Studyguide to chapters 7 and 8



Studyguide to chapters 7 and 8 - ENG 414

Chapter 7: Morphemes are the smallest units of lexical or grammatical meaning. A word can consist of one morpheme or of more. Some morphemes are free (dog); some are bound (-s). Plural is bound in English but free in Gurung (p. 113).

Affixes: suffixes are more prevalent than prefixes. See WALS map 26!

Why is there a possible connection between OV and suffixes? Some suffixes arise from erstwhile auxiliaries (and these are post-V in an OV language). A good instance of grammaticalization of verbs is found on p. 115.

There are other types of attachment: infix, circumflex, reduplication, supra-fix (p. 119).

Derivational vs inflectional: see table on p. 121. Is this a continuum as suggested on p. 123? One of you asked if derivational > inflectional, and I think this should be possible (though no example comes to mind).

Portmanteau affixes are fusional since they have e.g. number and case fused.

Affix-ordering: Voice is closer to the V than aspect than tense than mood(see p. 124). This is true for most of the grammatical features, e.g. number and case.

Chapter 8: Morphological typology. Important names are Edward Sapir and Joseph Greenberg.

Index of Synthesis (Figure 8.1): isolating ... synthetic

Once a language is synthetic, we can apply the Index of Fusion (Figure 8.2): agglutinative ... fusional

Each type of language has special characteristics.

The linguistic cycle (see p. 138)

| Isolating |

| |

|Fusional Agglutinative |

Who `gives’ agreement/Case etc?

Government – agreement (p. 140), MORE in chapter 9

or: Dependent and head-marking (pp. 141-144)

We’ll go through the examples carefully in class.

Universals: 4 types (pp. 144-145) but we’ll discuss that more.

| Agreement no Agreement |

|Case Yaqui, Amis, Urdu, Basque Japanese, Korean, Khoekhoe |

|no Case Navajo , Zulu, Lakhota, Ainu Sango, Haida, (French), Thai,HaitianCr |

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