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332105030162500left33595100APUSH | Wiley | Period 1 Note Guide, D___Name:37599587648Analysis of Cherokee legend:Analysis of Cherokee legend:Part I: The “First Americans”Important DisclaimersHistorians make estimations regarding prehistoric (the time before written history) and ________________________ dates (the Americas, prior to 1492) with the aid of archeologists and scientistsTheir estimations may ______________________________________________Many dates and figures for the Pre-Columbian sections of this mix are approximations and/or are far-ranging to account for any ____________________________________________Beringian MigrationHistorians and archaeologists believe the first people migrated to the new world many millennia ago—as far back as ________________________ years ago Migrated across a land mass between Asia and North America called ________________________Why the First Americans CameTheory: They came—accidentally?—from ________________________, pursuing abundant herds of large animalsBrought skills, weapons, tools, and other forms of human knowledge/expertise developed in Africa, Europe, and Asiaright317500The Age of the First AmericansHomo sapiens are ________________________ to the Americas (arriving as far back as 30,000 years ago)Humans lived elsewhere for thousands of years before arrival in the Western HemisphereNorth and South America was separated from other continents, while Europe and Asia retained land connections to Africa migrations were possible and frequentClimate & MigrationMigration to the Western Hemisphere occurred because:Humans adapted to the cold environment in places like Siberiaright2034500Climactic changes ________________________ North America and Asia The exposed sea floor was ________________________ with food, leading those humans in frigid environments to hunt in these unchartered areas15,000-30,000 Years Ago: Clovis CultureEarly migrants spread quickly throughout the Americas, which shared a similar climate (unlike today)The first Americans shared a ________________________ culture (until about ________________________ years ago) that historians call “Clovis Culture”Similarly shaped arrowheads, called Clovis points, were used for hunting all throughout the Americas (see picture, below, right)Indicates that these first Americans had a relatively uniform cultureRegional Adaptation & Variation48759373208100About 15,000 years ago, the uniformity of “Clovis Culture” gave way to regional adaptation and variation________________________ vast varieties of climates, rainfall levels, temperatures, and wind patterns Big game became extinct, forcing peoples in diverging climates to find new sources of foodOver time, the peoples of the Americas adapted to the different regions, developing a vast ___________________________________________399986582550The giant mammoths pictured here were adapted to the Ice Age climate. As the climate continued to warm, the melting glaciers caused lakes, rivers, and wetlands to form, but as warming continued, these waters dried up, causing a shortage of mammoth food—tall lush grasses. By about 10,000 years ago, the huge mammals, like mammoths, had become extinct.0The giant mammoths pictured here were adapted to the Ice Age climate. As the climate continued to warm, the melting glaciers caused lakes, rivers, and wetlands to form, but as warming continued, these waters dried up, causing a shortage of mammoth food—tall lush grasses. By about 10,000 years ago, the huge mammals, like mammoths, had become extinct.327546-1066421003625850000Regional Adaptation & VariationAt the time of Europe’s contact with the Americas (circa 1500), native peoples:Represented over __________ separate culturesSpoke ________ different languagesLived in different environments Diversity would ________________________ opposition to colonization efforts When Europe talked about the “Indians,” they misunderstood their variationReview:?What was different about Clovis Culture and Post-Clovis Culture?right127000North American PopulationNative peoples numbered 6-20 million in North AmericaExtremely ___________ population density (helps to explain lack of “civilizations”)48629452426591Distinctive Native American peoples resided throughout the area that, centuries later, would become the U.S. This map indicates approximate location of some of the larger tribes, circa 1500.00Distinctive Native American peoples resided throughout the area that, centuries later, would become the U.S. This map indicates approximate location of some of the larger tribes, circa 1500.Choose one group referenced in the map that you are unfamiliar with and conduct research on their history, culture, etc. Use at least one credible source (sample Google search = Pueblo site:edu OR Pueblo site:org) and take bulleted notes below.Post-Clovis Cultures by Region4687570952500MesoamericaComplex farming cultures in parts of Mexico + Central America prior to Spanish conquest in the 16th century Characterized by _______________________________________________, monuments + cities, intellectual accomplishments (math, astronomy, hieroglyphic writing), advanced irrigation systemsCultivation of successful food plants like maize (corn) gave rise to permanent village farming life high population density rudiments of civilization emerged Examples: _______________________________________352742511239500Cultures of North America_______________________________________________, due to lower population density + geographic factorsSome large/complex societies in North America had largely disappeared by the 15th century arrival of Europeans; we still don’t know whyThe American Southwest Current-day Arizona and New Mexico; southern portions of Utah and ColoradoAs in Mesoamerica, the spread of maize (corn) cultivation supported economic developmentDry climate + unpredictable fluctuations in rainfall became ______________________________________Examples: __________________________ (pictured below), HopiMany sophisticated settlements disappeared in about 1250 due to unfavorable weather declining populationsGreat Basin and PlainsResponded to the aridity (dry climate) by developing ____________________________________________________________; lived in small groupingsSome farming communities by riversExamples: Pawnee, Comancheright1429800Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, Atlantic Seaboard_______________________________________________________Permanent villages Imported agriculture/pottery from Mexico through trade/migrationBegan cultivating tobacco, corn + making ceramic potsAround Great Lakes + northern New England, cool summers + severe winters made agriculture impractical, so tribes focused on _______________________________ Northwest and Present-day CaliforniaPacific coast, from ______________________________: permanent homes with a rich diet from the land/seaCA was most densely settled area in North AmericaNorthwest: sophisticated woodworking skills; built impressive canoes + totem poles High _________________________________________________________________right635000Central & South American PopulationThe vast ________________________ of the estimated _____ million indigenous peoples across the Americas in 1500, lived in Central and South AmericaTremendous group diversity (like North America)The Aztec (or Mexica), of central Mexico, continues to stand out as the most “note-worthy” indigenous group (1100-1500 AD)Based on pages 2-4: Historians often argue that “geography is destiny.” How was this the case for some of the “first Americans”? How did the geographic facts help determine the ways in which they lived? Provide specific examples.Later MigrationsLater waves of migrations occurred after the “First Americans”When Beringia was submerged, replaced by the ________________________, a 2nd movement of peoples, traveling by water across the Strait, came to the Americas about 8,000 years ago (ancestors of Navajos + Apaches)A 3rd wave occurred 5,000 years ago; Aleut and ________________________ peoples (“Eskimos”)right15811500Video: Inuit Imagery from Greenlandleft21151850039281102524091The Inuit are the aboriginal inhabitants of the North American Arctic; they live in Arctic Canada, northern Alaska, and Greenland. Close relatives live in Russia. They are united by a common cultural heritage and language. Until recently, outsiders called the Inuit “Eskimo,” but they prefer to be called “Inuit,” meaning simply “people.” There are about 40,000 in Canada today.00The Inuit are the aboriginal inhabitants of the North American Arctic; they live in Arctic Canada, northern Alaska, and Greenland. Close relatives live in Russia. They are united by a common cultural heritage and language. Until recently, outsiders called the Inuit “Eskimo,” but they prefer to be called “Inuit,” meaning simply “people.” There are about 40,000 in Canada today. right000Color code or clearly distinguish the sections identified on the map.Appropriate GeneralizationsMany groups had expansive ________________________ networks; carried valuable goods hundreds, even thousands of miles: food and raw materials, ritual artifacts, decorative goods/art; trade in war captivesLike Europe, groups fought one another over resources and territory, and some groups had slaves; most show evidence of ________________________ (both status and gender); had similar notions of masculinity and femininity, along with privilege for those with more power, ________________________ the primitive communism that is often portrayed Most were ________________________ who believed that the natural world was suffused with spiritual powerMost had a ________________________ spiritual appreciation for the environment than their European counterparts Animism Generalizations _____________________________________ to plants, inanimate objects, + natural phenomenaA belief in a supernatural power that organizes + animates the universe (Creator or Master Spirit)Belief in immortality of human soul + an afterliferight5207000Material + spiritual as unified realmCalled upon ___________________________ (priests/holy men) for supernatural guidanceWhat components of animism can be found in the lyrics/imagery from Colors of the Wind? Big IdeaInstead of saying Europeans discovered a “New World,” it’s more accurate to say ________________________________________________________________________________________________________It was certainly a “New World” to Europeans, but it was inhabited by peoples who had lived there for thousands of yearsVideo: “How Hollywood Stereotyped Native Americans”Record notes below:6070602032000357031162600Part II: The Rise of EuropeEurope in 1450 (Appropriate Generalizations)Because of the rapid pace in which Spain conquered Central and South America (circa 1490s-1500s), followed by Britain (and others) in North America, it’s often ____________________ that European domination of the Americas was expected/inevitableBUT, historians say “In 1450, _________________ would have predicted that Europeans would soon become overlords of the Western Hemisphere.”Europe was a patchwork of kingdoms_______________________________, powerful empiresAgricultural society made up of mostly peasants, _________________________________, and often sicknessEconomies were shrinkingEurope* in the millennium before contact with the Americas was the “____________________ fringe of the civilized world” (!!!)See previous slide + Europe was cut off from the rest of the world; the key source of wealth and learning—the Mediterranean—was ____________________________________Islamic civilization dominated trade and scholarship, having preserved ancient learning from the Greeks and Romans; made major advancements in science, medicine, and math*exception: several Italian city-states 5131350-1900A Changing EuropeFrom about 1250-1450 several Italian ___________________ pushed into the Arab dominated tradeWealthy Italian merchants started carrying luxuries of Asia (including the Middle East) into European markets, along with scholarshipContact with the Islamic world provided scholars in Europe with ___________________________________________________________ that would prompt the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, and the Age of ExplorationWould take _______________ for the ideas in Italy to spread Northern and Western EuropeVideo: 2009 Speech by President ObamaWhat innovations/contributions from the Muslim world does Obama mention when discussing the role of Islamic civilization in Europe’s Renaissance and Enlightenment?Utilize a concept from the summer reading assignment (Dr. Loewen’s Lies My Teacher Told Me) and speculate as to why some Americans have difficulty accepting the ideas presented in the video as historical fact, although historians do not dispute anything that was said. Review: Why do historians agree that circa 1450, Europe could be characterized as the “barbarian fringe of the civilized world”? What factors led to a change in this characterization?A Changing Europe (1450 and beyond) As the Renaissance spread north and west, Europe dramatically changedTrade and the associated increase in knowledge/literacy ____________________ monarchs _________________________ power and seek to surpass the Arab world monarchs build up armies/naviesAge of ____________________________ and Colonization was right around the corner3820160118110571500198120right17800Image: A caravel, developed by naval experts at Henry the Navigator’s institute in Portugal. To the traditional Mediterranean ship a “lateen” sail (an Arab innovation) was added, which permitted much greater maneuverability. Other Asian improvements, such as the stern-post rudder and multiple masting, allowed caravels to travel farther and faster, and made possible the invasion of America.Economic Motives for ExplorationAppetite for foreign trade goods Desire for new trade routes with EastMonarchs, recently strengthened, saw many reasons to _____________________ exploration: more subjects, taxes, soldiers, commerce, prestige, etc.Both monarchs and explorers were incentivized by dreams of ______________________________“Gold is the most excellent; gold constitutes treasure; and he who has it does all he wants in the world, and can even lift souls up to _____________________.” – Columbus Religious Motive for ExplorationReligious zeal + desire to _____________________________Less important than economic motive, but still played a role, particularly for _____________________Role of TechnologyTechnological developments ____________________________ exploration and spread news of discoveryCompass, astrolabe and quadrant (devices for determining latitude), hourglass (which allowed calculation of elapsed time, useful in estimating speed), caravel, printing pressThe ________________________________________ is to believe that Europe invented navigation in the 1400s, but this is untrue; historians today emphasize role of __________________________________ innovationsColor-code (or appropriately label) the map, which highlights North American holdings among Europeans, circa 1700. (more on similarities and differences between these empires will come in Period 2)right1270000The Pacing of ColonizationCountryWhenWherePortugalSpainBritainFranceNative Americans & Europeans ComparedDifferencesSimilaritiesEurope had large domesticated animals to aid them in agricultural pursuits (horses, cows, oxen)Europe was unified religiously under the Roman Catholic Church Europe was widely feudal, while only some Native American tribes had feudal characteristics Native Americans had greater appreciation for their environment than their European counterparts Many Native Americans rejected the idea of “property ownership”Once Christianity spread in Europe, European Christians were different from Native Americans in their view that there was a gulf between the spiritual (God, angels, saints) + humansFragmented politically, though by 1500, Natives Americans were more divided since European monarchs had consolidated powerViolence w/surrounding countries/tribesAdvanced forms of art/customs Patriarchal societies, though Europe was more patriarchal on averageCut off from the world (up until about 1450 for Europe)Animistic, until Christianity started spreading across Europe (once Constantine converted)General religious similarities: belief in creation myth, venerated a Creator God, dreaded a malicious deity, + looked forward to soul’s immortality in afterlifeWhat difference seems the most significant? Why?What similarity was most shocking or note-worthy? Why?Part III: Worlds CollideBackground on ColumbusColumbus is a monumental figure; his actions had earthshaking consequences for the entire world, particularly the Americas, Europe, and _____________________Born in Italy, but later financed by ______________________Married a Portuguese woman with ties to Prince Henry the Navigator, which gave him _____________________ to knowledge that would make his voyages possibleBelieved the world was a ___________________________ (not flat, like the ____________ so many of you learned as kids), but—unlike many of his contemporaries—thought it was possible to reach the East Indies by sailing west from Europe to AsiaConvinced the Spanish monarchs to finance his ambitious voyage; their objectives were _________________________________right3683000Columbus’s VoyageAt the start of the voyage, Columbus was primarily interested in opening a new route to the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic; was also interested in satisfying the Spanish monarchs’ __________________________________After just a few months, Columbus landed in the Caribbean, believing he was in the Indies, near the __________________ mainlandExplains why he called the native ___________________ people “Indians”Explored Hispaniola (Haiti + Dominican Republic) and Cuba, initiating the “Invasion of America” left34336000Taíno SubjugationAfter months of exploration and subjugation, Columbus returned home with kidnapped Taínos Reported on the riches of the islands and told the monarchs, “Should your majesties command it, all the inhabitants could be ___________________________________.”Monarchs then financed a larger voyage for colonization purposes Spanish used unrestrained violence to subjugate the native peoples The Taíno numbered 300,000 in 1492; by the 1520s they had effectively been eliminated as a people through _________________________________________________Naming AmericaWhen Columbus died (1506), he—like many of his contemporaries—was still convinced he had voyaged to ______________________________________________________________, an Italian explorer, disagreed; he was the first to call the Americas a “New World”Geographers honored him by calling the “New World,” AmericaColumbus Historiography & LegacyLike ___________________, Columbus has been used to divide history (BC and AD | “pre-Columbian” America (pre-1492))________________________________________narratives, steeped in notions of racial superiority, have been kind to him until recent decadesToday, historians describe his significance in terms of _________________________________________________ between 2 old worlds, dramatically altering life—in good and bad ways—for millions, on 3 different continentsUsed to be said he was responsible for the eventual formation of the U.S. (and should thus be celebrated); now skeptics point out the ____________________ in between his voyages and the Declaration of IndependenceUse the evidence from the notes, as well as the summer reading packet, to argue for several changes to the front or back of this popular children’s book.From the Indies to the AztecsAfter the “destruction of the Indies,” the Spanish looked ________________Went to war with the Aztecs in 1519 and conquered them within 2 yearsWhile superior arms played a role, more important were the _________________________________________ made to defeat the EmpireThis use of allies would be copied by other European powersThe Spanish plundered Aztec society, making Spain the ___________________________ country in Europe The Encomienda SystemFrom 1500-1650, about _______________________ Spaniards migrated to the Americas The method of colonization was the encomienda systemFeudal in nature; ______________________________ ruled their area with great autonomy over the natives, so long as wealth was being produced _________________________________ and depopulation of the Caribbean Native slaves were mostly depleted, which led to a shift to African slavery“Frontier of Inclusion”Spaniards incorporated native population through intermarriage due to:_____________________ of Spanish women_____________________ for native women; descendants could escape the encomienda Over time, created a racially-mixed caste cultureMestizo: Spanish-Native AmericanMulatto: Spanish-AfricanMoral Dimension 4796790762000Spanish conquest of the Americas was not praised by all EuropeansPriests were the first opponents to Spanish colonization in the Americas ___________________________ The Destruction of the Indies (1552) was ___________________________ throughout Europe and led to widespread condemnation of Spanish methods in the “New World”Other empires (as we’ll see in Period 2) would use similar tactics, highlighting _____________________________ and the notion that it’s easier to see other countries’ weaknesses61415-2440600European Benefits from the Columbian Exchange New items brought to Europe:Turkeys, maize (corn), potatoes, plants w/medicinal advantages, tomatoesNew crops stimulated European population growth emigration to AmericasExploitation of Americas transformed Europe, enriching many nationsGold, silver, cash cropsrise of capitalism (away from feudalism) Industrial Revolution Impact of Columbian Exchange on Native AmericansNew items from Europe:Horses, goats, chickens, coffee, lettuce, wheatBubonic plague, cholera, scarlet fever, smallpoxPerhaps 50% or more natives died as a resultForced Catholic conversionsNatives often added Catholicism into longstanding traditional ceremonies + beliefs, blending faiths (“religious syncretism”)What do you see as the most significant benefit of the Columbian Exchange for Europeans?What do you see as the most significant impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native Americans?Interactions/ReactionsInteractions between Europeans + natives, as well as reactions each group had about the other, varied widely Europeans didn’t have to fear unified response from natives; they saw themselves as distinct, which made conquest much _______________________ for EuropeansAt times, interactions between the groups were constructive, due to ____________________________________Natives sometimes allied with European powers as a tool for survivalOthers migrated away from encroaching settlersNatives adapted European material goods while attempting to preserve cultural autonomyEuropeans developed a belief in their own superiority; that _______________________________________________________right1524000Timeline Overview—Interactions Between Natives & Non-Natives___________________: Some instances of cooperation, many instances of war/conquest by Europeans; several cases of genocide as defined by UNTreaty-making frequently used to force natives off landTreaty violations by colonies / U.S. government are frequent___________________: Heightened conflict/warfare, as U.S. expands under the banner of Manifest Destiny; several cases of genocide as defined by UNAll natives forced into prisoner of war camps (“reservations”), sometimes through ethnic cleansingU.S. gov. fails to meet its obligations to provide food/suppliesSeveral massacres of men, women, + children___________________: periods of forced assimilation; deterioration of many (but not all) native societies Boarding schoolsProhibiting native religions, traditions, etc.Opening of citizenshipWhat questions and/or reactions do you have with regards to the timeline overview?African Slave TradeNew Spain transitioned from indigenous slavery to African slavery once the indigenous population became ____________________Worked with African groups in _____________________________ to recruit slave labor (about 250,000-300,000 from 1500-1650)In spite of the horrors of slavery, Africans in New Spain and other parts of the “New World” created resilient slave societiescenter1841500 ................
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