Potential Herbs Used in Ocular Diseases - PharmaInfo

P.S. Sandhu et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol.3(4), 2011,1127-1140

Potential Herbs Used in Ocular Diseases

P. S. Sandhu1, Baljinder Singh2*, Vikas Gupta3, Parveen Bansal4, Dharmendra Kumar2 1 Department of Ophthalmology, GGSMCH, Faridkot, India

2 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Meerut, India 3 University Centre of Excellence in Research, BFUHS, Faridkot, India

4 Department of Biochemistry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Abstract

Medicinal plants have been used as traditional treatment for numerous human diseases for thousands of years in many parts of the world. In rural areas of developing countries, herbal materials continue to be used as the primary source of medicines. Eye is one of the most sensitive organ of human body and is permanently exposed to different environmental agents. The common ocular diseases are glaucoma, conjunctivitis, cataract, ocular allergies, ocular inflammation etc. Due to side effects of allopathic drugs, now a day's huge numbers of herbal drugs are used for treatment of ocular diseases. This review explains the herbal drugs used in treatment of ocular diseases and it provide a platform for the researcher to develop more efficient new herbal formulations.

Key words: Ocular diseases, glaucoma, conjunctivitis, ocular infection, cataract, herbal drugs.

INTRODUCTION The eye has several natural mechanisms to defend itself against infection or trauma. For example, tears keep the eye lubricated and physically clear away foreign particles such as dust or microorganisms. In addition, the tears contain several substances (e.g. lysozymes and interferon) that protect against infection. The eyelids and eye lashes protect the ocular surface from the environment and help maintain the moist surface of the eye. However, occasionally these defense mechanisms may be disrupted, resulting in ocular inflammation. Eye infections are caused by exposure to bacterial, fungal, viral and other microbial agents, and are commonly and frequently reported in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Plant materials are still being prescribed by traditional healers and herbalists for the treatment of these infections [1]. Bacterial eye infections: The eye infection is caused by various microorganisms Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea [2-5]. The most common causative agents for external ocular infections are S. aureus and S. epidermidis [2-3]. Trachoma is caused by C. trachomatis. It is the world's leading infectious cause of blindness and the leading cause of ocular morbidity [6].

According to WHO, there are 146 million people worldwide with trachoma. Symptoms of bacterial eye infections include burning; irritation, tearing and usually a mucopurulent or purulent discharge. Eyelids may be stuck together, particularly in the mornings. Although bacterial eye infections are usually considered to be self-limiting [7], if left untreated they may develop into more serious, sight-threatening conditions. Fungal eye infections: The eye infections caused by various fungal species are Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans and Penicillium notatum [8-11]. These infections are difficult to treat and can cause blindness[12]. Symptoms include redness, blurring vision and photophobia. Amphotericin B and Natamycin are of topical ocular use as treatment for fungal eye infections [12-14]. Viral eye infections: Viral infection to the eye is caused by Herpes simplex virus-1, Adenovirus and Coxsackie virus [15-17]. HSV-1 ocular infection is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries [16]. Over 95% of ocular herpes infections are caused by HSV-1 [18]. To date, 51 human adenovirus serotypes have been described, grouped into six species (A?F). In particular, species D infects the eyes [17]. Viral eye infections are highly contagious and are

1127

P.S. Sandhu et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol.3(4), 2011,1127-1140

spread by contact, usually with objects which have come into contact with the infected person's eye secretions. For example, the virus can be transmitted when infected persons touch their eyes and then touch? another surface (e.g. door handle) or share an object that has touched their eyes (e.g. a towel or pillow case). The antiviral agents Famciclovir, Valacyclovir and Acyclovir can be used to shorten the course and decrease the severity of the infections [19]. Glaucoma is a widespread human ocular disease, characterized by retinal ganglion cell degeneration, excavation of the optic nerve head, and in most cases, increase of intraocular pressure (IOP). Its cause remains unclear, and although increased IOP has long been thought to be the primary cause of ganglion cell degeneration and optic disc cupping, evidence from the studies of low-tension glaucoma suggests that it is neither necessary nor sufficient to induce the disease. Other mechanisms have been proposed that involve the neurosensory retina directly [20]. Results in recent studies suggest that apoptotic mechanisms could be involved in the degeneration of ganglion cells [21-22] and emphasize the potential neurotoxic role of glutamate [23-24]. Abnormally high levels of glutamate have been detected in the vitreous of glaucomatous eyes of dogs, monkeys, and humans [25-26]. Several morphologic characteristics such as enlargement of the retinal surface, abnormal corneal endothelium with degenerating cells, poorly differentiated cells with collapsed trabecular meshwork, and attachment of the anterior face of the iris to the posterior cornea, suggest that it also possesses some characteristics of human congenital glaucoma [27-28]. A variety of stimuli are thought to initiate or activate apoptosis in glaucoma. Thus, increased IOP and/or organelle accumulation at the optic nerve head could block axoplasmic flow, hindering the circulation of trophic factors [29-31]. The inflammatory response in the eye consists of miosis, conjunctival hyperaemia and breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier with subsequent leakage of protein into the aqueous

humour. The magnitude of these responses depends on the intensity, duration and type of the noxious stimulus. There is much evidence to suggest that C-fibre neurotransmitters, such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), play a key role in the ocular response to injury [32-34]. Recently, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) has been identified as a C-fibre neuropeptide, which takes part in the inflammatory responses of the rabbit eye [35]. As there is no barrier separating the iris and the ciliary body from the anterior chamber, any transmitter that is released from local nerve fibres will diffuse into the anterior chamber, making the eye an excellent model for studies of transmitter release. Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived molecule displaying numerous bio activities [36]. Recent observations suggest that NO may be of physiological and/or pathophysiological significance in the control of ocular function. Thus, NOS activity has been demonstrated in the anterior uvea of the rabbit [37] and NOS immunoreactivity has been visualized by immunostaining in nerve fibres in the uvea of the rat eye [38]. Intravenous injection of L-NAME was found to reduce the regional blood flow in the uvea of the rabbit [39]. Interestingly, NO seems to play a role in the activation of ocular C-fibers in response to a minor injury (infrared irradiation of the iris) [40]. Ocular injuries in the working place are usually related to exposure to industrial chemical substances e.g. acid and alkaline, radiation energy e.g. ultra-violet light or even direct trauma. Ocular injuries by saps of plants are uncommon but can result in serious ocular complications [41]. Conjunctivitis is the disease when the mucous membrane on the inner surface of the eyelid is irritated. There are many factors that cause conjunctivitis, including virus, bacteria, allergies, injury, or other foreign substances. Symptoms include: itchy, watery, bloodshot eyes, pain and, on occasion, blurred vision. There are several treatments for conjunctivitis, depending on the cause. Bacterial infections are usually treated with an antibiotic. There are also several herbal mixtures used as eyewashes [42].

1128

P.S. Sandhu et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol.3(4), 2011,1127-1140

Table 1:- List of Medicinal plants used in various types of Ocular diseases

Sr. no.

Scientific name/ Common name

Family

Part used

1. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)/ Okra

Malvaceae

Fruit, flower

2.

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik/ Musk mallow

3. Abrus precatorius L./ Crab's Eye

Malvaceae Fabaceae

Root, seed, leaf Leaf, seed, root

4. Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd/ Babul

Mimosaceae

Bark

5.

Acacia macracantha Humb.& Bonpl. ex Willd./ Faique

Mimosaceae

Bark

6. Acacia nilotica L./ Kikar

Mimosaceae

Whole plant

7. Acalypha indica L./ Kuppaimeni

Euphorbiaceae

Leaf

8. Acer tataricum L./ Tatar Maple

Aceraceae

Seed

9. Achranthes aspera L./ Prickly-Chaff Flower Amaranthaceae

10. Acorus calamus Linn./ Sweet flag

Araceae

11. Adenium multiflorum Koltzsch./ Impala lily Apocynaceae

12. Adhatoda vasica L./ Adusa

Acanthaceae

13. Aegle marmelos L. Correa/ Bilva patri

Rutaceae

Leaf Rhizome Bulb Flower Leaf, fruit

14. Ageratum conyzoides L./ Goat weed

15.

Alangium salvifolium (L.F.) Wanger/ Ooduga

16. Albizia coriaria Oliv./ Musengertet

17.

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd/ Woman's tongues Tree

18.

Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth./ Tea Shade Tree

19. Alhagi maurorum Medic/ Seez

Compositae Alangiaceae Mimosoideae Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Papilionaceae

20. Allium sativum L./ Garlic

Liliaceae

21.

Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don./ Maankochu

Araceae

22. Aloe barbadensis Mill./ Aloe

Liliaceae

23. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f./ China kalabanda

Liliaceae

24.

Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Benth. / Soap bush

Rhamnaceae

25. Alstonia boonei De Wild./ Indian Devil tree Apocynaceae

26.

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC./ Koduppai

Amaranthaceae

27. Amygdalus brahuica subsp./ Mashmonk

Rosaceae

28. Anagallis arvensis L./ Red pimpernel

Primulaceae

29.

Annickia chlorantha (Oliv.) Setten & Maas/ African whitewood

Annonaceae

30.

Annona senegalensis Pers./ African custardapple

Annonaceae

31.

Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A. Rich. ex Walp/ Kodom

Rubiaceae

32. Argemone maxicana L./ Vuluvanjel

Papavaraceae

Leaf

Fruit Whole plant Leaf, Bark

Leaf Flower Bulb Lower part of plant Leaf Leaf Leaf Latex Leaf Gum Leaf

Bark Root, bark, leaf, seed Leaf, flower

Latex

33. Asclepias curassavica L./ Blood-flower

Apocynaceae

Leaf

Uses in Ocular diseases

Conjunctivitis

Eye diseases

Ocular infections

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis For burning sensation in eyes Ocular infections Reduce inflammation, dry eye disease Cures eye disorders Eye diseases Sore eyes Cures eye disorders Opacity of cornea, conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis, cataract, injury Eye diseases

Sore eyes

Conjunctivitis

Ocular infections

Improves eyesight Opthalmopathy, sore eyes Improves eye sight

Eye infections Eye diseases

Sore eyes

Eye problems

Eyesight improvement

Wounded eyes Opthalmia,kertistis, improve eye sight Conjunctivitis

eye infections

Eye diseases Eye diseases, Poultice for the eyes, conjunctivitis Eye inflammation

References [42-43] [44]

[45-48] [49-50] [51]

[52] [45] [53] [44-45, 5455] [44] [55-56] [49] [44-45, 5759] [60-64]

[65] [66] [45, 67-68]

[45] [69] [70-72]

[73] [74] [75-76] [77-78] [64] [66, 79] [80] [81]

[82]

[83-84]

[85]

[45, 52, 58, 67, 86-87] [88]

1129

P.S. Sandhu et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol.3(4), 2011,1127-1140

Sr. no.

Scientific name/ Common name

34. Atropa belladonna L./ Deadly nightshade

35. Azadirachta indica L. / Neem

36. Barleria cristata L./ Philippine violet 37. Basella rubra L./ Indian spinach 38. Bauhinia variegata Linn./ Kachnar 39. Becium dhofarense L. / Dhofari Basil 40. Berberis aristata L./ Barberries

41. Berberis asiatica L./ Kingod

Family

Solanaceae Meliaceae Acanthaceae Basellaceae Caesalpinaceae Lamiaceae Berberidaceae Berberidaceae

42. Berberis lyceum Royle./ Kasmal

Berberidaceae

43. Berberis osmastonii Dunn./ Kingore

Berberidaceae

44. Berginia ligulata (Wall.)Engl./Pashanbheda Saxiferagaceae

45. Bidens pilosa L./ Spanish Needle

Asteraceae

46. Bixa orellana L./ Annatto

47.

Blumea mollis (D.Don) Merr./ Kukka pogaku

48. Boerhaavia diffusa Linn./ Sathi

49.

Boerhaavia procumbens Elegans Choisy/ Itsit

50. Boerhavia diffusa L./ Atukamamidi

Bixaceae Asteraceae Nyctaginaceae Nyctaginaceae Nyctaginaceae

51. Borago officinalis L./ Borraja

Boraginaceae

52.

Bothriocline ugandensis (S. Moore) M.G. Gilbert/Gnathostomata

Astraceae

53.

Brillantaisia patula Ver texto/ Nkon kohomaneeh

54.

Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedts./ Black cumin

Acanthaceae Apiaceae

55. Butea monosperma (Lank.) Kuntze / Palasa Fabaceae

56. Cadaba indica Lam./ Patrika

Capparaceae

57. Caesalpinia volkensii Harms/ Msoro

Leguminosae

58. Calophyllum inophyllum L./ Oil nut tree 59. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze/ Green tea 60. Capparis deciduas Edgew./ Kareera, 61. Capsicum annum L./ Capsicum

62. Capsicum frutescens L./ African devil

Clusiaceae Commelinaceae Capparidaceae Solanaceae

Solanaceae

63. Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines/ Granda

64. Cassia absus L./ pig's senna 65. Cassia auriculata L./ Avaram Senna 66. Cassia italica (Mill.) Spreng./ Balibali 67. Cassia obtusifolia L./ Juemingzi

Apyocynaceae

Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Leguminosae

Part used Leaf, root Whole plant Flower Leaf Bud Leaf Root, Bark Root

Root

Root Rhizome Leaf Leaf Leaf Whole plant Leaf Leaf, root Leaf, flower Leaf or whole plant

Whole plant

Uses in Ocular diseases

Iritis Night blindness, conjunctivitis Eye diseases Ocular infections Eye diseases Soothe eye itching Eye disease Eye afflictions, conjunctivitis Ocular inflammation, acute conjunctive and chronic opthalmia Eye diseases Eye ailments Conjunctivitis, oculotumour, cataract Eye infection

Ocular infections

Eye diseases

Opthalmia, eye wounds

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis Blindness, conjunctivitis and related ocular affections

Cataract

References

[89] [44, 67, 9091] [92] [45] [81] [93] [94] [95-99]

[50]

[65] [100-101] [46, 102, 103] [92] [45] [52] [81] [44, 67, 95, 104] [51]

[62]

[64]

Rhizome Root Leaf

Leaf

Leaf Inflorescenc es Leaf Seed Leaf or whole plant Stem, leaf, fruit Leaf, seeds Seed Leaf Seed

Eyewashes

[105]

Eye diseases

Eye diseases Lid swelling, cataract. Conjunctivitis, retinoblastoma, refract errors Eye ailments

[44,48] [65]

[46]

[106]

Conjunctivitis

[46]

Corneal opacity

[52]

Eye diseases

Blindness, conjunctivitis and related ocular affections, cataract

[106] [46, 62]

Eye disorders

[50]

Eye diseases, strengthens eye sight

[104, 108]

Eye infections

[74]

Eye diseases

[109]

Eye infection

[110-111]

1130

P.S. Sandhu et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol.3(4), 2011,1127-1140

Sr. no.

Scientific name/ Common name

68. Cassia occidentalis L./ Peeda chennangi

Family Caesalpiniaceae

69. Cassia tora L./ Tailancha

Caesalpiniaceae

70. Celastrus paniculatus Willd./ Malkanni

Celastraceae

71. Celosia argentea L./ Guruguaku

Amaranthaceae

72. Centaurea calcitrapa L./ Red starthistle

73.

Centipedia minima Linn/ Spreading sneezeweed

74. Chenopodium album L. / Bathu Saag

Asteraceae Asteraceae Chenopodiaceae

75. Chomelia asiatica O. Kze./ Kommi

Rubiaceae

76. Cichorioum intybus Linn./ Kasinikeerai

Asteraceae

77. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad./ Water melon

Cucurbitaceae

78. Cleome viscose Linn./ Naikadugu

Cleomaceae

79.

Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke/ Ophiang tong

Verbenaceae

80. Clitoria ternatea L./ Blue pea vine

Fabaceae

81. Coccinia grandis L./ Voigt Donda

Cucurbitaceae

82.

Cocculus pendulus (J.R. &. G. Forst) Diels/ Zamur

Menispermaceae

83.

Codiaeum variegatum(L.) A.Juss./ Triphorthok

Euphorbiaceae

84. Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm./ Dhurseli

Labiatae

85. Coleus forskohlii Briq./ Garmai

86.

Commelina benghalensis L./ Benghal dayflower

87.

Commelina diffusa Burm. f./ Climbing day flower

Lamiaceae Commelinaceae Commelinceae

88. Commelina erecta L./ slender dayflower

89. Cordia perrottettii A.DC./ Cordia

90.

Coscinium fenestratum Colebr./ False calumba root

91. Costus afer Ker Gawl./ Spiral ginger

92. Crepis cameroonica L./ Hawk's-beard

93.

Crotalaria brevidens Benth./ Ethiopian rattlebox

94.

Croton macrostachyus Del./ broad-leaved croton

95. Curcuma longa Linn./ Turmeric

96. Curcurbita pepo Linn./ Pumpkin

97. Cyperus esculentus Linn./ Korai

98. Cyperus nevieus Retz/ Deela

99. Cyperus rotundus (L.) Palla/ Mustaka

100. Dalbergia sisso Roxb/ Shisham

101. Datura metel L. / Dhutra

102. Datura stramonium L./ Datura 103. Daucus carota Linn./ Carrot

Commelinaceae Boraginaceae Menispermaceae

Costaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae

Euphorbiaceae Zingiberaceae Cucurbitaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Papilionaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Umbelliferae

Part used Leaf Leaf, seed Seed oil Seed, leaf Whole plant Whole herb Whole plant Root Whole plant Fruit Whole plant Leaf, root Root, Leaf Leaf, root Leaf

Uses in Ocular diseases

Sore eyes Eye diseases, in children eye lid Eye diseases blurred vision, eye inflammation eye diseases

Ocular inflammation.

Eye diseases Eye diseases Eye diseases Sore eyes Eye diseases

Ocular inflammation

Eye inflammation Ocular infections

Eyes irritation

References [58,75] [58, 75] [95] [45, 75, 112] [70] [100] [81, 94] [65] [108] [70] [69] [64, 102] [52, 66, 113] [45, 85] [80]

Whole plant

Leaf

Root Inflorescenc es Leaf or whole plant Inflorescenc es Leaf

Root Rhizome, leaf Leaf

Leaf

Eye diseases Corneal opacity or conjunctivitis. In reducing intraocular pressure in glaucoma Eye diseases Blindness, conjunctivitis and related ocular affections Conjunctivitis

Soothe eye itching

Eye diseases

Ocular diseases

Ocular infections

Cataract

[85] [114] [70, 115118] [46]

[62]

[119] [93] [105] [82, 84, 120] [121] [46]

Leaf

Rhizome Fruit Whole plant Root Rhizome Leaf Leaf, root, seed Seed Seed

Ocular injuries

eye diseases Good for eyes Eye diseases Eye sore Eye diseases Eye diseases

To enlarge pupil in eye

Iritis Eye sight, glaucoma

[46]

[70] [70] [108] [80] [44] [81] [59]

[89] [52, 122]

1131

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download