K. L., Hermann, C. A., Atlas, M., Maimone, S., Woods, M ...

Nunes, K. L., Hermann, C. A., Atlas, M., Maimone, S., Woods, M., & Grant, B. A. (2015, June). Developing and validating an analogue measure of violent behaviour. In K. L. Nunes (Chair), Examining violent behaviour with virtual reality, self-report, and vignettes. Symposium conducted at the 3rd North American Correctional and Criminal Justice Psychology Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Developing and Validating an Analogue Measure of Violent Behaviour

Kevin L. Nunes, Chantal A. Hermann, Maya Atlas, Sacha Maimone, Mandie Woods, and Brian A. Grant

3rd North American Correctional and Criminal Justice Psychology Conference

SSHRC Partnership Development Grant Partner: Research Branch, Correctional Service of Canada

Creating the Vignettes

Open-ended responses to

scenarios (Community &

Students)

Existing measures

Interviews (Offenders & Community)

Vignettes

Treatment manuals

Vignette format

? 10 vignettes ? Say what you really would do if you were actually in that

situation right now

? Initial scenario ? First response ? Reaction from antagonist ? Second response

Response Options

? Ignore it ? Without being rude, say something to try to deal with it

peacefully ? Rudely say something to him ? Threaten to hurt him ? Shove him ? Hit him

Illustration of Procedure with Vignette 9

? You're at a bar standing beside your girlfriend/wife when a guy strolls up to her, puts his arm around her, and starts trying to pick her up. He acts like you aren't even there.

? What do you do?

? Ignore it ? Without being rude, tell him you're together and ask him to move his arm ? Rudely tell him to get away from your girlfriend/wife ? Tell him you're going to hurt him if he doesn't get away from your

girlfriend/wife ? Shove him ? Hit him

1

Nunes, K. L., Hermann, C. A., Atlas, M., Maimone, S., Woods, M., & Grant, B. A. (2015, June). Developing and validating an analogue measure of violent behaviour. In K. L. Nunes (Chair), Examining violent behaviour with virtual reality, self-report, and vignettes. Symposium conducted at the 3rd North American Correctional and Criminal Justice Psychology Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

? He ignores you, steps between you and your girlfriend/wife

with his back to you, tells her that you're a loser, and asks her

to dance again.

What do you do?

? Ignore it

Non-violent

? Without being rude, ask him to stop trying to pick up your girlfriend/wife

? Rudely tell him to get away from your girlfriend/wife

Violent

? Tell him you're going to hurt him if he doesn't get away from your girlfriend/wife

? Shove him

? Hit him

Base Rate of Violent Responses by Vignette

Students

Offenders Community

60%

40%

20%

0%

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

60%

40%

20%

0%

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

60%

40%

20%

0%

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Vignette

10 All 10 All 10 All

Independent Indicator of Violent Behaviour

? Violent Behaviour Scale

? From when you were 16 years old to today, how many times have you (1) Started a physical fight with someone? (2) Threatened to physically hurt someone? etc.

Past Violent Behaviour (Students N = 226)

Violent Behaviour Scale

4 Effect sizes (Cohen's d)

3

1.09

0.78

0.73 0.55

2

Violent response Non-violent response

1.47

1.22

1.14

0.65 0.90 0.67 0.68

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 All

Vignette

Past Violent Behaviour (Community N = 302)

Violent Behaviour Scale

Effect sizes (Cohen's d) 4

Violent response Non-violent response

3

0.89 0.77

0.86 1.10

1.39 0.77

0.83 0.93 1.12 0.84 0.96

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 All

Vignette

Past Violent Behaviour (Offenders N = 16)

Violent Behaviour Scale

Effect sizes (Cohen's d)

8

2.28

2.20

2.53 2.53

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

Violent response

1.57 2.28 2.28 1.15

5

6

7

8

Vignette

Non-violent response 2.33 2.65 2.43

9 10 All

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Nunes, K. L., Hermann, C. A., Atlas, M., Maimone, S., Woods, M., & Grant, B. A. (2015, June). Developing and validating an analogue measure of violent behaviour. In K. L. Nunes (Chair), Examining violent behaviour with virtual reality, self-report, and vignettes. Symposium conducted at the 3rd North American Correctional and Criminal Justice Psychology Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Offenders Community

Past Violent Behaviour: Consistent Pattern

Violent response Non-violent response 4

Students

2

0 4

2

0

8

6

4

2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 All

Independent Indicator of Violent Behaviour

? Physical Aggression scale of the Aggression Questionnaire

? Once in a while I can't control the urge to strike another person; Given enough provocation, I may hit another person; etc.

Physical Aggression (Aggression Questionnaire)

Aggressiveness (Students N = 226)

Effect sizes (Cohen's d) 4

1.18 1.12 1.55 1.11 3

Violent response Non-violent response

1.11 0.79 0.78 0.48 1.04 0.79 0.98

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 All

Vignette

Physical Aggression (Aggression Questionnaire)

Aggressiveness (Community N = 302)

Effect sizes (Cohen's d)

4

0.97

1.39

0.81

0.83

3

Violent response Non-violent response

1.66 0.89

1.12

0.79

1.13

0.96 1.26

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 All

Vignette

Aggressiveness (Offenders N = 16)

Effect sizes (Cohen's d)

Violent response Non-violent response

5

1.64

2.13

1.95 1.51

1.64 1.12

4

1.64 1.04 1.75

2.1

1.94

3

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 All

Vignette

Offenders Community

Students

Aggressiveness: Consistent Pattern

Violent response Non-violent response 4

2

0

4

2

0

5

4

3

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 All

Vignette

3

Physical Aggression (Aggression Questionnaire)

Nunes, K. L., Hermann, C. A., Atlas, M., Maimone, S., Woods, M., & Grant, B. A. (2015, June). Developing and validating an analogue measure of violent behaviour. In K. L. Nunes (Chair), Examining violent behaviour with virtual reality, self-report, and vignettes. Symposium conducted at the 3rd North American Correctional and Criminal Justice Psychology Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Independent Indicator of Violent Behaviour (Offenders only)

? Self-Appraisal Questionnaire

? Antisocial beliefs, antisocial personality, antisocial behaviour, substance abuse, and antisocial associates

Self-Appraisal Questionnaire

Estimated Risk of Violent Reoffending (Offenders N = 16)

Effect sizes (Cohen's d)

Violent response Non-violent response

60 50 2.17 2.78 2.15 2.45 1.85 2.17 2.17 1.06 1.5 1.5 1.77 40

30

20

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 All

Vignette

Summary

? Men who selected a violent response option (i.e., threaten, shove, or hit) on our vignette measure generally had much higher levels of trait-aggressiveness and "real" violent behaviour than did men who selected non-violent response options

? Findings provide initial support for the use of our measure in both lab and correctional/forensic settings as a measure of current propensity for violent behaviour

Next Steps

? Further refinement and validation

? Against indicators of violent behaviour beyond self-report (e.g., VRAG, violent re-offending)

? Virtual reality?

? Anthony Whitehead, Liam Davidson, Zach Sullivan ? School of Information Technology

Acknowledgements

? Erin DeJong, Nick Chadwick, Carolyn Blank, Lindsay Grenon, Becky Grace, Paulene Edwards, Sara Johnson, Andrea Moser, Terri Scott, Colette Cousineau, Justin Gileno, Peter Marquis, Erin McCormick, Lana DiFazio, Janet Graham, Jennifer Denny, Penny Scott, Ali Philips, Devon Gunn, and many more

kevin.nunes@carleton.ca Aggressive Cognitions and Behaviour

Research Laboratory carleton.ca/acbrlab

4

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