AP European History



AP European History

SOCIAL HISTORY STUDY GUIDE

|LATE MIDDLE AGES |16th and 17th CENTURIES |18th CENTURY |19TH CENTURY |

|MARRIAGE AND FAMILY: |MARRIAGE AND FAMILY: |MARRIAGE AND FAMILY: |MARRIAGE AND FAMILY: |

|Nuclear family |Nuclear family |Nuclear family |Ideal of romantic love now most important reason|

|Divorce nonexistent |Divorce available in certain cases |Growth of Cottage Industry. | |

|Marriages arranged for economic reasons. |More prostitution |Marriages based more on romance. |Fewer children per family; more love towards |

|Some prostitution in urban areas |Marriages still based on economics but |Average age for marriage: late 20s or later; takes |children |

|Ave. age for men: mid-late 20s |increasingly more romantic. |longer for couple to be ready economically for |Middle class more apt to consider economic |

|Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old. |Average age for marriage: 27 for men; 25 for |marriage. |reasons |

|Church encouraged cult of paternal care. |women. |Many women don’t marry; would become "spinsters" |Many men married late |

|Many couples did not observe church regulations|Increased infanticide. |Illegitimate birth explosion:1750-1850 |Women closely monitored |

|on marriage. |Low rate of illegitimate births. |Increase in infanticide. |Sexual double standard |

|Manners shaped men to please women. |Dramatic population growth until 1650; growth |Foundling hospitals created |Rate of illegitimacy declined after 1850 in |

|Relative sexual equality |slows until 1750. |Young people increasingly worked away from home in |working classes |

| | |the city. |Prostitution sought by middle & upper middle |

| | |"Spare the rod, spoil the child." |class men |

| | |Rise of humanitarianism (influenced by Enlightenment.|Freud: early childhood vital |

| | | |Lower class kids less dependent on parents |

| | | |financially than middle class kids |

|STATUS OF WOMEN: |STATUS OF WOMEN: |STATUS OF WOMEN: |STATUS OF WOMEN: |

|Status of upper-class women better than in next|Status of upper-class women declines in |Protestant women still expected to manage the home. |After 1850, increasingly separate spheres: men |

|two centuries. |Renaissance. |Upper-class Catholic women had self-development |worked in factories; women stayed at home. |

| |Most women not affected by Renaissance. |options in religious orders. |By late-19th century, women worked outside the |

| |Educated women allowed involvement but | |home only in poor families |

| |subservient to men. | |Middle class women began working to organize and|

| |Sexual double standard | |expand their rights |

| |Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man | | |

| |(Castaglione) | | |

| |Rape not considered serious crime. | | |

| |Protestant Reformation: women’s occupation is | | |

| |in the home. | | |

| |Catholic orders for women grew. | | |

|EDUCATION: |EDUCATION: |EDUCATION: |EDUCATION: |

| |Mostly for upper-classes |Protestantism spurred increased education for boys |Increase among middle class |

| | |and girls. | |

| | |Humanitarianism of Enlightenment led to improved | |

| | |education | |

|RELIGION: |RELIGION: |RELIGION: |RELIGION: |

|Dominated by Catholic Church |Protestant Reformation |Protestant "Pietism" in Germany. |Rerum Novarum |

|Reform movements: Wyclif and Hus. |Catholic Counter Reformation |Rise of Methodism |Syllabus of Errors |

|Some persecution of witches |Religious wars |Catholic piety remains. |Kulturkampf |

| |"New Monarchs" and Absolute Monarchs take |Decrease in witch hunts |Increased emphasis on morality among middle |

| |control of national churches. | |class |

| |Major persecution of alleged witches. | |Decline among urban working classes. |

|NUTRITION AND HEALTH |NUTRITION and HEALTH: |NUTRITION and HEALTH |NUTRITION and HEALTH |

|Poor harvests created malnutrition. |Poor life expectancy (about 25 years) |Improved diet: more vegetables (esp. potato). |Public Health Movement: Bentham & Chadwick |

|Black Plague resulted in loss of 1/3 of |Price Revolution = less food consumption due to|Increased life expectancy from 25 years to 35 years. |Bacterial Revolution: Pasteur-"germ theory" |

|population. |higher prices (until about 1650). |Major advances in control of plague and disease (esp.|Antiseptic (Lister) |

| |Bread is staple food for poor classes. |Small Pox—Edward Jenner) |Increased life expetancy |

| |Upper-classes eat large quantities of meat. |William Harvey: Circulation of Blood |Significant decline in infant mortality after |

| |Smallpox and famines still ravaged parts of |Development of public health |1890 |

| |Europe. |Hospital reform |Poor living conditions in cities |

| | |Reform for mental health institutions | |

|SOCIAL STRUCTURE: |SOCIAL STRUCTURE: |SOCIAL STRUCTURE: |SOCIAL STRUCTURE: |

|Feudalism dominated most of Europe. |Population growth began in 16th century until |Cottage Industry in rural areas. |Increased standard of living for average person;|

| |about 1650. |Growth of cities. |higher wages |

| |Cities grew faster than rural areas. |Serfdom in eastern Europe. |Society more diverse and less unified |

| |Two major hierarchies existed: | |Middle Class |

| |Countryside: landlords, peasants, landless | |Upper Middle Class: Banking; industry; |

| |laborers | |large-scale commerce |

| |Urban: merchants, artisans, laborers | |Diversified middle class groups: |

| |Clergy, lawyers, teachers, & civil servants fit| |Moderately successful industrialists, merchants,|

| |awkwardly in both hierarchies. | |professionals (doctors, lawyers) |

| |Advancement up the hierarchy possible through | |Lower Middle Class: Shopkeepers, small traders |

| |education. | |Lower Class: (80% of pop.) |

| |Enclosure movement | |Highly skilled: Foremen; highly skilled |

| |Cottage Industry / Putting-out system | |handicraft trades |

| |Serfdom in eastern Europe | |Semi skilled: Craftspeople |

| | | |Low skilled: day laborers; domestic servants |

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