1 - Raleigh Charter High School



MIDTERM EXAM:

• 60 questions directly from this list of vocabulary.

• 40 questions from the bold pairs of terms at the end of each units vocabulary.

• 40 multiple choice from a cross section of topics covered in the course.

• 20 questions using the exact figures given.

• 40 points (two essay questions)

PREPARATION SUGGESTIONS

1. Answer 100% of the vocabulary including two or three ideas for the comparison terms.

2. Check answers to make sure you were correct.

3. Study the vocabulary to the point where you know them 100%.

4. Review the objectives for the class to study topics that will arise on the middle section of the test. Focus on the non-vocabulary objectives.

5. For each figure, write three questions with answers about the figure.

6. Use other people’s questions/answers to study the figures.

RULES:

1. It is critical that you do it on your own.

2. I will not check this for completion, but I will collect whatever work you did to prepare. Keep a log or hand in actual preparations. This will be graded.

3. If you get stuck on a couple vocabulary words or a figure, ask about it in class so everyone can hear the answers. The key to this will be getting an early start on this.

4. After completing the guide, you can check your answers with someone else who has completed it.

5. YOU CAN’T ASK ANYONE FOR ANY ANSWERS: If you do this, it will be considered cheating and you will receive a zero on the entire guide. Look up what you don’t know, ask questions in class, or see me.

MR. Hames

Intro to Biology/Microscope:

1. the conversion of food (glucose) into energy (ATP)

2. maintenance of a steady-state; keeping levels in the body constant

3. a group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

4. the part of an experiment that is used for comparison; lacks the variable being tested.

5. production of more organisms of the same species; may be sexual or asexual.

6. the gradual change of a species over time.

7. any feature or behavior that increases an organism’s chance of survival or reproduction.

8. all of the chemical changes in an organism.

9. the variable in the experiment that is measured; it depends on the variable being tested.

10. the variable in the experimented that is being tested.

11. the axis of a graph on which the independent variable is placed.

12. a possible answer to a question that can be tested.

13. a hypothesis that has been tested and supported repeatedly.

14. the part of the microscope that magnifies the image; can be low, medium, or high power.

15. the part of the microscope through which you look.

16. The part of the microscope that allows you to focus.

17. the part of the microscope that regulates the amount of light coming through.

Resolution vs. Magnification

SEM vs. TEM

Controlled Variables vs. Control group

Spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis

Observation vs. inference

Chemistry of Life:

1. a measure of the acidity of a solution.

2. the monomer (subunit) that makes up proteins

3. the joining of two molecules; water is removed in the process.

4. a substance that has a high concentration of H+ ions.

5. a substance that has a high concentration of OH- ions.

6. any substance that contains carbon.

7. a specific type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions.

8. the hypothesis that states that an enzyme and its substrate must match perfectly; explain why enzymes are specific.

9. a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants.

10. the molecule an enzyme acts on.

11. the portion of the enzyme that binds to its substrate.

12. a macromolecule composed of C, H, and O; has a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen molecules to oxygen molecules.

13. a macromolecule composed of C, H, and O; ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is greater than 2:1.

14. a macromolecule composed of monosaccharides.

15. the form of polysaccharide in which plants store food.

16. –NH2

17. the subunit of nucleic acids

18. the macromolecule that contains C, H, O, N, and P.

19. the type of macromolecule that contains C, H, O, N, and S.

20. unfolding of an enzyme; makes it inactive.

21. anything that speeds up the rate of a reaction.

22. DNA and RNA are examples of this type of macromolecule.

23. Hemoglobin, collagen, and enzymes are examples of this type of macromolecule.

24. Fats and oils are examples of this type of macromolecule.

25. Glucose, sucrose, and starch are examples of this type of macromolecule.

Cellulose vs. Starch

Dehydration synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

Hypertonic solution vs. Hypertonic cell

Saturated Fat vs. Unsaturated fat

Triglyceride vs. Steroid

Hydrogen bond vs. covalent bond

Polar covalent bond vs. Nonpolar covalent bond

Ion vs. isotope

Cell Parts and Functions:

1. Stores food, water, or proteins for the cell.

2. A means of taking large particles into the cell in which the cell changes shape to encompass the particle.

3. Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

4. Movement of water from high water concentration to low water concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

5. Organelle in which photosynthesis takes place.

6. Organelle in which cellular respiration takes place.

7. Describes the fact that the plasma membrane allows some things through, but not other things.

8. Organelle that digests wastes of the cell.

9. Organelle that makes ribosomes.

10. Type of cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

11. Type of cell that LACKS a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

12. Organelle that surrounds a plant cell.

13. Movement of particles from low concentration to high concentration.

14. Water moves out of a cell if it is placed in this type of environment.

15. Water moves into a cell if it is placed in this type of environment.

16. This type of environment has an equal solute concentration as inside the cell.

17. The primary molecule of energy for the cell.

18. Organelle involved in packaging proteins for transport outside of the cell.

19. Prokaryotic cells are only found in this type of organism.

20. The main component of the cell membrane.

21. The steroid in the cell membrane that helps with its stability and flexibility.

22. The macromolecules embedded in the membrane that help with self recognition, transport, and reception of hormonal messages.

Prokaryotic cell vs. Eukaryotic cell

Exocytosis vs. Endocytosis

Active transport vs. Passive transport

Hydrophilic head vs. hydrophobic tail

Cell Processes:

1. Chromosome pairs that are similar, but not identical; one came from Mom and the other from Dad.

2. Having only one copy of each chromosome (as in sex cells).

3. The process of converting light energy into carbohydrates.

4. The sources of carbon for photosynthesis.

5. The phase of the cell cycle that is NOT a part of mitosis.

6. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes become visible.

7. The phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids first separate.

8. The type of nuclear division that forms gametes.

9. The type of nuclear division that replaces worn out cells.

10. Sperm and egg.

11. The type of reproduction that involves fusion of a sperm and egg.

12. Identical copies of chromosomes made just before cell division.

13. The alignment of the chromosomes in a picture; used to test for genetic disorders in fetuses.

14. The division of the cytoplasm.

15. The mixing of chromosomes among homologous chromosomes that occurs during Prophase I of meiosis.

16. The three-carbon sugar formed by glycolysis.

17. The substance formed by fermentation in humans that causes the burning sensation during exercise.

18. The green pigment in plants.

19. The third step in cellular respiration in which NADH and FADH2 are converted to ATP.

20. The place where meiosis occurs in males.

21. The place where meiosis occurs in females.

22. A cell with two copies of each chromosome.

23. The wrapped up form of DNA/protein that is present during mitosis.

24. The unwrapped form of DNA/protein that is present during interphase.

25. The part of the cell cycle that involves a cell conducting its “normal” activities.

26. The protein chains that separate the chromosomes.

27. The point of connection between two sister chromatids.

28. The final product of cellular respiration that is the “goal”.

29. The final product of photosynthesis that is the “goal”.

Homologous choromosomes vs. sister chromatids

Anaerobic respiration vs. Aerobic respiration

Lactic acid fermentation vs. Alcohol fermentation

Meiosis vs. mitosis

Mitosis vs. cytokinesis

Haploid vs. diploid

Light dependent reactions vs. light independent reactions

ETC in chloroplast vs. ETC in mitochondrion

Heredity:

1. A portion of DNA that codes for a protein; determines a trait.

2. The cross that determines whether an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous for a trait.

3. One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.

4. A gene located on the X chromosome.

5. X and Y chromosomes.

6. Blood type known as the universal donor.

7. A family tree showing the phenotypes of individuals.

8. An allele that is masked in the heterozygous condition.

9. Having two non-identical alleles for a trait.

10. Blood type known as the universal acceptor.

11. A trait that is controlled by many genes.

12. An organism’s gene combination.

13. An organism’s appearance.

14. A picture of a person’s chromosomes used to determine if the person has a chromosomal disorder and if the person is male or female.

15. The recessive disorder that cause mucus to build up in the lungs.

16. The sex-linked disorder that causes a person to bleed without stopping.

17. The recessive disorder that leads to fats building up in the brains of babies causing them to die early in life.

18. The recessive disorder that leads to infections and fatigue as the hemoglobin is not properly made.

19. The disorder that is a result of an extra 21st chromosome as the chromatids do not separate properly during meiosis.

Incomplete dominance vs. Codominance

Law of independent assortment vs. law of segregation

Sex-linked vs. linked genes

Protein Synthesis

1. The process of making RNA from DNA

2. The process of making polypeptides from mRNA.

3. The process of making new copies of DNA.

4. The characteristic of DNA that A’s match up with T’s and C’s match up with G’s

5. The characteristic of DNA that when copied each new DNA molecule has half the original strand.

6. The characteristic of DNA that indicates that the two strands of the double helix are running in opposite directions.

7. The people who discovered the double helix.

8. The molecule that carries amino acids into the ribosome.

9. The molecule made from DNA that is part of the ribosome.

10. The basic subunits of DNA and RNA.

11. The part of a nucleotide that is unique to each type of nucleotide.

12. The bonds that hold the two strands of DNA to each other.

13. The enzyme that makes the RNA from the DNA.

14. The nucleotide that is in RNA but not DNA.

15. A change in the DNA

16. The three letter pattern for one amino acid that is found on mRNA.

17. The three letter pattern found on a tRNA that allows for tRNA to match up to mRNA.

18. The subunits that make up a protein that are aligned during translation.

Transcription vs. Translation

Gene expression vs. Replication

DNA polymerase vs. RNA polymerase

Lagging strand vs. leading strand

RNA vs. DNA

mRNA vs. tRNA

lac operon vs. transcription factors

Evolution

1. The author of the theory of natural selection.

2. The sum of all the genes in a population.

3. The concept that living things arose from nonliving components.

4. The evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells that lived together.

5. The idea that if certain criteria are met the population is not evolving.

6. The process of how organisms that more adapted to their surroundings evolve.

7. Changes within a population or species over time.

8. a physical trait or behavior that has evolved in an organism over time.

9. A group of similar looking organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

10. The disproved idea that organisms pass on traits that they have picked up through their lifetimes.

11. Body parts that have similar function but evolved separately.

12. Body parts that have different functions but have evolved from a common ancestor.

13. The concept that antibiotics no longer work as bacteria have evolved so very few are affected.

14. Body parts that have no apparent function today, but give us clues to the ancestry of a species.

15. The movement of genetics (individuals) from one population to another population.

16. The random variation in a population due to randomness as the population is relatively small.

Analogous structures vs. homologous structures

Development vs. Evolution

Microevolution vs. Macroevolution

Gene pool vs. Gene flow

Population vs. Species

Inheritance of acquired characteristics vs. natural selection

Bottleneck effect vs. founder effect

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