Studyguide to chapters 7 and 8
Studyguide to chapters 7 and 8 - ENG 414
Chapter 7: Morphemes are the smallest units of lexical or grammatical meaning. A word can consist of one morpheme or of more. Some morphemes are free (dog); some are bound (-s). Plural is bound in English but free in Gurung (p. 113).
Affixes: suffixes are more prevalent than prefixes. See WALS map 26!
Why is there a possible connection between OV and suffixes? Some suffixes arise from erstwhile auxiliaries (and these are post-V in an OV language). A good instance of grammaticalization of verbs is found on p. 115.
There are other types of attachment: infix, circumflex, reduplication, supra-fix (p. 119).
Derivational vs inflectional: see table on p. 121. Is this a continuum as suggested on p. 123? One of you asked if derivational > inflectional, and I think this should be possible (though no example comes to mind).
Portmanteau affixes are fusional since they have e.g. number and case fused.
Affix-ordering: Voice is closer to the V than aspect than tense than mood(see p. 124). This is true for most of the grammatical features, e.g. number and case.
Chapter 8: Morphological typology. Important names are Edward Sapir and Joseph Greenberg.
Index of Synthesis (Figure 8.1): isolating ... synthetic
Once a language is synthetic, we can apply the Index of Fusion (Figure 8.2): agglutinative ... fusional
Each type of language has special characteristics.
The linguistic cycle (see p. 138)
| Isolating |
| |
|Fusional Agglutinative |
Who `gives’ agreement/Case etc?
Government – agreement (p. 140), MORE in chapter 9
or: Dependent and head-marking (pp. 141-144)
We’ll go through the examples carefully in class.
Universals: 4 types (pp. 144-145) but we’ll discuss that more.
| Agreement no Agreement |
|Case Yaqui, Amis, Urdu, Basque Japanese, Korean, Khoekhoe |
|no Case Navajo , Zulu, Lakhota, Ainu Sango, Haida, (French), Thai,HaitianCr |
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