Adapted Physical Education Portfolio



Adapted Physical Education Portfolio

Cancer

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Adapted Physical Education

Friday 12:15

Dr. Cone

Table of Contents

1. Information on Cancer Pages 3-4

2. Cancer Websites Pages 5-6

3. Article Reviews Pages 7-8

4. Cancer Organizations Page 9

5. Teaching Strategies Page 10

6. Activity Descriptions and Accommodations Pages 11-12

Information on Assigned Disability - Cancer

Definition: Cancer- A class of diseases or disorders that are characterized by an uncontrolled division of cells. These cells invade other tissues through invasion by the lymphatic or circulatory systems.

Types: There are a wide variety of cancers present in the society today. However, for the purposes of this portfolio, the most common types of childhood cancers have been listed. These types of cancers are more directly related the types of diseases physical educators will encounter among school age children. Common cancers such as breast, lung, colon, and prostrate cancers are more prevalent in individuals above the age of twenty-five and rarely seen in school age children.

Most Common Types of Childhood Cancer

Leukemia – Cancer of the white blood cells in the body. Patients with leukemia have a higher than normal amount of white blood cells and a lower than normal amount of red blood cells. This type of cancer accounts for one-third of all childhood cancers.

Lymphomas – Tumors of the lymphocytes tissues of the body which are part of the body’s immune system. Lymphocyte cells help fight off infection in the body. Patients with lymphoma produce abnormal lymphocytes that continue to divide and grow uncontrollably, causing the lymph nodes to swell.

Sarcomas - Cancerous tumors of the connective or supportive tissue including bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, and blood vessels.

Causes:

Leukemia – While there is no significant evidence that shows the cause of Leukemia, some researchers suggest that exposure to both low-energy radiation and high-energy radiation may be a cause. Also, some diseases caused by abnormal chromosomes, such as Down Syndrome, may increase the risk of leukemia.

Lymphoma – Again, researchers do not know the exact cause of this form of cancer, but it has been studied that oncogenes, the mutations of certain genes, cause normal cells to divide uncontrollably.

Sarcoma - The causes of soft and hard tissue sarcomas are unknown. Most sarcomas are not thought to be due to inherited faulty genes, but some people who have particular rare genetic conditions are more at risk of developing a sarcoma. These rare inherited genetic conditions include Neurofibromatosis, Gardner's syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Retinoblastoma.

Characteristics:

Leukemia

1. Pale skin, excessive bruising and bleeding.

2. Lower energy levels and low physical activity tolerance.

Lymphoma

3. Enlarged lymph nodes.

Sarcoma

4. Pain or soreness in the area of a tumor caused by pressure against nearby nerves and muscles.

5. Bone pain and a possibility of a bone fracture after a routine movement, such as throwing a ball.

References:

Cancers Fact and Figures, Retrieved December 1, 2006.

Lymphoma, Retrieved December 1, 2006.

Types of Cancer, Retrieved December 1, 2006.

Leukemia & Lymphoma General Information, Retrieved December 1, 2006.

Websites That Focus on the Disability – Cancer

Website: , Date Retrieved December 3, 2006.

Type of Information: This website is funded by the National Cancer Institute and funded by the United States Government. It provides a wide variety of reliable information on the topic of cancer. The information on this site covers all of the different types of cancers along with the cancer subgroups that go along with each disease. Within these categories, you can find information pertaining to treatment, prevention, and causes along with screening/testing, clinical trials, cancer literature, and statistics. While the other categories are, for the most part, self explanatory, others require some further information. Under the screening/testing section is information relating the latest methods of cancer detection with directions on how to read certain test results. The clinical trials section includes information regarding the latest trials that have been performed along with success and fail rates. The statistics section is most beneficial for individuals trying to gain general statistical information about the disease. To help the reader further understand the statistics relating to the disease, the website provides various graphs and charts. These charts are not only eye appealing, but also make hard to understand statistics more concise and easier to read. This website also provides a section for looking up various drugs many cancer patients might use. To use this function, all an individual would have to do is type the drug name into the search box and the site provides basic and to-the-point information. Lastly, this site includes references to other reliable sites that provide information about cancer.

Application: The National Cancer Institute website is beneficial to any physical educator seeking quick and reliable information on the disease. This website provides specific information on childhood cancer that will allow any physical educator to adapt a lesson plan for a student with cancer. This site lists the most prevalent types of childhood cancer along with the physical limitations that are associated with them. In knowing these physical limitations, a physical educator could adapt their lesson plan so that it is safe for individuals with cancer. Also, in knowing the information on common drugs that are taken for this disease, a physical educator can become familiar with the types of medication that their own students might take along with some side effects that the various drugs might have.

Website: Retrieved December 3, 2006

Type of Information: This website has more information relating specifically to childhood cancer. Like the other cancer website, it lists informative categories, such as to treatment, prevention, causes, screening/testing, clinical trials, cancer literature, and statistics. However, unlike the others, it provides links to other areas of the website related to a person’s role in the cancer community. Cancer patients can click on their link and receive information on how to live with the disease and several ways to minimize their risks. Parents or families of individuals with cancer can click on their link and receive information on ways to deal with side effects or ways they can make life as easy as possible for these individuals. Most importantly, teachers of students with cancer can click on their link and learn information on how to accommodate these individuals in school. Also, another link provides information on how medical issues regarding their return to school after treatment.

Application: The information found on this website is extremely beneficial to physical educators because it directly addresses the issues that a student might face when returning to school after treatment. Some students may experience hair loss, nausea/vomiting, decrease energy levels/fatigue, an increase potential for bruising and nosebleeds, weight gain or loss, mood swings, facial fullness, problems with coordination, difficulties with fine and gross motor control, muscle weakness and body marks. If a physical educator can acquire all this knowledge then, he or she could develop a lesson that can help lesson these side effects. He or she can also be aware of the limitations they must have in their lesson in order to make sure that that particular does not become injured during the lesson.

Article Reviews

Barrett, Jennifer (2006) “The Cure Comes With a Price” [Electronic version]. Newsweek Health, 2, 65-69.

The article “The Cure Comes with a Price” was published in Newsweek and explores many issues that individuals with childhood cancer face due to the various treatments they receive. Most studies reports the effectiveness of these treatments and how valuable they are to patients with cancer however, long term research has revealed some of the negatives these treatments cause. In addition to this, “The Cure Comes with a Price” has revealed other issues not previously known.

A. Individuals who receive treatments for childhood cancer are more likely to develop serious health conditions in the future, including a second bout of cancer. In a study conducted by the New England Journal of Medicine in the late 1980’s, it was found that two thirds of childhood cancer survivors will develop one chronic condition and a quarter will have a serious or life-threatening medical problem within 20 to 30 years of being diagnosed with cancer. Since the 1980’s, cancer treatment has progressed significantly however, researchers still suggest that today’s treatments may have some of the same effects as the treatments that were performed almost thirty years ago.

B. Radiation treatment has been hypothesized to be the direct cause of many of these health problems. Radiation treatments can affect some of the major organs in the body which can have adverse effects on body functioning. Much attention has been directed toward the possible radiation exposure of the heart during cancer treatments. Also, anthracyclines, a common medication used to fight cancer, has been shown to have negative effects on the heart and its functioning long after treatment has ceased. Cancer treatments have also been linked to second incidences in the breasts, bones, thyroid glands.

C. Childhood cancer is becoming more and more come these days. In a 2002 census report, it was found that over 500,000 children from the ages of 0-19 have some form of childhood cancer and as a whole there are over 10,000,000 individuals living with any form of cancer. If radiation treatments continue to be the primary treatment for forms of childhood cancer then in the next thirty years we could see a large increase in the number of overall cancer cases. Not only will there be an increase in the number of cancer cases, but there will also be an increase of individuals who are dieing from chronic diseases. Researchers are now pushing to find new methods of cancer treatment that are safer for individuals with childhood cancer. Also, their has been a push by several cancer organization to find ways of improving the existing radiation methods so that they are less harmful and decrease the chance that an individual with childhood cancer will develop a serious health condition in the future. For now, treatment methods for various forms of childhood cancer stay the same, showing good outcomes for the short term and not so good outcomes for the future.

Article Review

Report:

Cancer deaths still declining (2004) [Electronic version]. Associated Press. 8, 56- 58.

A. Decrease in New Cases of Lung Cancer

According to the Journal of Cancer, more people are surviving with cancer for five years or more and deaths associated with cancer are declining for the first time ever. Most significantly, for the first time ever, fewer women are being diagnosed with lung cancer. Lung cancer is the number one killer out of all types of cancer and the amount of women being diagnosed with lung cancer has dropped 2% each year, since 1998. A similar decline in the number of lung cancer cases has also been seen in males. Lung cancer is the nation’s top-killing malignant forms of cancer for both sexes and the second most common cancer overall. However, a slow decline was seen in men starting in the early 1990’s because the older smokers died and fewer young men chose to smoke cigarettes. This pattern is beginning to be seen in females and should contribute to an even greater decrease of the number of new female lung cancer cases. In 2004 alone, 174,000 Americans were diagnosed with lung cancer and 160,000 died of it.

B. Higher Cancer Survivability Rate

The reports also addresses a new finding that more people are living at least five years after being diagnosed with various types of cancers. Two reports compared the survival rates of people diagnosed with cancer between the years of 1975 and 1979 to the people diagnosed with cancer between the years of 1995 and 2000. It was found that the men’s survival rates improved by over 10% for prostate cancer, colon and kidney cancers, melanoma cancer, and leukemia. Improvements were also seen for women with colon, kidney and breast cancers. Statistically, men have a 99.3% chance of living at least five years after being diagnosed with prostate cancer which was only 70% in 1970. Women have an 88% chance of living at least five years after being diagnosed with breast cancer which was only 75% in 1970.

C. Increase in Mortality Rate in Minorities

Although the number of lung cancer cases are declining in both men and women and there is an increase in the probability of surviving for more than five years with certain forms of cancer, there is one group of cancer patients that have seen little improvement. Recent studies have shown that African American men are approximately twenty six percent more likely to die from any form of cancer than a white man with the same disease. Also, Hispanic males are 16% more likely to die from any form of cancer than a white man with the same disease. More drastic numbers are seen in black women, who are 52% more likely to die from cancer than white women. Hispanic women are 20% more likely to die from cancer than white women. These differences have been linked to many minorities financial inability to seek many cancer treatments but, some researchers still believe there is a strong genetic link.

Organizations

Title: CancerCare

Description: CancerCare is a national non-profit organization that provides a wide variety of support services for individuals with cancer, caregivers, children, loved ones, and the bereaved.

Purpose: The purpose of this organization is to make life easier for those affected by cancer while providing awareness to the general public. This is obtained by providing financial assistance for home care, counseling by professional oncology social workers, and information sessions.

Location: CancerCare National Office 275 Seventh Ave. Floor 22 New York, NY 10001

Services:

CancerCare Connect

Free educational programs to help cancer patients and their loved ones understand diagnosis, treatment options, quality-of-life concerns, and other important topics.

CancerCare Counseling

Professional counseling and facilitated support groups.

CancerCare Inform

Resources and strategies for finding help.

CancerCare Assist

Financial Assistance for cancer patients and their families.

Title: Corporate Angel Network

Description: Corporate Angel Network is the only charitable organization in the USA whose sole mission is to ease the emotional stress, physical discomfort and financial burden of travel for cancer patients by arranging free flights to treatment centers, using the empty seats on corporate aircraft flying on routine business. Eligibility to participate in this program is open to all cancer patients, bone marrow donors, and bone marrow recipients who are ambulatory and not in need of medical support while traveling. Eligibility is not based on financial need, and patients may travel as often as necessary.

Location: White Plains, NY. Corporate Angel Network works out of an office donated by the Westchester County Airport.

Services: The Corporate Angel Network arranges free flight arrangements for cancer patients to treatment centers.

Teaching Strategies

1. Talk with the student prior to inclusion in the physical education classroom: It is important for the teacher to find out how the students feeling about participating in class. Many times, a student with cancer will feel apprehension and it is important what they are able to do and more importantly, what they are willing to do.

2. Inform fellow students of safety issues without singling out the individual: Safety is key her and it is important that the other students know that excessive physical contact can be dangerous for anyone. However, you do not want to make it so that the student with cancer is singled out. This is why adaptations should accommodate the student with cancer.

3. Encourage the student with cancer every day: Many students with cancer will feel mild stages of depression from day to day and it is important to let the student know that you are on their side. This will increase participation and allow for a more positive learning environment. Encouraging words can go a long way.

4. Include the student in ALL activities: Make sure all adaptations cater to the student so that they are never left out. Some students with cancer will already feel different from their fellow classmates. It is important to include them in all activities so that their classmates never have a reason to view them as different and make fun of them.

5. Develop activities that allow for full body movements: Activities that allow for a full range of motion are beneficial to individuals with cancer. It can help increase blood flow which may already be poor and help increase endurance which can have long term health benefits for these individuals.

Reference:

Activity Descriptions and Accommodations

Middle School

Activity: The name of this activity is Speed Walk Name Tag. The rules of this game are similar to a regular game of tag. One student will be designated as the tagger at the beginning of the activity and will try to tag his/her fellow classmates to make them the next tagger. However, there are several adaptations to accommodate a student with cancer.

1. Instead of being able to run, the tagger and his/her fellow students will not be able to move at any pace faster than a quick walk. This limits the possibility of collisions which can be dangerous for a student with cancer, while still allowing the students to experience cardiovascular exercise. Also, it allows the student with cancer to perform the activity without feeling a great amount of fatigue so that they do not become an easy target for the tagger.

2. When the tagger tags another student, in order for it to count, the tagger must say the individuals name and one thing that they like about them. Not only will this allow everyone to learn each others name but, it will also help boost the confidence of the student with cancer. This is very important for students with cancer because they might feel different from the other students and try to isolate themselves. This will make sure that the student with cancer is included in the activity and feels like an equal.

3. The tagger will not be able tag another student with excessive force. They must touch them with their finger tips to make sure that the student with cancer isn’t hit too hard. Students with cancer are more susceptible to excessive bleeding and bruising.

4. The students will be able to use the entire gym space but, must remain actively walking or they will be asked to sit down until the next activity. This ensures that all students are moving and participating during the activity.

Reference



Elementary

Activity: The name of this activity is called Concentration Fitness Volleyball. It is a basic volleyball game but with adaptations to accommodate a student with cancer. The game will follow basic volleyball scoring rules and the class will be split into two teams.

Modifications: This game has been modified in several ways to accommodate the student with cancer.

1. Instead of being able to move freely on their team’s side of the net to strike the ball, the students will have to remain stationary in their designated spots. They will not be able to move and must strike the ball without moving their feet or bodies from their designated spot. This will decrease the possibility of players running into each other, something that could be very problematic for a student who has a cancer that causes excessive bleeding or bruising.

2. After a player hits the ball, they will be required to perform as many jumping jacks as they can before the ball touches a player on the other side. Their team will not be able to score a point unless it is completed each time. This adaptation makes it possible for the student with cancer to perform physical activity while limiting chance for injury. Also, not putting a set number on the amount of jumping jacks allows the student with cancer to do as many they can. They may not be able to the same amount as the other students due to increased fatigue. However, jumping jack can increase blood flow to the extremities and help the student gain better circulation.

3. A balloon type volleyball will be used for a couple reasons: to increase the amount of time it takes the ball to go over the net to increase the amount of jumping jacks the students can do, and to make it easier for the student with cancer to strike. Many cancer patients feel great fatigue and muscle weakness that makes striking objects difficult. A lower net will be used to make it easier to successfully volley back and forth.

Reference:

High School

Activity: The name of this activity is called Ultimate Basketball. It is a basic basketball game with certain Ultimate Frisbee rules. The objective of this game is to score as if the students were playing a regular basketball game but with rules that accommodate students with cancer.

1. The class will be split into two teams and one team will start with the ball. The students are allowed to dribble but can only take three steps at a time. Once they have taken three steps, they must pass the ball off to another classmate. Limiting the amount of steps the students can take will allow the student with cancer to participate without getting greatly fatigued

2. The players on defense can use basketball defensive skills but cannot be any closer than 1 ½ arms length from the player on offense. If a defender comes too close to the offensive player then a foul will be called and the offensive player with be allowed to move five steps up court. This will limit the chance of the student with cancer being struck by another classmate.

3. Before a team can shoot the ball, all of the students on the offensive will have to have received the ball at least one time per possession. If this is not accomplished then the basket will not count. This will ensure complete participation and make sure that students aren’t excluding the child with cancer.

4. Once the ball is shot and missed, possession will go to the other team. This will limit the chance of injury during the rebounding phase of basketball.

5. A lighter, softer ball will be used so that it is easier for the student with cancer to shoot and limit chance for injury.

Reference:

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