ICT in Education in Zambia - infoDev

SURVEY OF ICT AND EDUCATION IN AFRICA: Zambia Country Report

ICT in Education in Zambia

by Shafika Isaacs May 2007

Source: World Fact Book1

Please note: This short Country Report, a result of a larger infoDev-supported Survey of ICT in Education in Africa, provides a general overview of current activities and issues related to ICT use in education in the country. The data presented here should be regarded as illustrative rather than exhaustive. ICT use in education is at a particularly dynamic stage in Africa; new developments and announcements happening on a daily basis somewhere on the continent. Therefore, these reports should be seen as "snapshots" that were current at the time they were taken; it is expected that certain facts and figures presented may become dated very quickly. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of infoDev, the Donors of infoDev, the World Bank and its affiliated organizations, the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. It is expected that individual Country Reports from the Survey of ICT and Education in Africa will be updated in an iterative process over time based on additional research and feedback received through the infoDev web site. For more information, and to suggest modifications to individual Country Reports, please see ict4edu-Africa.

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SURVEY OF ICT AND EDUCATION IN AFRICA: Zambia Country Report

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SURVEY OF ICT AND EDUCATION IN AFRICA: Zambia Country Report

Overview

Tthe penetration levels of ICTs in Zambia's education institutions remains low, with those schools that are equipped mostly utilizing second-hand and refurbished computers. The integration of ICTs in learning and teaching practice has been limited, although the introduction of computer studies as a school study subject has begun to change this. The recent adoption of a national ICT policy, as well as the development of a draft ICT policy for education and an associated implementation framework, provides an enabling policy environment to promote far greater access and use of ICTs across all sectors of Zambia's education system, including a system for enhancing education management, administration, and teaching and learning. While the goals and targets set in these policy documents seem realistic, realising them within the established time frames remains a challenge.

Country Profile

Zambia is one of the poorest countries in the world; more than three-quarters of the population live on less than USD$1 per day. Zambia also suffers a high rate of HIV/AIDS, with 16% of Zambians age 15 to 49 years being HIV positive and an estimated 1.1 million children orphaned, many themselves HIV positive.2 There is chronic food insecurity and weak governance with devastating social and economic consequences. The economy is vulnerable to natural disasters such as flood, drought, and animal disease which impacts food security.3

The Zambian economy has historically been heavily dependent on copper mining. Since

the early 1970s the terms of international trade shifted towards a significant decline in

copper prices. This led to the closure of mines and had a far-reaching effect on the

economy. Slow progress in diversifying the economy and high levels of borrowing and debt relief are contributing factors to the country's economic malaise.4

Table 1 provides some selected socio-economic indicators for Zambia.

Table 1: Socio-economic Indicators: Zambia

Indicator Population Languages

2005 Economic activity (% of GDP)

Human Development Index

11.7 million (2005) Official language: English. Local languages: Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, and Tonga.

Agriculture: 18.6% Industry: 25.2% Services: 56.3% 165 (out of 177 countries)5

Per capita gross national income $400 (2004); $490 (2005)

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SURVEY OF ICT AND EDUCATION IN AFRICA: Zambia Country Report

(US dollars)

More recently, the Zambian economy has been showing signs of improvement precipitated by growth in the mining, manufacturing, tourism, and construction sectors. Zambia has also received extensive debt relief based on the outcome of the Group of 8 meeting in Gleneagles in July 2005 and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). Its external debt burden has reportedly been reduced from $7.1 billion to $0.5 billion, which makes available funds allocated to pay back loans, to be spent on health and education.6

The Education System

Zambia's education structure starts with four years of pre-school education, which are optional. Primary schooling extends over seven years at an entrance age of seven years, followed by five years of secondary education at an entrance age of 14. Currently the Zambian government is placing emphasis on ensuring the provision of primary education. In 2005 Zambia had 6,962 basic schools with 2.8 million learners and 463 high schools with more than 136,000 learners.7

Almost two-thirds of the children end their education at the primary level. Only one-third

of the primary school dropouts have the opportunity to go to secondary education. Of

those who enroll for primary education, less than 20% enter secondary school, and only 2%of the 20 to 24 age group enter a university or some other form of higher education.8

Higher education is provided by two universities under the aegis of the Ministry of Education and various specialised institutions (colleges and institutes) controlled by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training. Primary and pre-primary school teachers are trained at primary school teacher-training colleges while secondary school teachers are trained in teacher colleges and at the University of Zambia.

Distance higher education is offered by technical and vocational colleges and the University of Zambia.

Table 2 provides a quantitative perspective of some selected system indicators.

Table 2: Selected Education Data

Indicator Enrolment in primary education (% gross)* Enrolment in secondary education (% gross)* Transition to secondary Gender Parity Index (GPI)**

99 (2004)

26 (2004)

54 (2003) 0.98 in primary; 0.79 in secondary (2004)

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SURVEY OF ICT AND EDUCATION IN AFRICA: Zambia Country Report

*Percent of gross is the number enrolled as a percentage of the number in the eligible age group. **GPI = gross enrolment ratio (GER) of females, divided by the GER of males and indicates the level of access by females to education compared to males. A GPI of 0.79 suggests there is limited gender parity.

Despite the introduction of free basic education in 2002, many girls and other vulnerable groups drop out of school before they complete primary school, largely due to poverty and the impact of HIV and AIDS on families. According to UNICEF, the Zambian education sector has a combination of low school enrolment and low school achievement, which means that one out of five children realise their right to quality basic education.9 Adult literacy in Zambia was 80.6% in 2003 (86.8% for men and 74.8% for women).10

The Department for International Development (DFID) reports more recently, however, that Zambia has shown improved performance against the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in primary universal education and promoting gender equality in schools with net enrolment rates increasing from 71% in 2000 to 95.6% in 2005. However, DFID also notes that more needs to be done if the MDGs are to be achieved by 2015.11

Infrastructure

Zambia has a modest ICT infrastructure that is concentrated in urban centres. Zambia underwent a process of liberalisation of its telecommunications and broadcast sectors in the early 1990s.

Table 3 provides a snapshot of the state of national ICT infrastructure in Zambia.12

Table 3: ICT in Zambia

Fixed-line subscribers (2004)

91.7 per 1,000 persons

Mobile subscribers (2004)

464 per 1,000 persons

Dial-up subscribers (2004)

16.5 per 1,000 persons

Broadband subscribers (2004)

0.023 per 1,000

persons

Internet users (2004)

231 per 1,000 persons

Television broadcast stations

9

(2002)

Radio stations (2001)

AM 19 ; FM 5;

shortwave 4

.

The current regulatory framework is fragmented with three bodies regulating the sector.

The Communications Authority regulates the telecommunications sector, the Ministry of

Communications and Transport regulates the postal and courier services, and the Ministry

of Information and Broadcasting regulates broadcasting. There will be attempts to

harmonise the regulatory framework with closer collaboration between the different

ministries in view of the country's new national ICT policy.

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