Chapter One: Revolutionizing the Sciences
Revolutionizing the Sciences (2001)
Chapter One: What was Worth Knowing in 1500?
The following questions/outline should guide your reading, note taking, & studying. Students who can answer these questions in their own words without simply copying information from notes will show their understanding of the chapter.
Introduction
III. Renaissance & Revolution [7-9]
What is the distinction the author makes between the Scientific Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution? [IMPORTANT!]
Big Picture Questions [10-18]:
1) What was curriculum in the medieval universities?
( changing role of Aristotelian thought?
( changes between 1200 & 1500?
2) What was meant by "natural philosophy" or "physics" in 1500?
( Aristotelian model of the universe?
( four elements & the aether?
( four "causes" & the forms?
3) What was the relationship between "science" & "religion" in 1500?
( scholasticism? (Thomas Aquinas)
( Averroïsm? (Averroes)
( science as "handmaiden" to theology?
4) What areas besides natural philosophy were studied in 1500?
( medicine & anatomy? (Galen)
( materia medica?
( quadrivium?
( "mixed" mathematics? (astronomy & music)
This study guide will help if you read carefully (you may have to read more than once), take notes, & ask questions. Use it as a model for creating your own study guides for subsequent chapters. Please see me with any questions.
Big Picture Questions [18-29, 18-28 (2nd ed)]:
1) What were astronomy & cosmology like in 1500?
( relationship between astronomy & cosmology?
( available astronomical models? (retrograde, epicycle, deferent)
( Almagest? (Ptolemy)
( Epitome of the Almagest? (Georg Peurbach & Regiomontanus)
( mathematical versus physical models? (description versus explanation)
2) What was studied outside the universities in 1500?
( role of printing press in providing intellectual options? (Gutenberg)
( many alternatives to Aristotelian thought:
neo-Platonism? (Ficino, Hermes Trismegistus)
magic? ("natural" versus "demonic")
alchemy & cabalism?
3) Differences between Aristotelian & operational knowledge?
( "books of secrets" or "technical recipe books"?
( challenging the authorities? (Aristotelianism & Catholicism)
4) Who & what were affected by the "Scientific Revolution"?
( lives or beliefs of ordinary people?
( a simple shift from superstition to rational thought?
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