CHAPTER 11 TEST- STUDY GUIDE



|CENTRAL DOGMA |

|UNIT #4 EXAM STUDY GUIDE |

|DNA/RNA/PROTEINS |

DNA (Nucleus/Nucleoid region in cytosol)

• DNA nucleotide with deoxyribose sugar

• Know carbon numbers

• Phosphate at 5’ ends/ –OH (hydroxyl) at 3’ ends

• Purine & Pyrimidine & double helix

• Covalent Phosphodiester bonds (Backbone)

• Hydrogen bond (Nitrogen Bases)

• DNA replication: know functions of enzymes

• Helicase

• DNA Polymerase

• Nuclease

• Telomeres

• Telomerase

• Antiparallel (5’ and 3’ ends)

• Template vs. Complement strands

• DNA Scientists

• Fred Griffith

• Avery, MacLeod, & MaCarty

• Hershey and Chase

• Edwin Chargaff

• Rosalind Franklin

• Maurice Wilkins

• Watson and Crick

• Replication fork/ Replication Bubble

• Polymer/ Polynucleotide

• DNA bases (DNA base pairing rules)

• Chargaff’s rules/ratios

• Gene

• Know hoe to DRAW many nucleotides ALL TOGETHER (connected together in BOTH strands of DNA)

Ex: be able to draw this and add correct bases/H bond #’s between bases

[pic]

RNA (Nucleus/Nucleoid, Cytoplasm & Ribosome)

• RNA nucleotide with ribose sugar

• RNA bases (RNA base pairing rules)

• mRNA vs. rRNA vs. tRNA (shapes, locations and jobs)

• Transcription (know location)

• RNA polymerase- what does it do?

• Codons (on mRNA)

Protein Synthesis (Translation ( occurs in RIBSOME)

• Protein/ polypeptide

• Folding of polypeptide ( 3D shape ( protein that now has a function (polypeptide does not have a function yet)

• Peptide bond

• Ribosome (binding spots for tRNA)

• Free ribosomes (all organisms)

• Bound ribosomes (on Rough ER)

• Only in eukaryotes

• Amino acids

• Genetic code (table to translate codons to amino acids)

• Codon (mRNA) vs.Anticodon (tRNA)

• tRNA vs. mRNA

• DNA( mRNA( polypeptide( protein= central dogma

• 64 codons vs. 20 amino acids

• Start vs. Stop codons

• Release factor

• Point mutation (base pair substitution)

• Missense vs. Nonsense mutation vs. Silent

• Wobble position ( wobble effect

• Frameshift mutation (more harmful)

• Insertions vs deletions

• Other mutations

• Inversions

• Deletions (2+ nucleotides)

• Mutagens

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