University of Minnesota



Anthropology 4616 Culture and Personality

Final Exam

13 May 2008

Answer SIX (only 6) of the following questions. Keep in mind that there is more than one approach you can take in answering these questions. Each question is worth up to100 points and counts about 5% of the final course grade.

Follow these guidelines:

( Organize your answer before you begin.

( Be sure to state:

1. What or who something is

2. Where it occurred or is located (if appropriate)

3. How something works or functions

4. Why it is important

5. When it occurred

( State YOUR position or approach clearly.

( Cite specific examples or references to support your statements.

( Mention problem areas or other relevant materials which you would like to consider further in a more thorough statement. That is, when you're finished with your answer, what major questions are still left unanswered?

( Summarize your argument or discussion.

( Wherever appropriate use materials from more than one region of the world.

( Remember that each of your responses should have a beginning, a middle, and an end.

Note: Do not discuss any topic at length in more than one question.

01.

02.

03.

04.

05.

06.

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

01. Current Affairs / Chapter 10: "Intercultural Relations in a Shrinking World"

Yesterday (Monday, 18 December 2006) BBCNews reported on Google’s most-searched for terms of 2006: “Social networks top Google search -- Social networks Bebo and MySpace were the two most searched for terms of 2006 using Google's search engine.” Other 2006 search trends were noted in the BBCNews article:

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Social networks top Google search

Social networks Bebo and MySpace were the two most searched for terms of 2006 using Google's search engine.

The two rival sites allow users to create individual web pages, with photos, music and video.

The football World Cup was the third most searched for term while Paris Hilton topped the news searches.

The top 10 searches were dominated by web 2.0 developments, such as video site Metacafe, music streaming service Radioblog and encyclopaedia Wikipedia.

The word video was the seventh most searched for term of 2006, reflecting the growth in services such as YouTube and MetaCafe, and offerings from Google, Yahoo and MSN.

TOP 10 GOOGLE SEARCHES 2006

1. Bebo

2. MySpace

3. World Cup

4. Metacafe

5. Radioblog

6. Wikipedia

7. Video

8. Rebelde

9. Mininova

10. Wiki

Mexican soap opera Rebelde was the eighth most searched for term on Google over the last 12 months, a sign of the importance of the Spanish language on the net.

Rebelde ended its run on television in June but the actors in the soap opera have formed a popular band, called RBD, which keeps interest in the soap opera alive.

The top news searches of 2006 were dominated by celebrity, illness, tragedy and the bizarre.

Orlando Bloom was the second most searched for item on Google News, followed by cancer, podcasting, hurricane Katrina and bankruptcy.

Google was asked a lot of questions in 2006 and the most popular "Who is....?" question was about Borat, the TV and film character created by Sacha Baron Cohen.

Surfers also asked lots of questions about Hezbollah and different types of drugs, from Acyclovir to Xanax.

In the "How to" section, people most wanted to learn how they could refinance, set up a wiki page, drift, podcast, scream and levitate.

In the battle of the celebrity weddings, Nicole Kidman's marriage to singer Keith Urban was searched for more often than Tom Cruise's nuptials with Katie Holmes.

Story from BBC NEWS:



Published: 2006/12/18 12:10:38 GMT

© BBC MMVI

Questions:

From one point of view the emerging phenomena of global interaction and information flow on the web might be considered an extension of the materials presented in Ch. 10, "Intercultural Relations in a Shrinking World.”

A. What, if anything, does the information reported yesterday by BBCNews tell you about the emerging “national character” of the growing network of on-line denizens?

B. How would you design a research project to study the personality types of people using the internet?

02. Chapter 6: "Everyday Cognition"

Chapter 6 covers “Everyday Cognition.” What is “Everyday Cognition,” and why is that important to Culture and Personality studies?

03. Current Affairs / Chapter 7: "Motives, Beliefs, and Values"

Yesterday (Monday, 18 December 2006) BBCNews also reported “Schism looming for Anglican Communion: Two of the oldest and largest parishes in the US have chosen to break from their bishop and become a mission of the Nigerian Church.”

“The Truro Church and the Falls Church [in America] voted to place themselves . . . under the authority of the Anglican Archbishop of Nigeria, Peter Akinola, [who] has called for the Episcopal Church to be expelled from the worldwide Anglican Communion . . . [of] an estimated 77 million Anglicans across the world. . . .”

Questions:

The world could be witnessing a religious schism of a world religion virtually unparalleled since the days of King Henry VIII and Martin Luther.

A. What, does that tell you about "Motives, Beliefs, and Values"?

B. How do you suppose the American, the British, and the Nigerian views (of the current events facing the Anglican and Episcopal Churches in their countries) differ?

The full text of Monday’s BBCNews article follows:

[pic]

Schism looming for Anglican Communion

By Jane Little

BBC News, Washington

Two of the oldest and largest parishes in the US have chosen to break from their bishop and become a mission of the Nigerian Church.

[pic]

Five others have also voted to split.

The congregations at Truro and Falls Church date from the 1700s and were once a part of the mother Church of England.

The former President George Washington worshipped at Falls Church.

But now they have voted to sever ties with their own church and, in a move destined to cause conflict, to fight the bishop of Virginia for their church property estimated to be worth $25m.

They will turn instead to the 17-million-member church in Nigeria for direction.

The bishop of Virginia, Peter Lee, called it a "sad day for the church".

He also stressed that the church properties are "held in trust" for the diocese and the Episcopal Church and he will insist on retaining them.

Step further

The dispute follows a decision three years ago to consecrate a gay man, Gene Robinson, as bishop of New Hampshire.

Conservatives were further alienated by the election this summer of the first female presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church, Katherine Jefferts Schori, who voted for him.

Seven dioceses of the Episcopal Church have refused to accept her authority and formed their own network, but it remains within the church.

These Virginia parishes have gone a step further, one that could lead to deeper division within the global Anglican Communion.

Reverse mission

The defectors have opted to join an umbrella organisation called the Convocation of Anglicans in North America (Cana).

[pic]

It is a Nigerian mission to America, and represents an intriguing reversal of missionary lines as a former colonial church in Africa takes a slice of the West.

The rector at Truro, the Reverend Martyn Minns, was consecrated a bishop earlier this year by Nigerian Archbishop Peter Akinola.

He will have authority over the new organisation, which Mr Minns says he hopes will grow as he plants new churches that "work to proclaim the unchangeable truth of the scriptures".

Archbishop Akinola has in the past called homosexual activity a "satanic attack" on the church.

He recently backed Nigerian government plans to penalise gay and lesbian activity with jail terms.

The American conservatives have distanced themselves from his position, arguing that he is under pressure due to tensions within Nigeria between Christians and Muslims.

On the brink

The 77-million-member family of churches known as the Anglican Communion is now poised on the brink of schism.

Many leaders or primates of Anglican Provinces in the developing world have broken ties with the Episcopal Church in America.

A small but growing minority of US congregations have sought or are seeking leadership from them.

This poses a further challenge to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, who as spiritual head of the global church has been fighting what many now see as a losing battle to save it.

Dr Williams appealed to church leaders not to move into each other's territory. But this is precisely what has now happened.

Old geographical boundaries are breaking down as theological and political allegiances take over.

A whole diocese in California is now on the verge of leaving the Episcopal Church.

Its woes and those of the wider Anglican family continue to grow.

Story from BBC NEWS:



Published: 2006/12/18 11:33:09 GMT

© BBC MMVI

04. Chapter 8: "Males and Females and the Relations between Them"

How would your adult personality be different if you had been born a member of the opposite sex? Why?

Be sure to use relevant materials from Chapter 8, if and where appropriate, in your answer.

05. Chapter 9: "Culture and Aggression"

Argue for or against the proposition that there is such as thing as a “criminal personality.”

06. Cumulative synthesis:

1. Take any one topic in Culture and Personality studies and relate that topic to each of the twelve chapters of the text (this can be at any level of analysis). (Your answer should thus have at least twelve parts to it.) The chapters included:

1. The Socio-Cultural Nature of Human Beings

2. Cross-Cultural Research: Scope and Methods

3. Human Development and Informal Education

4. Perceptual and Cognitive Processes

5. Alternative Views on Human Competence: General Intelligence and Genetic Epistemology

6. Everyday Cognition and Cognitive Anthropology

7. Motives, Beliefs, and Values

8. Males and Females and the Relations between Them

9. Culture and Aggression

10. Intercultural Relations in a Shrinking World

11. Acculturation

12. Conclusions

07. Chapter 11: "Acculturation"

Chapter 11 discusses (Acculturation,( and the authors propose an (Acculturation Framework( (Fig. 11.1, p. 302), (Types of Acculturating Groups( (Fig. 11.2, p. 304), (Acculturation Strategies( (Fig. 11.3, p. 306), (A Framework for Acculturation Research( (Fig. 11.4, p. 310), and (Factors Affecting Acculturation( (Table 11.1, p. 312).

A. Compare and contrast the Yanomamö and the Amish in terms of their use/non-use of boundary maintaining mechanisms in their acculturation situations. Use the materials from Chapter 11 where appropriate.

B. Over the time span of two generations, what do you expect the result of these divergent approaches will be on the respective modal personalities of the two groups? Use the materials from Chapter 11 where appropriate.

08. Chapter 12: "Conclusions"

Chapter 12 discusses “Conclusions” to Human Behavior in Global Perspective. What are the five major conclusions you personally draw from your studies of Culture and Personality so far. Be sure to explain why.

09. Hypothetical problem:

Discuss what problems you would have inventing a personality for a space creature in a novel you are writing if this creature had human (and only human) capabilities, but had no shared cultural experiences with any known earth-bound culture.

10. Class Presentations / Analysis:

All societies have at least one form of altered state of consciousness. The altered state would thus seem to be a cultural universal. Discuss:

A. the probable cause(s) for this phenomenon

B. the importance of this phenomenon as a universal cultural trait; and,

C. the implications of this phenomenon for human behavior

11. Class Presentations / Analysis:

In class individual personality change was mentioned or discussed on several occasions.

Some social critics are beginning to suggest that Americans as a group are currently undergoing a shift in modal personality, or at least a change in significant dominant personality traits. Argue for or against this proposition. Be sure to include examples in support of your position.

12. Class Presentations:

Discuss Anishinabe curing in detail, including the role of psychology, cultural beliefs, and social factors in the overall curing process.

13 Optional Take-Home Question:

NOTE: Essentially you may make up ONE question total. You may either do that as a take-home and bring it to class with you, or you may do that in class the day of the exam. If you elect to do the optional take-home exam and bring it with you to class, then you must choose five (5) additional of the remaining questions presented on the actual exam, as they are presented on the exam.

If you do not like these questions, make up and answer a question of your own choice relating to a topic having to do with Culture and Personality which you have not considered in your other answers. Do not select a topic that was part of any of your or your groups' in-class presentations. (If you think these questions are fantastic but simply prefer to make up one of your own, go ahead.)

Answers should contain specific information supporting your position. Both your question and your answer will be evaluated.

If you elect to make up and answer a question, you may prepare your question and answer in advance and bring it with you to the exam. If you prepare your question in advance you only need to answer five (5) other questions in class.

Do not write on any country for which you were one of the presenters.

Good Luck!

Please return this exam with your bluebooks.

2. Chapter 6, (Everyday Cognition,( talks about (Weaving in Various Cultural Contexts.( What does weaving have to do with Culture and Personality studies?

3. The first subheading in Chapter 7 ((Motives, Beliefs, and Values() reads, "Why Study Values Cross-Culturally?"

Why?

4. Some suggest that men and women (worldwide) have different personality structures, and different ways of thinking. Argue for or against this proposition, from a cross-cultural perspective, indicating the causes for the differences or lack of differences. Compare your observations with Chapter 8, "Males and Females and Relations Between Them."

(NOTE: This is essentially a (hologeistic-type( question about causes, not a question about your opinion of whether or not you think men and women in our society are different.)

Be sure to use relevant materials from Chapter 8 ((Males and Females and the Relations between Them() in your answer.

5. In Chapter 9, (Culture and Aggression" the authors maintain, (Punishment of aggression, as most psychologists have long been aware, does not usually have its intended effect. Thus, beliefs about aggression in any society influence the level of aggression itself( (p. 255). They continue, (The story is even more complex because the real antecedents of aggressive behavior are numerous. They are both ecological and structural( (p. 255). The authors then go on to provide a (Conceptual Framework for Aggression Research( (Figure 9.1., on p. 256).

Take any one major incidence of aggression occurring today and analyze it in terms of the above quotes, using the conceptual framework provided by the authors (on p. 256).

6. Chapter 10, (Intercultural Relations in a Shrinking World( the authors say the following:

(The nation-state is a relatively new form of political organization. . . . During much of the twentieth century, and at an accelerating pace following the end of World War II, many new nations were created out of former colonial possessions of major European and Asian powers. This led to a process known as (nation-building,( which is described in Box 10.1. . . . Less obvious perhaps than the political and economic aspects of nation-building, its psychological components are nevertheless fundamental. A nation is not merely a geopolitical fact; it is also a state of mind( (pp. 278-279).

Discuss the authors( assertions, arguing for or against the proposition that Al-Qaeda terrorists are a (nation state.(

7. Some have suggested that mental illness at least occasionally has an adaptive function. Argue for or against this proposition.

8. Compare and contrast your in-class presentation with that of any other Culture and Personality in-class student presentation.

9. In Week 10 the following question was raised: “On the other hand, how do different practices in different cultures produce ‘Culture-Bound Syndromes,’ which are unique psychological correlates?”

Discuss these questions.

10. On Friday, 28 April 2006, The Guardian (UK) ran an article called “Fearful ways to meet a lover” . It read in toto:

Scientists have revealed six steps to follow for men or women to land the perfect partner, by making themselves more attractive to the opposite sex.

The methods, published in the New Scientist magazine, are based on findings from a variety of studies. The six key areas identified by researchers are:

Experience fear together. A 1970s experiment showed men who met women on a rickety bridge found the encounter sexier than those who met on a stable bridge. Going to a funfair has a similar effect, with members of the opposite sex looking more attractive to people who had just got off a rollercoaster;

Body language. When people meet a stranger, it is estimated that 55% of their impression is based on appearance and body language. Mirroring posture may help, but not folding arms helps to create a bond;

Music. US psychologists at North Adams state college in Massachusetts discovered that women found pictures of men more attractive when they were listening to soft rock;

Chemistry. The chemical phenylethylamine (PEA) - known as the "love molecule" - is found in chocolate. It is also linked to the effects of exercise, as is the brain chemical dopamine, which produces a feeling of euphoria;

Eye contact. Gazing into a potential lover's eyes increases feelings of closeness and attraction. Meeting another person's gaze stimulates the parts of the brain associated with rewards;

Jokes. An experience that makes people laugh creates feelings of closeness between strangers, researchers found. Laughing is thought to release endorphins into the body, promoting a sense of well-being.

From what you have learned in Culture and Personality

A) Is this “advice” holistically sound?

B) Compare and contrast how this “advice” would likely apply in your own culture and in two of the cultures you have “met” in Culture and Personality this semester (for a total comparison of three cultures)

Cultures include, but are not limited to, the following:

“English” English of England

Todas of India

Yanomamö of Venezuela

Samoans of Taû Island in American Samoa

New Orleans Black Indians

!Kung San (AKA Khoisan, "Bushmen")

“Malaysians”

Aymara Indians of Bolivia

Hmong of Appleton, WI

Anishinabe (Chippewa) of Leech Lake and Fond du Lac, MN

Amish of America

11. Compare and contrast any two (only 2) of the following individuals in the context of what you learned in this class, but do not choose any which you may have discussed in another question:

Alejandro Mamani (from the Faces of Culture series)

N!ai (from "Arranged Marriages")

Paul Buffalo or Jimmy Jackson

Arigo (the Brazilian healer)

John, the English man (from Stranger in the Mirror: An Examination of Visual Agnosia)

Joseph Mcmoneagle (from the "ESP" segment of Science Frontiers: Put to the Test)

George W. Bush

H. Pope Pope Benedict XVI

I. Yourself

12. Identify four (only 4) of the following ideas in three or four sentences each:

assimilation

ecocultural framework

adaptation

achievement motivation

(primordial( groups

psychological concomitants of nationalism

the “sociocultural paradigm(

equivalence sorting

13. It is common to explain the psychological trait of as the result of a single cause.

A. Fill in the blank and explain why you think can or can not be adequately explained by a single causative factor.

B. How would you research this problem cross-culturally?

Note the quality of analysis in this question will be considered when evaluating your response.

14. Compare the "national character" of two cultures (or subcultures) with which you have had personal firsthand contact. (Do not answer this question if you have not had personal experience with other cultures or sub-cultures.) “Personal firsthand contact” can include study abroad, extended travel, your family hosting an exchange student, someone from your close family marrying an individual from another culture or sub-culture. . . .)

15. In Week 09 the following questions were raised: “Do similar practices in different cultures produce similar psychological correlates? And do these include birth order practices and their effects on personality?” Then we looked at “freelisting” exercise results re birth order practices and their effects on personality, and the possibility of “clustering” those results.

16.

17. How would you design a research project to test whether people who know more than one language differ from monolinguals in psychological characteristics? (Cf., Psychology Today, March 1981, Vol. 15., No. 3, pp. 9 12.) Include in your answer how you would determine whether this was a linguistic, a cultural, or a physical phenomenon -- or how it is a combination of these three.

18. How is the process of complementing influenced by culture? How is it influenced by biology?

19. Chapter 11 discusses (Acculturation,( and the authors propose an (Acculturation Framework( (Fig. 11.1, p. 302), (Types of Acculturating Groups( (Fig. 11.2, p. 304), (Acculturation Strategies( (Fig. 11.3, p. 306), (A Framework for Acculturation Research( (Fig. 11.4, p. 310), and (Factors Affecting Acculturation( (Table 11.1, p. 312). The authors also point out that there is consensus that acculturation operates both at the individual and on the group levels. Using the framework and approach provided by the figures and table mentioned in this question, (a) analyze one case study of (psychological acculturation( relating to an individual, and (b) one case study relating to group-level acculturation. The individual can be part of the group you analyze.

20. Bernie Siegel, M.D., author of Love, Medicine and Miracles, wrote:

(Maurice Kouguell has published a book, DAPTH: Accessing the Unconscious in the Practice of Hypnosis and Counseling, which takes a big step in [encouraging the growth of knowledge and discovery of techniques which may be used in conjunction with hypnosis]. He has presented clearly and effectively a guidebook on the use of a procedure known as 'Draw a Person, Tree, House'. It shows what I choose to term a discovery channel which offers incredible advantages in the evaluation of clients, analysis of their personalities, revelation of factors which have helped create attitudes and belief systems which effect (for better or worse) their lifestyles, behaviors, strengths and weaknesses. . . . DAPTH, an acronym for Draw a Person, Tree, House, can be used both in the initial assessment of the client, and as a means of measuring progress in future sessions. It uncovers problems which may be beyond the awareness of the client and can reveal the appropriateness or contra-indication of hypnosis in specific cases.(

How does your DAPTH picture offer (incredible advantages in the evaluation of [you], analysis of [your personality], revelation of factors which have helped create attitudes and belief systems which effect (for better or worse) [your lifestyle], behaviors, strengths and weaknesses?(

21. A. An article in the New England Journal of Medicine suggested that people who are kind to and considerate of others have fewer physical ailments, and, live longer. It has also been pointed out many times that people who have holdable pets (i.e., dogs, cats, etc., rather than goldfish) get sick less often, and when ill, get better faster. A host of studies in recent years have also shown that people who believe in a higher power (i.e., a (god( of some sort) also get sick less often, and when ill, get better faster. How would such findings in medicine relate to anthropological studies of culture and personality?

OR answer 14.B.

B. A nationally televised program on a major news network covered a story indicating that, in the United States, people who were prayed for by others recover from illness faster. The program noted that you can now (hire( a nun to pray for a speedy recovery for a loved one. We are assured that none of the sisters personally get any of the money contributed for their prayers, and that none of them know how much was actually contributed to the convent in return for their prayer services. The good sisters maintain that this is a legitimate practice. How would such findings in medicine relate to anthropological studies of culture and personality?

22. The Thursday, May 13th, 1999 edition of the UMD Statesman reports (JFK seminar features UMD Prof( (Program Chair, James Fetzer, Philosophy), and the prof says the May 14-16 conference (. . . is going to be the most comprehensive, contemporary, up-to-date presentation of what we know about the assassination that has ever been presented to the American people( (p. 22). Part of the program will feature (conspiracy theories.( Psychologically, people throughout the world have beliefs, values and attitudes that explain events and phenomena. Conspiracy theories, in one form or another are popular throughout the world as ways to explain things. Using the (Conceptual Framework for Cross-Cultural Psychology( underlying Human Behavior in Global Perspective, diagramed in Fig. 2.1 on p. 26, explain the adaptive value of conspiracy theories in human societies.

23. Big headlines in today's Duluth News-Tribune (19 February 1996) read, "Voter anxieties heard clearly by candidates." The article continues on to talk about the current high anxiety level of the American public. Indeed, there seems to have developed in recent years a genuine high anxiety level throughout much of America. In today's article the author even talks about a belief in the "collapse of America" before the end of the millennium. [By the way, millennium beliefs/cults are themselves a most interesting culture and personality topic that we didn't get to this quarter. You will likely see many more of these develop in America in the next two-three years.]

(a) What are the causes of this recent high anxiety psychological state in America? (b) If it persists, what will likely be the effect of a heightened anxiety state on America's national character? "National character" is used here in the anthropological culture and personality sense, not in a general sense. (c) If it persists, what will likely be the effect of a heightened anxiety state on America's basic or modal personality type?

24. Today it was also reported that O.J. is beginning to hide his money in Irish banks, to prevent the Browns and others from getting it. Almost every day we have an O.J. story of some kind or another. What does the continuing preoccupation with the "O.J. Case" tell you about American national character? Note: focus on American national character, as national character is understood in culture and personality studies.

25. In his acceptance speech President Bill Clinton said, "If we have no sense of community, the American dream will continue to wither." He also said, "This is America. There is no 'them'; there is only 'us'." Now that you've had some time to observe and to think about this you probably have some important observations to make. (1) Discuss the President's position in light of the culture and personality research and theory presented in Chapter Ten, "Intercultural Relations in a Shrinking World." In your discussion be sure to cite specific examples on how the research/theory supports/does not support Clinton's propositions. (2) If you were advising Gore, how would you recommend he handle this question as he steps up his campaign to succeed Clinton in the White House -- based on culture and personality research?

26. On 5 May 2001 the Monitor on Psychology (Volume 32, No. 5) published an article by Siri Carpenter entitled (Mindreading Ability Helps Organize Thinking,( which suggested that (children(s understanding of their own and other(s mental states shapes their most basic understanding of the world around them.( A copy of the article is attached.

Interpret Carpenter(s article in terms of the materials covered in this Culture and Personality seminar.

27. (A) Do an anthropological analysis of your own personality, including an analysis of how it came to be the way it is at present. (B) Then indicate how "typical" your personality is of your culture. (C) Finally, indicate what would have to happen to you for you to undergo a significant personality change. Be sure to explain each part of this question.

28. On page 36 of Psychological Anthropology Erika Bourguignon states, "The concept of a species-specific "perceptual world" is of crucial importance in recognizing a uniquely human mode of adaptation." What is "species-specific 'perceptual world?'" Do you agree that it is of crucial importance in recognizing a uniquely human mode of adaptation?" If so, why? If not, why not?

29. Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis as it relates to you (i.e., an English-speaking American); what does your language do to your personality?

30. On page 34 of Psychological Anthropology Erika Bourguignon states, "Hallowell's approach to human evolution was "conjunctive." Discuss what that means, and why it is important.

(1) imposed etic

(2) "psychic unity of mankind"

(3) socialization

(4) eidetic imagery

(5) human nature

(6) culturally constituted behavioral environment

(7) real culture

(8) the ecocultural framework

(9) life history

(10) Müller-Lyer illusion

(11) normative orientation

31. Individuals in a foreign culture often experience "cultural shock." Explain this phenomenon in terms of culture and personality studies.

32. Some have suggested cultures need persons with "abnormal" personalities and behavior in order to clearly define culturally normative behavior. Argue for or against this proposition.

33. The big Culture and Personality news of the week came Monday with the headlines, (Personality 'improves with age': People get nicer and more generous as they grow older, a study suggests.( The article goes on to point out that, (The finding contradicts previous studies, which have suggested personality is largely set in stone by the time people reach their 30s.( The full BBC News release is attached.

Discuss the BBC News story in the context of the materials presented in Chapter 11, (Acculturation.( (The subsections of Chapter 11 include (Culture Change,( (Acculturation,( (Psychological Acculturation,( (An Acculturation Framework,( and (Some Possible Applications.()

34. How is the process of complementing influenced by culture? How is it influenced by biology?

35. On 5 May 2006 Zacarias Moussaoui was “ordered to spend his life in jail without the possibility of parole for his role in the 11 September attacks.” Zacarias Moussaoui (Arabic: زكريا موسوي) was born May 30, 1968, and is a French citizen of Moroccan descent Thus, “Zacarias Moussaoui looks set to live out the rest of his days in a super-maximum security Colorado prison, dubbed ‘the Alcatraz of the Rockies’ .” British "shoe bomber" Richard Reid is also held there, as is “the unabomber” Theodore “Ted” Kaczynski.

From what you have learned in Culture and Personality argue for or against the proposition that a life sentence at “Supermax”, where most prisoners are held in solitary confinement, is or is not a harsher punishment than the death penality.

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Be sure to backup your arguments with sound reasons and explanations.

36.

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