, they're not so keen when it's in their own back yard.
12.80 incidentally /%InsI"dentli/ (adv) by the way incidental (adj) L An incident is an event or sth that happens.
CAE Result ? Oxford University Press 3
Use of English
Review
Vocabulary
12.81 renovate /"ren@veIt/ (v) repair and paint, e.g. an old building so that it is in good condition again L Restore = return sth to its original condition; renovate includes the idea of making sth new and different. renovation (n)
12.82 acquaint /@"kweInt/ (v) make sb/yourself familiar with or aware of sth Please acquaint me with the facts of the case. acquaintance (n), acquainted (adj)
12.83 trash /tr&S/ (n) rubbish L American English.
12.84 collage /"kQlA:Z/ (n) picture made by fixing pieces of cloth, paper, etc. onto a surface
Vocabulary
12.85 infrequently /%In"fri:kw@ntli/ (adv) rarely frequency (n), (in)frequent (adj), frequently (adv)
12.86 presently /"prezntli/ (adv) at the time you are speaking or writing, now This product is presently not available, I'm afraid. L At the end of a sentence it could mean: soon, after a short time
Writing
12.87 concrete jungle /%kQNkri:t "?VNgl/ (n) a place with a lot of modern buildings that is unpleasant to live in
12.88 consumption /k@n"sVmpSn/ (n) the act of using energy, food or materials Consumption of coffee has increased dramatically in some countries like Britain. consume (v)
12.89 vertigo /"v3:tIg@U/ (n) feeling of losing your balance, esp. when looking down from a height vertiginous (adj)
Workbook
Reading
But will it save the planet?
12.90 co-operative /%k@U "Qp@r@tIv/ (adj) owned and run by the people involved, with the profits shared by them
12.91 premium /"pri:mi@m/ (n) extra payment added to the basic rate It was an important document so I decided to pay the premium for registered mail.
12.92 albeit /%O:l"bi:It/ (prep) although We finally managed to get the venue, albeit too late ? the conference had already started. L Formal.
12.93 wheelie-bin /"wi:li %bIn/ (n) large container with a lid and wheels, that you keep outside your house and use for putting rubbish in
12.94 kerbside /"k3:bsaId/ (n) side of the street or path near the edge of the pavement
12.95 compost /"kQmpQst/ (n) mixture of decayed plants, food, etc. that can be added to soil to help plants grow
12.96 fluctuate /"flVk?ueIt/ (v) change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc., especially from one extreme to another fluctuation (n)
12.97 mod cons /%mQd "kQnz/ (n pl) abbreviation for modern conveniences
12.98 indeterminate /%IndI"t3:mIn@t/ (adj) that cannot be identified easily or exactly Her dress had an indeterminate colour, something between green and blue. indeterminacy (n), determine (v)
12.99 refute /rI"fju:t/ (v) prove that sth is wrong
12.100 disallow /%dIs@"laU/ (v) officially refuse to accept sth because it is not valid The crowd protested when the referee disallowed their team's first goal.
12.101 vacate /v@"keIt, veI"keIt/ (v) leave or make sb leave a building, seat, etc. As the hurricane approached the coast of Florida, the authorities advised citizens to vacate the area.
Grammar
12.102 quay /ki:/ (n) platform in a harbour where boats come in to load, etc.
Listening
12.103 heatwave /"hi:tweIv/ (n) period of unusually hot weather
Use of English
12.104 dam /d&m/ (v) stop a river from flowing by building a wall across it dam (n)
Review Units 10?12
12.105 brass /brA:s/ (n) bright yellow metal made by mixing copper and zinc
4 CAE Result ? Oxford University Press
12.106 spicy /"spaIsi/ (adj) having a strong taste because spices have been used to flavour it spice (n)
12.107 bland /bl&nd/ (adj) not having a strong or interesting taste My children complain I don't put enough salt in the food and it tastes too bland.
Appendix
12.108 facilitative /f@"sIl@t@tIv/ (adj) helping to make things, e.g. processes easier facilitator (n), facilitate (v)
12.109 stalk /stO:k/ (n) thin stem that supports a leaf, flower or fruit and joins it to another part of the plant or tree
Writing Guide
Contributions
12.110 boulevard /"bu:l@vA:d/ (n) wide city street, often with trees on each side
12.111 busker /"bVsk@(r)/ (n) person who plays music in public places, e.g. the street, usu. to earn money busking (n), busk (v)
Articles
12.112 vista /"vIst@/ (n) view
12.113 idyllic /I"dIlIk/ (adj) peaceful and pleasant idyll (n), idyllically (adv)
Reviews
12.114 boom (out) /bu:m/ (v) say sth in a loud deep voice
12.115 cosmopolitan /%kQzm@"pQlIt@n/ (adj) containing a mix of people from all over the world cosmopolitan (n)
Proposals
12.116 concise /k@n"saIs/ (adj) giving a lot of information in a few words This book gives a concise account of the major battles in the Second World War, and does not bore the reader with unnecessary details. conciseness (n), concisely (adv)
12.117 reservation /%rez@"veISn/ (n) feeling of doubt about a plan, idea, etc. At first I had my reservations about Joan, but she turned out to be a first-class dancer.
12.118 minute /maI"nju:t/ (adj) extremely small
12.119 apt (to) /&pt/ (adj) likely (to)
12.120 state-of-the-art /%steIt @v Di "A:t/ (adj) best available because it uses the most up-to-date techniques or technology
Set texts
12.124 revenge /rI"ven?/ (n) sth that you do in order to make sb suffer because they have made you suffer She is seeking revenge for the murder of her husband. revenge (v), revengeful (adj), revengefully (adv)
12.125 tormented /tO:"mentId/ (adj) having suffered very much torment (n, v), tormentor (n), tormenting (adj)
12.126 convincing /k@n"vInsIN/ (adj) that makes sb believe that sth is true Her explanation for the misunderstanding wasn't very convincing, but we pretended to believe her. conviction (n), convince (v), unconvincing (adj), (un)convinced (adj), (un) convincingly (adv)
12.127 cliff-hanger /"klIfh&N@(r)/ (n) situation in a story, film, competition, etc. that is very exciting because you cannot guess what will happen next, or you do not find out immediately what happens next
Essays
12.121 bend the truth /%bend D@ "tru:T/ (idm) say sth that is not completely true The politician wasn't exactly lying, but he was certainly bending the truth about the length of hospital waiting lists.
12.122 bare-faced /"be@ %feIst/ (adj) showing that you do not care about offending sb or about behaving badly His bare-faced insult outraged me!
12.123 make for /"meIk f@/ (phr v) help to make sth possible, be likely to have a particular result Someone who is insincere and cruel doesn't make for a good friend.
CAE Result ? Oxford University Press 5
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