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Packet 3: Cells & Cell Transport
Bio.1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles.
• Bio.1.1.1 Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells (including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes) and ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell.
• Bio.1.1.2 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their general structures (plasma membrane and genetic material) and degree of complexity.
• Bio.1.1.3 - Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms.
Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system.
• Bio.1.2.1 Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and pH).
Bio.4.2 Analyze the relationships between biochemical processes and energy use in the cell.
• Bio 4.2.2 Explain ways that organisms use released energy for maintaining homeostasis (active transport).
Vocabulary
|General: |Microscopes: |Cell Membrane Structure: |Transport Through Membrane: |
|cell |compound light microscope |plasma (cell) membrane |homeostasis |
|organelle |electron microscope |phospholipid bilayer |concentration gradient |
|endosymbiosis theory |coarse adjustment knob |fluid mosaic model |equilibrium |
|cell theory |fine adjustment knob objective lens |hydrophilic head |passive transport |
|prokaryote |eyepiece (ocular) lens |hydrophobic tail |diffusion |
|eukaryote |diaphragm |polar |osmosis |
|cell specialization |stage |nonpolar |facilitated diffusion |
| |stage clip |integral protein |active transport |
|Organelles: |slide |peripheral protein |pump |
|nucleus |cover slip |receptor protein |endocytosis |
|cytoplasm | |carrier or transport protein |exocytosis |
|plasma (cell) membrane | |cholesterol |ATP (energy) |
|cell wall | | |hypertonic |
|mitochondria | | |hypotonic |
|chloroplast | | |isotonic |
|vacuole | | | |
|ribsome | | | |
|Golgi apparatus | | | |
|endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | | | |
|lysosome | | | |
|cytoskeleton | | | |
Assignments Due: Due Dates:
| | |
|Gummy Bear Lab……………………………………………………….…. |______________________ |
|Cell Analogy………..………………………………………………………. |______________________ |
|Organelle Quiz(on pgs 8-9 of notes and cell coloring)…………….. |______________________ |
|Microscope Lab…………………………………………………............... |______________________ |
|Webquest …………………………………………………………….……. |______________________ |
|Online review………………………………………………….…………… |______________________ |
|Cell & Cell Transport Test…….…………………………………….……. |______________________ |
Notes: Cell Membrane Structure
• The cell or plasma membrane is also known as the _______________________
___________________ since it has 2 layers.
• It is known as a ______________ ________________ _____________ since it is made
up of many parts and is not rigid and moves easily.
• The main function of the cell membrane is to maintain homeostasis by controlling
_____________________________________________________.
• The cell membrane doesn’t let everything through. It is __________________________
______________________ and only lets certain things in and out.
|Parts of the Membrane: |TYPES: |FUNCTION: |PICTURES: |
|LIPIDS |Phospholipids |Polar, hydrophilic heads | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | |Nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails: | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| |Polar versus Nonpolar | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | |Polars and nonpolars _________________ |
| | | |mix!!! |
| |Cholesterol (Steroids) | | |
| | |Keep the membrane _________________. | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
|PROTEINS |[pic]Integral |Go all the way through the membrane to ______________ | |
| | |things | |
| | | | |
| | |On the edge of the membrane to ____________ | |
| |Peripheral |_____________. | |
| | | | |
|CARBOHYDRATES | |______________ the cell. | |
Hill Diagram – A Comparison of Passive versus Active Transport
[pic]
|DIFFUSION – dots such as salt are moving. |[pic] |
|OSMOSIS - dots can’t move so water moves to dilute the dots |[pic] |
|FACILITATED DIFFUSION – dots are too big or polar so need to go through a |[pic] |
|protein | |
|Terms to Know | | |
| |Part of a solution that is dissolved |The dots are the solute and solvent is the white space or water. The|
| |Ex: salt or sugar |water dissolves the dots. |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |Part of a solution that does the dissolving | |
| | | |
| |Ex: water | |
| |a solution with a higher concentration than another | |
| |solution. | |
| |a solution with a lower concentration than another | |
| |solution. | |
| |a solution with an equal concentration to another solution| |
| |the bursting of an animal cell when placed in a hypotonic | |
| |solution. | |
| |the shrinking of a plant cell placed in a hypertonic | |
| |solution. | |
| |the force that pushes out on a plant’s cell wall when it | |
| |is placed into a hypotonic solution. | |
Which way will things move?
Given the pictures below, draw arrows in the correct direction to show what will move. You need 4 different colors to make your key:
Diffusion – Red Facilitated diffusion – Green
Osmosis – Blue Pump (active transport) – Purple
| | |
|The cell is sitting in a _______________________ solution. |The cell is sitting in a _______________________ solution. |
| | |
|The cell will _____________________ if ___________________ occurs. |The cell will _____________________ if ___________________ occurs. |
Real life scenarios – What will happen???
1. A saltwater fish is placed into fresh water. What will happen to the cells of this fish?
2. A freshwater fish is placed into a salt water tank. What will happen to the cells of this fish?
3. When it is really humid, doors and windows tend to stick. The higher the humidity the more water there is in the air. Explain why the doors stick?
4. Explain the following picture
Understanding Osmosis & Diffusion (Passive Transport)
When answering the questions, consider the following information:
▪ The oval in each diagram below represents a cell.
▪ The black line around the oval is the cell membrane.
▪ The space between the dots represents the water (solvent) that the solute is dissolved in.
▪ The solute (dots) AND solvent (water) is small enough to pass across the cell membrane.
Cell #1 Cell #2 Cell #3
CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES:
1. The solution outside cell #1 has a/an (higher; lower; equal) concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
2. The solution outside cell #1 is (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) to the solution inside the cell.
3. The inside of cell #1 is (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) to the solution surrounding it.
4. The solution outside cell #2 has a/an (higher; lower; equal) concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
5. The solution outside cell #2 is (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) to the solution inside the cell.
6. The inside of cell #2 is (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) to the solution surrounding it.
7. The solution outside cell #3 has a/an (higher; lower; equal) concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
8. The solution outside cell #3 is (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) to the solution inside the cell.
DIFFUSION:
9. If diffusion was to occur to cell #1, in which direction would most of the solute be moving? (into /out of) the cell.
10. If diffusion was to occur to cell #2, in which direction would most of the solute be moving? (into /out of) the cell.
11. Describe what happens to the movement of solute for cell #3. ___________________________________________________
12. Due to the process of diffusion, the solute or dissolved material tries to move from an area of higher concentration into an area of lower concentration (someplace where it can spread out more). According to this statement, which of the above cells would lose the most solute due to diffusion? (CELL #1, CELL #2, CELL #3)
OSMOSIS:
13. If osmosis was to occur in cell #1, which direction would most of the water be moving? (into /out of) the cell.
14. Cell #1 should have (lost ; gained; stayed the same) mass.
15. If osmosis was to occur in cell #2, which direction would most of the water be moving? (into /out of) the cell.
16. Cell #2 should have (lost ; gained; stayed the same) mass.
17. If osmosis was to occur in cell #3, which direction would most of the water be moving? (into /out of) the cell.
18. Cell #3 should have (lost ; gained; stayed the same) mass.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN…
19. Since an animal cell lacks a cell wall, it is important that it be surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) solution, so that it does not shrink & shrivel up or swell & rupture due to the effects of osmosis.
20. If red blood cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution, then the cell would most likely (shrink, swell or stay the same size).
21. When plant cells are full of water, the pressure within the cell pushes out onto the cell wall, thus allowing the cell to become more rigid (has turgor pressure). Since this is a good thing for them, plant cells should be surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) solution.
22. If a plant is watered with saltwater (a hypertonic solution), then the cells would most likely (shrink, swell or stay the same size).
23. The passive movement of large molecules across the cell membrane with the help of a protein is called (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).
Notes: Organelles
An _____________________________is a tiny structure that performs a specialized function (or job) in the cell.
| Structure or Organelle |What is the function of the organelle or |Sketch |In Prokaryotes |In Eukaryotes… If so which ones?|
| |structure? | |(Yes/No) | |
| |(What does it do?) | | | |
| | | |Bacteria |Plant |Animal |
| |Holds & protects the genetic information | | | | |
| |of the cell. | | | | |
| |Separates the cell from the outside and | | | | |
| |controls what enters and leaves the cell | | | | |
| |Provides added structure & support. Found| | | | |
| |outside the cell membrane. | | | | |
| |Location of protein production | | | | |
| |Transport channel of proteins | | | | |
| |Stacks of membranes that collect, modify, | | | | |
| |repackage & release proteins for use in or| | | | |
| |out of the cell. | | | | |
| |An organelle that contains digestive | | | | |
| |enzymes used to clean up old worn out | | | | |
| |parts of the cell (or waste). | | | | |
|Structure or Organelle |What is the function of the organelle or |Sketch |In |In Eukaryotes… If so which ones?|
| |structure? | |Prokaryotes | |
| |(What does it do?) | |(Yes/No) | |
| | | |Bacteria |Plants |Animal |
| |Uses energy from the sun to make | | | | |
| |______________. This process is called | | | | |
| |___________________ | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| |Makes _______ - a usable form of cell | | | | |
| |energy. This process is called | | | | |
| |_______________________________________ | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| |Sac like structure that stores materials | | | | |
| |such as water, salts, carbs, and proteins.| | | | |
| | | | | | |
| |Framework of filaments and fibers that | | | | |
| |supports the cell structure. | | | | |
| |Part of the cytoskeleton – long whip-like | | | | |
| |tail that helps with movement | | | | |
| |Part of the cytoskeleton – many small | | | | |
| |hairs that helps with movement as well | | | | |
| |Part of the cytoskeleton that help with | | | | |
| |cell division (making new cells). | | | | |
Pathway for Proteins: proteins are made at _____________________, proteins travel through _____________, proteins are modified/sorted/shipped out of the ________________________.
Notes: Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cells
I. Cell Theory
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________
All cells can be divided into one of two categories based upon their complexity:
• Prokaryotic Cells are very _____________________________
o Do not have a ___________________ (the part that contains the DNA)
o Do not have membrane bound _______________________
o Usually small and ____________________________ (meaning they are made up of a single cell)
o Example: _____________________________
• Eukaryotic Cells are _____________________________
o Have a ____________________________
o Have membrane bound ____________________________
o Can be both unicellular and ______________________ (are made of many cells).
o Example: Cells of __________________or ____________________
Structures that are common to ALL cells are:
______________________________ ____________________________________
______________________________ ____________________________________
Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement:
|Statement |Prokaryotes |Eukaryotes |
| Organisms that have cells lacking internal membrane bound structures. | | |
| Do not have a nucleus | | |
| Can be either single-celled or made up of many cells | | |
| Are always single-celled organisms. | | |
| Organisms that have cells containing membrane bound organelles | | |
How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about?
Endosymbiotic Theory – endo means ____________________________, symbiotic means ____________________________ so……
o Smaller __________________________ entered inside larger prokaryotes.
o The smaller prokaryote(s) got ______________________________________________.
o The larger prokaryote got _______________________________________________.
▪ This smaller cell was really good at producing _____________ and came to be known as the _____________________________________.
o Eventually a 2nd small prokaryotic cell was engulfed by the larger cell…
▪ This cell was really good at absorbing solar energy and using it to make food for itself and came to be known as the _________________.
Support for the endosymbiotic theory:|
▪ Unlike other organelles, mitochondria & chloroplasts both ___________________ independently of the cell.
▪ Both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain their own __________
▪ Both have two __________________________around them.
_____________________________ Theory – organelles formed when the plasma membrane folded inward producing membranes inside of the cell. Some of the infolds broke off forming various organelles.
Notes: Cell Specialization
|Type of cell |Picture |Function |
| |[pic] | |
| | | |
| |[pic] | |
| | | |
| |[pic] | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |[pic] | |
| |Many Layers | |
1. Why are cells specialized?______________________________________________________
2. What are stem cells?___________________________________________________________
Notes: Microscopes
1. Compound Light Microscope:
□ Uses two lenses: ____________________________and _____________________
□ Used to magnify and show detail of a _____________________________specimen (one that light can pass through).
□ Image is _____________________________as a result of the lenses that are used.
□ Can magnify up to 1500-2000 times (The ones we have only magnify up to 400 times).
□ The equation below is used to calculate total magnification:
Total magnification = magnification of X magnification of the
________________ lens ___________________ lens
o Ex: If the eyepiece magnifies the image 10x and the low power objective magnifies the image 10x, then the total magnification of the image would be:
_______ x _______ = _______
_____________________________ ___________ ________________– This is the visible area seen through the microscope when the specimen is in focus.
• The greater the magnification, the _____________________________the field of view will be.
•
2. Stereomicroscope (also known as _____________________________Microscope).
□ Useful when viewing objects that are too ____________________or too ______________________for the compound light microscope.
□ Unlike the compound light microscope, the images seen are not inverted. This is because you are using _____________________________eyepieces (binocular scope).
□ Can only magnify up to _______ - _______times.
3. Scanning Electron Microscopes – ________________*
□ Shows the _____________________________only
□ Can magnify up to ____________________times
4. Transmission Electron Microscope – ___________*
□ Electrons pass through the object - allows you to “see” _____________________________
□ Can magnify up to ________________________times
□
** A big problem of the SEM and TEM is that the specimen must be ______________________ in order to view in with one of these microscopes.
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Active Transport
- Goes against the concentration gradient (low to high)
- – needs energy (ATP)
• D = Diffusion – solute moves (Ex: salt)
• O = Osmosis – water moves
• F = Facilitated Diffusion – solute moves through protein
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