When did the United States Senate endorse the Amendment?



AMENDMENT 19 right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.In your own words, restate the 19th Amendment. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Power of OneOn June 4, 1919, the United States Senate also endorsed the Amendment, voting 56 to 25, and sending the amendment to the states. Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan were the first states to pass the law; Georgia and Alabama rushed to pass rejections. The anti-suffrage forces, which included both men and?women, were well organized, and passage of the amendment was not easy. When thirty-five of the necessary thirty-six states had ratified the amendment, the battle came to Nashville, Tennessee. Anti-suffrage and pro-suffrage forces from around the nation descended on the town. And on August 18, 1920, the final vote was scheduled. One young legislator, 24-year-old Harry Burn, had voted with the anti-suffrage forces to that time. But his mother had urged that he vote for the amendment and for suffrage. When he saw that the vote was very close, and with his anti-suffrage vote would be tied 48 to 48, he decided to vote as his mother had urged him: for the right of women to vote. And so on August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the 36th and deciding state to ratify. Except that the anti-suffrage forces used parliamentary maneuvers to delay, trying to convert some of the pro-suffrage votes to their side. But eventually their tactics failed, and the governor sent the required notification of the ratification to Washington, D.C. And so on August 26, 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution became law, and women could vote in the fall elections, including in the Presidential election.When did the United States Senate endorse the Amendment? What three states were the first states to ratify the 19th Amendment?Which state was the 36th state?Who is Harry Burn?Why did Burn vote for the Amendment?When did the 19th Amendment become law?The Day the Suffrage Battle Was WonBy?Jone Johnson Lewis, What region of the United States was first to give women suffrage?The roles of men and women in the 1800’s were very defined, why were men from these regions more apt to give women the right to vote than those states that refused to grant women the right to vote clear up until the passage of the 19th Amendment?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What practical needs would the early states have had to give women this right?FLAPPERS: Symbol of the new woman in appearance and action in the 1920’s. It was a revolution in morals, actions, and manners. IT GIRL - Has IT, sex appeal. Question: What has changed with women in the 20’s. Women have: A. Has choice. Vote B. Has money, jobs.C. Has access to educationD. Uses electric appliances - timeE. Has powerF. Is influenced by mass media and trends. Generalization: Based on the graphics of women, what about the traditional role of women were these women attacking in the 20’s? lefttop00VICTORIAN WOMEN AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY FLAPPERS OF THE 1920’SWatch clip from The Fabulous Flappers, . Describe the difference between the women of the Victorian era and the flappers of the 1920’s? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________According to Frederick Lewis Allen, what is one-way middle-class women’s lives changed in the 1920’s?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________"Don't expect us", she says to you, disconsolate male, "don't expect us to be like the old fashionedgirls who went to church, and did the laundry, and looked up to their husbands as to their God."*Understanding the Flapper (Vanity Fair, 1921) Italian novelist and lexicographer Alfredo Panzini How does this quote embody the essence of the 1920’s Flapper girl? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Red Scare and Vanzetti Case Summary. On April 15, 1920, F.A. Parmenter, a shoe factory paymaster, and guard Alessandro Berardelli were murdered in South Braintree, Massachusetts. The two men who fired the shots escaped in a waiting car with more than $15,000. Initially this appeared to be a local story only, not unlike similar incidents elsewhere in America during the often-lawless postwar years.Three weeks later, arrests were made and charges brought against two Italian immigrants — Nicola Sacco, a shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler. A prominent left-wing attorney, Fred H. Moore, was brought in to defend Sacco and Vanzetti in the South Braintree murders. The accused had no criminal records, but were known as outspoken anarchists, labor organizers and antiwar activists — activities viewed with great suspicion during the Red Scare era. Moore made the decision to have his clients freely admit their unpopular beliefs, in the hope that the trial would be perceived to hinge on their political convictions and not on the evidence. In so doing, the Sacco and Vanzetti case became a matter of national public attention.A trial was held in the summer of 1921 in a Massachusetts Superior Court. The accused readily admitted their radical beliefs, but denied any involvement in the crime and conducted themselves with dignity during the proceedings. Despite the presentation of corroborated testimony that Sacco was in Boston trying to arrange for a passport at the time of the murder, the jury rendered guilty verdicts for both. Sentencing, however, was put off until a later time and years of appeals and motions followed.In late 1925, a convicted bank robber, Celestino Madeiros, admitted to having participated in the murders, which provided the Sacco and Vanzetti backers with new hope. Other issues were raised, alleging improper actions by the police, perjury by witnesses and evidence of Boston gang ties to the crime. Appeals to the Massachusetts Supreme Court, however, were routinely turned down on the basis that only the presiding trial judge could reopen a case on the basis of new evidence. Judge Thayer was not inclined to do so.In April 1927, the long-delayed sentencing occurred and both men were given death sentences. The looming executions prompted huge demonstrations throughout the United States, and in Europe and Latin America. Despite these protests, Sacco and Vanzetti, proclaiming their innocence to the end, were electrocuted in Charlestown State Prison on August 23, 1927.The Sacco and Vanzetti case is still hotly debated in some circles today as a classic example of the tyranny of the establishment over the poor and politically non-conforming. It is generally agreed that a second trial should have been granted and that the refusal to do so was clearly unfair. In 1977, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis issued a proclamation asserting that Sacco and Vanzetti had been treated unjustly.Explain the events that took place on the evening of April 15, 1920. Who were accused of those events?Describe Sacco and Vanzetti. What were their beliefs? According to witnesses, where was Sacco on April 15? Why could he not have committed that crime? Surprisingly, in 1925, describe the new events regarding this case? Despite the new revelations in 1925, what was Sacco and Vanzetti’s sentence?Today, how do people see the Sacco and Vanzetti case? What happened in 1977? The Red Scare Definitions:*Communism: A political philosophy developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that espoused government ownership of the means of industrial production and the sharing of capital and resources. *1917- The year that Russia left the war and came under the control of a communist dictatorship. *Labor unions, strikes, and political extremism were strongly connected to industrial America. Most notably within the immigrant population that were the laborers. *Red Scare 1917-1919: Political activism on the heels of the communist revolution in the Soviet Union led to radical bombings, rallies, and actions within the United States. *Palmer Raids: U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer used the federal government to arrest, put on trial, and in many cases deport suspected radicals and political extremists. The jailing of thousands of suspected radicals prior to any illegal action prompted the saying “ship or shoot” with regards to suspected radical political activity. Sacco and Vanzetti Investigation 1920-1927Case Investigators. 1. Witness Name_______________________________________Describe where you were and who you were with on the date of the murders. What did you see exactly as you remember it? Is there any other information that might be valuable in this investigation? 2. Witness Name_______________________________________Describe where you were and who you were with on the date of the murders. What did you see exactly as you remember it? Is there any other information that might be valuable in this investigation? 3. Witness Name_______________________________________Describe where you were and who you were with on the date of the murders. What did you see exactly as you remember it? Is there any other information that might be valuable in this investigation? 4. Witness Name_______________________________________Describe where you were and who you were with on the date of the murders. What did you see exactly as you remember it? Is there any other information that might be valuable in this investigation?5. Witness Name_______________________________________Describe where you were and who you were with on the date of the murders. What did you see exactly as you remember it? Is there any other information that might be valuable in this investigation? 6. Witness Name_______________________________________Describe where you were and who you were with on the date of the murders. What did you see exactly as you remember it? Is there any other information that might be valuable in this investigation? 7. Witness Name_______________________________________Describe where you were and who you were with on the date of the murders. What did you see exactly as you remember it? Is there any other information that might be valuable in this investigation? 8. Witness Name_______________________________________Describe where you were and who you were with on the date of the murders. What did you see exactly as you remember it? Is there any other information that might be valuable in this investigation? 1. WITNESS TESTIMONY- JOHN SHAYI was working with Officer Bill Smith on the murder case of Mr. Parmenter and Mr. Berardelli on April 15, 1920. We were called around 3:20 p.m. after the shots were fired at the Slater and Merrill Shoe Factory in South Braintree Massachusetts. We rushed to the scene of the crime and found the bodies of both victims lying face down on the sidewalk outside of the factory. We questioned several witnesses including Mr. Bostock, a machinist at the factory, and we felt that we had several leads to follow in this case. The murder victims were carrying $15,776 in cash and according to witnesses there were several suspects including one driving a getaway car. As I was investigating I was shown three shell casings the Mr. Bostock had located in the vicinity of the bodies. The casings were sent to the lab, but I never heard the results of the tests because I was transferred to another assignment in the department. Three weeks later, I heard that Mr. Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested in connection with the murders. I know that both men were known radicals and they were both apprehended with .30 caliber handguns. When Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with murder I was surprised. I wondered what evidence they were basing these charges on as the eyewitnesses never got a clear look at the suspects because of the volume of firepower that was delivered at the scene of the crime. I was then contacted by the department and ask to testify that I found four bullet casings, one of which matched the gun belonging to Mr. Vanzetti. When I told them that I would only testify to the three that I found, they said that they had other witnesses who saw four casings and that it was their word against mine. That is frustrating because I clearly remember bagging three casings at the crime scene. 2. WITNESS- BARTOLOMEO VANZETTII have been friends with Niccola Sacco for two years. We are both Italian immigrants and we live in the same neighborhood and we have the same radical anti-government ideas about anarchy. I carry with me a .30 handgun for protection because I live in a rough neighborhood, but luckily I have never had to use it. Both Niccola and I decided it would be safer if we kept the guns in our possession. I am a fish monger, and I am an honest man who treats other people with respect. On the night of the murder at the shoe factory, I was selling fish from my cart with Vitto Castegnolo in Plymouth, Massachusetts, five miles away from South Braintree. It is over a two hour walk with the cart for me to get home and I was there from early in the afternoon until about 4:00 p.m., I guess. I then walked back to South Braintree to my apartment which is one block past the shoe factory. By the time I walk by, I never saw no police or anything indicating that a crime had taken place. I guess if I had taken the alley I might have seen something, but I didn’t. I had heard of the murders at the shoe factory that night and I thought, “Well that’s pretty normal for this neighborhood but it’s sad.” I was totally surprised when later Niccola and I were arrested as suspects in the case. So what if I had a loaded .30 caliber pistol and two hundred dollar bills on me. It’s still a free country, is it not? 3. WITNESS- NICCOLO SACCOI admit to being an anarchist, and I will always be an anarchist. Because of my political views, I carry a .30 caliber pistol for protection. But I would never fire unless I was fired upon first. I have never even fired my pistol, and I certainly did not kill Mr. Parmenter and Mr. Berardelli. I have been an honest shoe maker for many years at the Stoughton Shoe Factory and I never hurt no one. On the night of the murders, I went to the Italian consulate to inquire about getting a passport to visit my native Italy. I miss my family. I don’t remember when I was there exactly, but I know I was never near the shoe factory the whole afternoon. As I walked out of the consulate, after getting my paperwork for the passport, I saw my friend Enzo Marmentini. We talked about radical politics, the corruption of the government and other things. I think it must have been around 3:00 p.m. when I went back to my apartment which was three blocks from the scene of the murders. Nobody else saw me that night. When Bartolomeo Vanzetti and I were arrested, it came as a complete shock to both of us that we were being considered as suspects in the case. Bartolomeo and I have been friends for two years. This is a clear case of xenophobia and the officers who arrested us roughed us up and confiscated my pistol. I know that they think that I did it because of the bullet casings, but I was not the one who did it. 4. WITNESS: JAMES BOSTOCKI have been a machinist for the past ten years at the Slater and Merrill shoe factory. At a little before three in the afternoon I heard several shots fired. I peered out of a window and I saw the guard and the paymaster lying on the ground and two men standing over the victims gathering up the cash box. I didn’t get a good look at their faces. They were average height, average weight, nothing special or extraordinary about them. One of the men shouted to another in a car and to me it sounded like an Italian accent. There were more shots fired and then the screeching wheels of the getaway car that sped off down the alley. When I got outside I found the men dead and next to them were three .30 caliber bullet casings that I think came from a handgun. I served in the Army during the war so I recognized the type of shells. The police arrived, questioned me, and then I showed them the casings where they were and I told them I had not touched them and then I told them the full story about what happened. It is only obvious to you that if the police arrested Sacco and Vanzetti that they must be guilty. Both men are confessed anarchists who call themselves pacifists but they both carry deadly handguns. You heard about their anti-government propaganda. They probably used the money to finance the overthrow of the government. It is just the kind of thing people like that would actually do. 5. WITNESS- OFFICER BILL SMITHI have been an officer with the South Braintree Police Department for the past twenty years investigating homicide. On the evening of April 14, 1920, my partner, John Shay, and I were called to the Slater and Merrill Shoe Factory a little after 4:00 p.m. to investigate the double murder of Mr. Parmenter and Mr. Berardelli. Both men were dead at the scene. We questioned several witnesses, but Mr. Bostock, a machinist working in the factory at the time of the murders, described the most credible information. He also pointed out the four .30 bullet casings located near the bodies. We conducted a thorough search of the neighborhood and after three weeks we got an anonymous tip that two Italian anarchists, Mr. Sacco and Mr. Vanzetti were the suspects. We located the two men and apprehended them when they were trying to flee and we found them in possession of .30 caliber handguns. They were arrested and we sent their guns to be checked out at the department to make a ballistics identification of the murder weapon. The lab was able to match one of the casings to one of the guns (the one belonging to Mr. Sacco) and they were charged with first degree murder, a capital crime in the state of Massachusetts. This was one of the most cold-blooded murders I have ever investigated. My conclusion is that the anarchists did it, and the fact that there were no eye witnesses to the murder frustrates me to no end. I believe the Sacco and Vanzetti are guilty and that they are lying about their alibis, and that the evidence will convict them. 6. WITNESS- BOB DENIROI have worked at the Italian consulate in South Braintree for the past ten years. Four weeks after the famous Slater and Merrill murders I was taken down to the police station for questioning. From what I could tell they had almost the entire Italian neighborhood either behind bars or in front of officers trying to flush out the story. They asked me what I was doing on the afternoon of April 15, 1920 and I told them that many people, perhaps sixty, had filed through my office that day and into the evening. Most came for passport information, others about using the embassy to arrange for immigration of relatives and other routine requests. I was shown a line up at the police station but I see so many people, that they all just blur together. I couldn’t tell you if any of the men were there that day or not. Some of them I did recognize, including the one they call Sacco, but I can’t recall clearly if he was there that day or not. I wish I could be of more help, but all I can say is that I recognized the face, that’s all. 7. WITNESS- VITTO CASTEGNOLAI live in Plymouth Massachusetts and I am a fish vendor. I can state with absolute certainty that Mr. Bartolomeo Vanzetti and I were selling fish in Plymouth on the day of April 15, 1920. We were talking radical politics and doing our jobs. I remember that he wheeled his cart back home after 4:00 p.m. because the clock chimed when he left. I have known Bartolomeo for three years and he has never spoken of hurting or even thinking about hurting anyone. He is politically radical, but I think that his talk of revolution is just talk. He would never think of killing anyone, especially for money. The last time I saw him was 4:00 p.m. on the day of the murders. 8. WITNESS- CELESTINO MADEIROSI am currently serving a life sentence for the accidental death of a police officer at the Massachusetts State Penitentiary when I heard that Sacco and Vanzetti were on trial for the murders of Parmenter and Berardelli at the shoe factory. I couldn’t believe it, how stupid are the cops. Sacco and Vanzetti had nothing to do with it. I began to laugh at those idiots in the police departments and those poor Italians accused of this crime. I got nothing to lose, I am already in here for murder, but I gots to tell you that Sacco and Vanzetti didn’t do it. I was free at the time of the murder at the shoe Factory and what I have to say is that I was at the scene of the crime on April 14, 1920 with members of the Joe Morelli gang. Now I don’t want to name names, but I know who killed those men and it wasn’t Sacco and Vanzetti. I didn’t do it either, but the Joe Morelli gang ran that neighborhood, and if anything went down, well, let’s just say they probably had a hand in it. Sacco and Vanzetti need a break, they weren’t members of that gang. I feel sorry for them. I’m in here forever anyway and I can’t gain anything by telling this story. Sacco and Vanzetti are innocent. Short Answer:In your own words, describe your viewpoint of this case. What were the events that happened? Who were guilty and not guilty? Who were treated fair and not fair? Use evidence to support your answer from the above documents. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prohibition. The assertion of self-control over external vices. “All good things in moderation”. 18th AmendmentSection 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.Describe how can the Constitution be changed? What was made illegal by the 18th Amendment?Who will enforce this statute? What impact do you predict this will have on the nation? How to break the law (The 18th Amendment)*A doctor’s note allowed for legal prescriptions of alcohol. A huge black market filled this demand. *Wineries and breweries expanded production. They cranked out a non-alcoholic version and in some cases as in VineGlo (Dehydrated brick of wine) the instructions on the label said DO NOT do this, which explained the detailed steps to make homemade alcohol. *Stills could be bought at hardware stores and public libraries had step-by-step manuals to make homemade “BATHTUB GIN”. *A lucrative enterprise of tour boats in coastal waters brought customers out past the “three mile limit” into international waters where the law had no jurisdiction. *Last, illegal bars called speakeasies popped up all over the nation to satisfy the demand. *Consumption of alcohol went up during prohibition, as did the murder rate from competing gangs in organized crime. 5. In your own words, describe how could people break the law surround alcohol? Use evidence to support your answer. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Fact: The U.S. Department of Justice Report on Alcohol and Crime found that alcohol abuse was a factor in 40 percent of violent crimes committed in the U.S. At least one-half of all violent crimes involve alcohol consumption by the perpetrator, the victim, or both (Collins and Messerschmidt 1993).The Business of America is Business: A Conservative Decade 1920’s saw the return of Republican Presidents. Following WWI, the Republican party emerged as the more conservative party. Republican Decade.*Republican Party: Emerging as conservative in the 1920’s following years of liberal social and progressive activism after Civil War. *Conservative: Socially defensive of individual freedoms, economically sensitive to outside control or influence, and favorable of local political control. *Warren G. Harding: President who ran in 1920 promising to “Return to Normalcy.” Had no goals as president, just wanted to not be involved as his predecessors had been. Was known to use his poker buddies as advisors, followed a foreign policy of isolationism, disarmed the military, put quotas on immigration, became a member of the KKK, and allowed his friends to corrupt the government. Teapot Dome Scandal was created by Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, who took bribes to allow oil companies to drill on National Park land. *Calvin Coolidge: Goals were to re-establish respect and prestige for the office of president. Appointed honest government officials to run his administration. Kept the policy of laissez-faire (hands off) with relation to policy making and also to the economy. Was known as “Silent Cal” because of his terse speaking style. Continued policy of isolationism by supporting the Kellog-Briand Pact of 1928 that outlawed using the threat of war in foreign policy. *Herbert Hoover: A successful administrator of food aid to Europe during World War I and a self made millionaire, he entered the administrations of Harding and Coolidge and was a natural extension of Republican politics. He took over in 1929 at the height of the economic prosperity of the 20’s, only to see it crash within one year of his presidency. Warren HardingI'm leaving my home in Europe behind?Heading out for a new state of mind?New York town is calling to me?Dollar an hour from the company?Warren Gameliel Harding?Alone in the White House, watching the sun?Come up on the morning of 1921?I just want someone to talk to?To talk to?To talk to?I've got no shoes upon my feet?I've been all day with nothing to eat?It sure gets hard down here in the street?But I know where I'm going to be?Warren Gameliel Harding?Playing cards in a smoke-filled room?Winning and losing, filling the time?I just want someone to talk to?To talk to?To talk to?Don't go down to the docks tonight?The cops are nosing around for the site?We moved the booze just before daylight?They won't find it now, it'll be alright?Warren Gameliel Harding?In Alaska running out of days?Leaving the ladies, God moves in strange ways?I just want someone to talk to?To talk to?To talk to?Don't leave me here on such a lonely day...?Don't leave me here on such a lonely day...What does this song tell us about the success of the Harding presidency?What evidence is there from the lyrics to support this thinking? Herbert Hoover’s Rugged Individualism speech. Our people have the right to know whether we can continue to solve our great problems without abandonment of our American system. I know we can. We have demonstrated that our system is responsive enough to meet any new and intricate development in our economic and business life. We have demonstrated that we can maintain our democracy as master in its own house and that we can preserve equality of opportunity and individual freedom.?In the last fifty years we have discovered that mass production will produce articles for us at half the cost that obtained previously. We have seen the resultant growth of large units of production and distribution. This is big business. Business must be bigger for our tools are bigger, our country is bigger. We build a single dynamo of a hundred thousand horsepower. Even fifteen years ago that would have been a big business all by itself. Yet today advance in production requires that we set ten of these units together.?Our great problem is to make certain that while we maintain the fullest use of the large units of business yet that they shall be held subordinate to the public interest. The American people from bitter experience have a rightful fear that these great units might be used to dominate our industrial life and by illegal and unethical practices destroy equality of opportunity. Years ago the Republican Administration established the principle that such evils could be corrected by regulation. It developed methods by which abuses could be prevented and yet the full value of economic advance retained for the public. It insisted that when great public utilities were clothed with the security of part monopoly, whether it be railways, power plants, telephones or what not, then there must be the fullest and most complete control of rates, services, and finances by governmental agencies.These businesses must be conducted with glass pockets. In the development of our great production industry, the Republican Party insisted upon the enactment of a law that not only would maintain competition but would destroy conspiracies to dominate and limit the equality of opportunity amongst our people.?One of the great problems of government is to determine to what extent the Government itself shall interfere with commerce and industry and how much it shall leave to individual exertion. It is just as important that business keep out of government as that government keeps out of business. No system is perfect. We have had abuses in the conduct of business that every good citizen resents. But I insist that the results show our system better than any other and retain the essentials of freedom.In what does Herbert Hoover place his faith when it comes to the health of the American economy?What will control the market and the avarice of people in the business place? Do you agree or disagree with his position? Why? Are you able to cite a contemporary example to use as evidence to justify your claim?Intolerance19191925KKK Membership 200,000 4,000,000 Source Analysis: Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and the Red Scare. Certainly the United States experienced such a fear, the Red Scare that accompanied the postwar wave of strikes and of bombings.?Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer?warned of potential Bolshevik plots to overthrow the government. In a 1920 article in?The Forum?magazine, he wrote:“My information showed that communism in this country was an organization of thousands of aliens who were direct allies of Trotzky. Aliens of the same misshapen caste of mind and indecencies of character, and it showed that they were making the same glittering promises of lawlessness, of criminal autocracy to Americans, that they had made to the Russian peasants. How the Department of Justice discovered upwards of 60,000 of these organized agitators of the Trotzky doctrine in the United States is the confidential information upon which the Government is now sweeping the nation clean of such alien filth. . . .”Cartoon Analysis: The Red Scare. What is the fear of communism associated with? Was there legitimacy to the fear America experienced in the 20’s?PROPAGANDAThe Birth of a Nation: The Hollywood Movie and the Klan RennaissanceThe inspired, driven, and technically advanced film,?Birth of a Nation?(1915), also is a study in unvarnished racism at the beginning of the 20th century.Southerner and director?D.W. Griffith's three-hour work was inspired by his personal background. He was the son of a Confederate cavalry officer who came home seared by war to face Reconstruction — the veteran blamed the latter and southern?blacks' rise to power for his disgraced denouement.The film's simple plot is based on?The Clansman, written by Thomas Dixon. Two friendly families end up on opposite sides in the Civil War. The Stonemans, whose patriarch is politician Austin Stoneman, live in the north, while the Camerons, headed by "Little Colonel" Ben Cameron, reside in the south. The war inflicts a disastrous impact on each family. Reconstruction dominates the storyline from then on. Stoneman, who has become a carpetbagger, moves south with his kin, and then becomes obsessed with his mulatto housekeeper. In addition, he engineers the political rise of Silas Lynch, another mulatto. Meanwhile, Cameron looks on as blacks assume control of the state legislature; bedevil his daughter and other whites. "Little Colonel" seeks revenge by instituting the Ku Klux Klan to struggle against those who would obliterate his world.President?Woodrow Wilson, at one point, a?Princeton?professor of political science, watched the film in the White House. Likely reflecting his Southern background, he pronounced it historically accurate — "history writ with lightning." Numerous whites concluded it was an authentic reflection of race and politics at the time. Further, the ranks of a rejuvenated Ku Klux Klan began to swell.The film's release aroused the chagrin and ire of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and other groups. Whether it should be shown in New York was the subject of an acrid debate among the National Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures; this was provoked by?W.E.B. DuBois' caustic comments in the?NAACP?magazine,?The Crisis. Many historians attribute severe nationwide race riots of the period to the film's inflammatory core.The movie, The Birth of the Nation, is a case study in what?Describe the director D.W. Griffith’s past? What is the movie, The Birth of the Nation, all about? Summarize in your own words. During the release of this movie, what was occurring with the membership of the KKK?Many historians debate the effects of this movie; what do they say those effects are? Document Analysis: The Creed of KlanswomenWhat is the most important factor to improve American society according to this document? What is ironic about the choices of words in the second stanza? What is the double standard exhibited in the third stanza?Consumerism: An economy based on the consumption of consumer goods that exists only with the manufacture, marketing, sale, and purchase of new items. How did companies Advertise to potential customers? 1. Image: Advertising that connotes a connection of a product to an increase in personal status. 2. Look: A fad, style, or trend that is picked up by marketers to enhance the sales of a product, good, or service. 3. Song: The use of a popular song to attach an emotional link to a product. 4. Jingle: A song and lyrics created just for the sale of a product. 5. Story: A testimonial, usually starring a prominent public figure, to enhance the connection of a product with the sale. 6. Guilt: Working on negative emotions to enhance choices in the market.Question: In your own words, describe the ways advertising changed in the 1920’s? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Advertising of the 1920’s. Thumbnail sketch of Advertisement.Product Name:Caption Used by Advertiser:Method(s) used by advertiser to sell the product. Advertising of the 1920’s. Thumbnail sketch of Advertisement.Product Name:Caption Used by Advertiser:Method(s) used by advertiser to sell the product. Advertising of the 1920’s. Thumbnail sketch of Advertisement.Product Name:Caption Used by Advertiser:Method(s) used by advertiser to sell the product. Advertising of the 1920’s. Thumbnail sketch of Advertisement.Product Name:Caption Used by Advertiser:Method(s) used by advertiser to sell the product. Advertising of the 1920’s. Thumbnail sketch of Advertisement.Product Name:Caption Used by Advertiser:Method(s) used by advertiser to sell the product. Advertising of the 1920’s. Thumbnail sketch of Advertisement.Product Name:Caption Used by Advertiser:Method(s) used by advertiser to sell the product. How has consumerism changed American culture?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________INFLUENZA 1918 March 1918, eleven months had passed since the United States entered World War I. In addition to fighting off the Central Powers in Europe, the United States now faced an infectious disease in the Spanish Flu that claimed roughly 550,000 American lives -- more lives than were lost in combat during World War I.The Spanish Influenza played a significant role during WWI. The Spanish flu was a pandemic that claimed the lives of both civilians and soldiers alike. The emphasis in 1918 was on the Great War. There was no clear federal response to the Spanish flu, instead local and state governments made their own public health decisions through local public health departments. In New York City, Dr. Royal S. Copeland was the city's health commissioner and charged with the task of informing New Yorkers how to prevent the spread of the Spanish flu. At the same time, Dr. Copeland "had to keep up the morale of the city for the war effort, not look weak before the enemy and yet somehow protect New Yorkers from the Spanish flu." (In 1918, Cool Head Prevailed by Dominus.) As a result of the public playing their role in World War I (conservation of materials), the public was more receptive to the restrictions put in place by local health departments -- for example, no spitting. Abiding by the rules put in place by the local health departments was a manner in assisting the war effort. At the same time, the public's patriotism also created spikes in the prevalence of the Spanish flu -- for example, Philadelphia was hit hard in the month of October after a Liberty Bond Parade in late September of 1918.While searching through the sites on the Spanish Flu, make a list of what factors you think might have contributed to the spread of disease in 1918. Jot down all the specific activities that contributed to the rapid spread of the disease. Also, note efforts by local or national officials to slow the spread of the illness and when these occurred. You may use the follow websites plus others you research. Factors Efforts to Slow IllnessWhat was the war that was being fought when the Spanish Flu pandemic began?Where did the Spanish Flu begin?The recently released "National Standards for United States History" published by the National Center for History in the Schools does not include any mention of the 1918 flu epidemic. Why do students think Americans have not retained this incident in their collective memory?What do you think the impact of it was on those who lived through it?How much do you think the euphoria surrounding the Armistice overshadowed the experience of the epidemic?Is it an important incident to study? Why or why not?Where do scientists think that the 1918 virus originated? What evidence supports this?How did the illness get the nickname Spanish Flu?How did WW I contribute to the spreading of this flu?In mid- October 1918, New York City experienced the greatest number of deaths from the flu in one day. How many deaths were recorded on this day?What age groups suffered the most at the hands of the Spanish Flu?What is the current explanation of why this flu attacked mostly the young and healthy?How man people were have estimated to die in Massachusetts?What do scientists know now that they didn't know in 1918?What evidence did scientists use to find and identify the virus from 1918?What are the arguments, both pro and con, for a flu pandemic occurring again soon?Tulsa Race Riot in the following address: about the Tulsa Race Riot and answer the following questions, please use complete sentences as needed.What were the dates of the Tulsa Race Riot? About how many hours did the riot last? How many African American businesses and homes were destroyed in Tulsa, Oklahoma?The number of people murdered/killed is still disputed, according to the website approximately how many people were killed? List two causes of national racial tension in the 1920s.About how many total people lived in Tulsa in 1921?How many African Americans lived in Tulsa? What was the name of their segregated community?What did a white mob do in Tulsa in August of 1920?Who was Dick Rowland? Who was Sarah Page? What probably happened in the elevator? What did the Tulsa newspaper say that Rowland was being charged with at the courthouse?What was the title of one of the newspaper’s editorials? What did the white mob demand at the courthouse? What did the local sheriff decide to do with Rowland?How did some African Americans from Greenwood decide to help Rowland?Where did the white mob go to get weapons? Were they successful?Explain the rumor that caused the riot, and what event caused the first shot to be fired?Explain some of the events that happened during the first six hours of the riot.How did the Tulsa police respond to the riots?Where was the National Guard deployed during the night of the riots?What happened during the early morning hours of June 1, 1921? What happened to most of the African American community of Greenwood during the riots?Was Dick Rowland found guilty of any crimes?Who was blamed for the riot? Were any white rioters charged with any crimes? What did thousands of Greenwood’s African Americans live in during the winter of 1920-1921?Was the Tulsa race riot of 1921 preventable or unavoidable because of the racial tension across the United States in the early 1900s? Explain! Duluth Lynching 1920, Duluth is home to a small black community. It is a period of heightened racial conflict across the country.Background Located along the shores of Lake Superior in northeast Minnesota, Duluth is a harbor city with an industrial past. In its early stages, it grew rapidly, taking advantage of the abundance of valuable iron and timber in the region. These resources, along with its location on one of the Great Lakes and transcontinental railway connections, quickly made Duluth a nationally important center for shipping and manufacturing.In 1920, Duluth was on the rise. From 1900 to 1920 the population of Duluth nearly doubled, growing to 100,000 residents. Thirty percent were foreign born; Scandinavians, Poles, Italians, Finns, Slavs, Germans, Russians and other Europeans came to Duluth in large numbers, finding work in factories, shipyards, and railroads. Many of these immigrants settled in West Duluth, a working class neighborhood.Duluth’s black community in 1920 numbered only 495. While a few blacks held prominent positions in the city, most found jobs as porters, waiters, janitors, and factory workers. The United States Steel Corporation actively recruited black laborers from southern states, and by 1920 a significant portion of the city’s blacks were employed at the U.S. Steel plant.Despite living in the far reaches of the north, blacks in Duluth endured similar treatment as those in the rest of the country. Certain restaurants did not serve blacks. A downtown movie theater forced blacks to sit in the balcony. Blacks working for U.S. Steel were paid less and excluded from living in Morgan Park, an idyllic “model city” specially built for U.S. Steel workers. Many settled in nearby Gary, a poor neighborhood with substandard housing.In 1920 America was in the midst of a violent period of racial conflict. Discrimination and violence greeted southern blacks as they migrated to northern cities in large numbers, seeking jobs. Paid less and sometimes used as strikebreakers, blacks were often seen by white and immigrant communities as threats to their livelihood.Just one year before the Duluth incident, a rash of lynching’s and race rioting erupted in twenty-five cities throughout the country, including the Midwestern cities of Omaha and Chicago. Named the “Red Summer” of 1919, fifteen whites and twenty-three blacks were killed in the Chicago riots alone.? From 1889 to 1918 at least 3,224 people were lynched nationwide, 79 percent of them were black.The events in Duluth shocked many, but lynching was hardly new to the north. From 1889 to 1918, at least 219 people were lynched in northern states. There have been at least twenty lynching deaths in Minnesota history. Of this number, the only black victims were the three men killed in Duluth on June 15, 1920.Directions: Use the following webpage to conduct your research and answer the following questions. the Chronology of Events click on “Background”How did Duluth’s location make it a nationally important center for shipping and manufacturing?About how many people lived in Duluth by 1920? What percent of the city’s population was foreign born?How big was Duluth’s African American population in 1920?How were African Americans civil liberties restricted in Duluth? Was it similar to how African Americans were treated in other parts of America?Why did white and immigrant communities see African Americans as a threat during this time period?What happened across America during the summer of 1919?From 1889 to 1918 about how many people were lynched nationwide? What percent of these victims was African American? Click on “The Lynching’s” 8. What brought Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie to Duluth, Minnesota?What crime were the six African Americans accused of?About how big did the mob grow to outside of the Duluth city jail?How did the mob break into the Duluth city jail? Why did the police not open fire on the mob?What did the mob in Duluth do to Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie?Who was ordered into Duluth to restore order and protect the surviving prisoners?How did the Minneapolis Journal view the lynching?How did the Mankato Free Press view the lynching?Click on “Legal Proceedings” Read the page on “Indicting the Mob and Indictments for Rape”Explain your opinion on the legal outcome of the trials in Duluth?Did any of people convicted of rioting serve out their full sentence in jail? What happened to Max Mason appeal to the Minnesota Supreme Court? How long was Max Mason sentenced to prison? After how many years was he released? Make sure to read "Incarcerations" section to answer the question.Examine the timeline of the Duluth Lynching and pictures that goes with it at 2 paragraphs, write down the events that happened in Duluth, MN and write down any feelings or thoughts after examining the timeline. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ................
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