Shelley, [+appositive], challenged…



GCSE Poetry Anthology: Remote Learning Y9Power and ConflictInstructions: Read through the poems and answer the questions in the booklet. Make notes as you go to help yourself understand the new information you are learning.You must complete all parts of the booklet: some of it is revision and some is new GCSE content.Power & Conflict Poetry: The Most Revealing Moments The below table shows you all the most important things in each poem which you are going to work on independently. When you are confused, the Youtube videos and this chart will help you. Power1.1 Tyranny & OppressionShelley’s OzymandiasIn the opening lines of Ozymandias, Shelley uses the decaying statue as a metaphor to explore the fragility of human accomplishments and how they are gradually consumed by the natural world.“”Half sunk”Shelley develops this theme to expose the tyranny of caeserism that he saw in his society, exposing it to be both cruel and unjust. OR Shelley uses the statue of Ozymandias to critique the cruelty and arrogance of those who desire power and immortality. “sneer of cold command”Finally, Shelley juxtaposes the human desire for immortalisation with the reality of human transience in the face of the terrifying power of nature.“lone and level sands”“boundless and bare”Browning’s My Last DuchessIn the opening of My Last Duchess, an exploration of the violent objectification of women, Browning traces the speaker’s desire to exert full physical and psychological control over his dead wife through her portrait.“The curtain I have drawn for you”The Duke then reveals his fear and revulsion at female sexuality, distastefully criticising the Duchess and slighting her honour, and revealing fragile ego and arrogant desire for status and possession. “Half flush that dies along her throat”“A heart… too soon made glad”Finally Browning reveals the speaker’s cold malice: how his jealousy turned to murder and how his impulse for ownership resulted in the final “taming” of the Duchess as a piece of art.“I gave commands; / Then all smiles stopped”“Taming a sea horse”Blake’s LondonBlake opens the poem with the speaker mourning the loss of his city: the wonder and wild beauty of London is shown to be lost to rationalism, modernity and work.“charter’d street” “charter’d Thames”Blake then explores the inescapable suffering and corruption inflicted by the industrial revolution on the working classes.“mind-forg’d manacles”Finally, full of despair, Blake examines the city’s destruction of innocence and youth.“youthful harlot’s curse”“marriage hearse”Literary Context AO3Romantic Movement Key Romantic PoetsThe Romantic movement flourished in the late 18th century and the first half of the 19th century and celebrated emotion, wildness and nature above reason and science.?Romantics stressed the awe of nature in art and language and the experience of the sublime (something majestic, impressive or intellectually valuable) through a connection with nature. A key Romantic poet, Wordsworth, summed the approach up by stating that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”51879512827000William BlakeWilliam Wordsworth?Samuel Taylor Coleridge? Lord Byron?Percy Bysshe Shelley?John Keats18097543370500Cover the information above and then answer the following questions. You are testing yourself on your knowledge so see how many you can answer from your memory before you go back to the text. All answers must be written in full sentences.The Romantic poets and artists believed strongly in….and disagreed with…because…The picture above shows a man staring out at…. This could represent the Romantic movement because…Romantics disliked key features of the modern world. For example…Romantics criticised adults because… and praised children because…To be Romantic is to take the side of nature against industry. In other words…because…Humans are puny in comparison to… because…The natural world transcends all human achievements or concerns. In other words…Ozymandiasby?Percy Bysshe ShelleyContextPercy Bysshe Shelley?(1792-1822 was one of a group of poets who became known as?The Romantics.He came from a wealthy family and was in line to inherit both riches and his grandfather's role as an MP. He was expelled from university for writing about atheism (not believing in God) which led to him to fall out with his father who disinherited him. In the same year, 1811, he eloped and married aged 19. What does this tell you about Shelley’s character and beliefs? Shelley’s expulsion from university tells us…How does this fit with what you know about the Romantics? Shelley’s Romantic views were first made clear when he…Shelley was well known as a 'radical' during his lifetime and some people think Ozymandias?reflects this side of his character. Although it is about the remains of a statue of Ozymandias it can be read as a criticism of people or systems that become huge and believe themselves to be invincible.-508080264000Shelley’s friend the banker Horace Smith stayed with the poet in the Christmas season of 1817. One evening, they began to discuss recent discoveries in the Near East. In the wake of Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt in 1798, the archeological treasures found there stimulated the European imagination. The power of pharaonic Egypt had seemed eternal, but now this once-great empire was (and had long been) in ruins; a feeble shadow.The Roman-era historian Diodorus Siculus described a statue of Ozymandias, more commonly known as Rameses II. Diodorus reports the inscription on the statue, which he claims was the largest in Egypt, as follows: “King of Kings Ozymandias am I. If any want to know how great I am and where I lie, let him outdo me in my work.” (The statue and its inscription do not survive, and were not seen by Shelley.)Stimulated by their conversation, Smith and Shelley wrote sonnets based on the passage in Diodorus. Smith produced a now-forgotten poem while Shelley’s contribution was “Ozymandias,” one of the best-known sonnets in European literature.summaryA traveller tells the poet that two huge stone legs stand in the desert. Near them on the sand lies a damaged stone head. The face is distinguished by a frown and a sneer which the sculptor carved on the features. On the pedestal are inscribed the words "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: / Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!" Around the huge fragments stretches the empty desert.VocabularyVisage (noun): the form or structure of a person's face, or is a person's facial expressionSneer (verb): to look at someone with a disdainful expression, as though you think they are worthlessSculptor (noun): a person who sculpts (builds or creates things out of a material – ie clay)Colossal (adjective): enormous in sizeWreck (noun): a ruined object or personBoundless (adjective): endless; having no boundaryRead the poem below out loud to yourself. Then, go onto Youtube and watch all the Ozymandias videos, taking notes as you go account is called FullOfScorpionsOzymandiasBY?PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY????????I met a traveller from an antique land,Who said—“Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert. . . . Near them, on the sand,Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,Tell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;And on the pedestal, these words appear:My name is?Ozymandias, King of Kings;Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!Nothing beside remains. Round the decayOf that colossal Wreck, boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away.”What was the facial expression of the statue?The statue’s head was “shattered” by…The statue’s head was “half-sunk” in…The sculptor captured _____ perfectly on the statue’s “visage”.On the pedestal was Ozymandias’ message about…___________ was left of Ozymandias’ “works”Shelley’s OzymandiasExtract from An introduction to ‘Ozymandias’ by Stephen Hebron15 May 2014‘Ozymandias’ was written sometime between December 1817 and January 1818, and was probably the result of a sonnet competition between Shelley and his friend Horace Smith, who stayed with the Shelleys at their home Marlow between 26 and 28 December. In such competitions two or more poets would each write a sonnet on an agreed subject against the clock.?Shelley lived in a period when the British government, fearful of revolution, took oppressive measures against radicalism. A Romantic, Shelley was radical thinker and poet inspired by the French Revolution and wrote pamphlets attacking religion, tradition, monarchy and Empire.Ozymandias the poem can be seen as an attack on caeserism and the tyranny of both Napoleon and of George III (who comes in for more direct criticism two years later in the poem England 1819, also a sonnet) whose empire building leads to the exploitation of both the cultures they colonised as well as the working class at home. It is also a meditation on the power of creativity to outlast tyranny.Ramses II was a military conqueror and a great builder, but Shelley’s sonnet illustrates how the achievements of even the mightiest tyrants are obliterated by time. Theft of art by the agents of the British Empire, such as the Parthenon Marbles and the statue of Rameses II (Ozymandias in Greek) in order to be displayed in the British Museum as part of a desire to exert cultural power, mirrors Ozymandias’ own hollow desire to be immortalised. Re-read and then cover up the information above and then draw a symbol to represent what you have learnt in each paragraph.Core Vocabularyconsume (v), consumedTo eat drink, use up or completely destroy something egotist (n), egotistic (adj), egotistically (adv)A person who is completely self-obsessed, arrogant or narcissistic ekphrasticA poem that centres on a work of art and then explores or dramatizes the a character’s or reader’s response to itephemerality (n) ephemeral (adj), ephemerally (adv) Something that lasts only short time before passingtransience (n), transient (adj)Something that is brief and temporarymortality (n), mortal (adj)Something that will eventually diedespot (n), despotic (adj), despotically (adv)A single cruel rulertyrant (n), tyrannical (adj), tyrannically (adv) Using power in a cruel and random wayCaesarismRule of violent force by a political strongman (like Julius Caesar)Look at the new vocabulary above and write a sentence about the poem using that word. The Romantics believed that… because…Shelley was inspired by… when writing Ozymandias because…Ozymandias desires… , …. and …. [say 3 things]When Shelley describes the “visage” as “half sunk”, he means…The “shattered visage” reveals that human accomplishments are…The “sneer of cold command” reveals that…Shelley juxtaposes the human desire for immortalisation with… because…Power1.1 Tyranny & OppressionShelley’s OzymandiasThe RomanticsGenerally, Romanticism is a reaction against the Enlightenment, a time that revolutionised scientific thought, and emphasizes emotional response and intuition over clinical knowledge. Broadly speaking can be broken down into the following ideas:The innocence of childhood representing purity, originality and freedom from the adult worldAnti-industrialisation & urbanisation, they revelled in the beauty and grandeur of natureAnti-establishment and traditional power structures including the monarchy.Ozymandias, ShelleyA Romantic, Shelley was Radical thinker and poet inspired by the French Revolution. Also wrote pamphlets attacking religion, tradition, monarchy and Empire.Theft of art by the agents of the British Empire, such as the Parthenon Marbles and the statue of Rameses II in order to be displayed in the British Museum as part of a desire to exert cultural power, mirrors Ozymandias’ own hollow desire to be immortalised. Ozymandias the poem can be seen as an attack on caeserism and the tyranny of both Napoleon and of George III (who comes in for more direct criticism two years later in the poem England 1819, also a sonnet) whose empire building leads to the exploitation of both the cultures they colonised as well as the working class at home. It is also a meditation on the power of creativity to outlast tyranny. Match up the quotations to the analysis in the box belowShelley’s OzymandiasIn the opening lines of Ozymandias, Shelley uses the decaying statue of Ozymandias as a metaphor to explore the fragility of human accomplishments and how they are gradually consumed by the natural world.“”Half sunk”Shelley develops this theme to expose the tyranny of caeserism that he saw in his society, exposing it to be both cruel and unjust. OR Shelley uses the statue of Ozymandias to critique the cruelty and arrogance of those who desire power and immortality. “sneer of cold command”Finally Shelley juxtaposes the human desire for immortalisation with the reality of human transience in the face of the terrifying power of nature.“lone and level sands”“boundless and bare”The phrase ____________ creates an image of drowning in sand which emphasises the fragility of human life and how it is consumed by the natural world.“Half sunk”“antique land”“whose frown”The noun phrase ________________ describes Ozymandias’ broken and unrecognisable face which emphasises how time causes even the strongest of structures to crumble and decay and obliterates us from history and memory.“trunkless legs”“cold command”“shattered visage”The statue’s “wrinkled lip” and “sneer of cold command” reveals…The callous and harsh nature of a ruler who seemed to feel disgust and disdain for his subjects.That Ozymandias was often angry and upset about giving orders.The ruthless and harsh nature of a man who was probably a killerThe imperative phrase ______________ shows Ozymandias’ desire to belittle others as well as simultaneously glorify himself as a “King of kings”.“boundless and bare”“the hand that mocked them”“Look on my works ye mighty and despair” The phrase “lone and level sands” reveals…that nature is long and straight and is scary because it travels vast distances.the insignificance of the nature’s power in contrast the lonely power of man.the terrifying vastness of nature’s power in contrast with the transient insignificance of human life. Exam-style questionHow does Shelley present power in Ozymandias? Write for 30-45 minutes, using your notes.Shelley, [+appositive], challenged…An ekphrastic poem allows… Shelley uses the statue of Ozymandias to critique the _____ and __________of those who desire _______ and _______.Define consumed.Define despot. My Last Duchess by Robert BrowningContextRobert Browning?(1812-1889) was heavily influenced as a youngster by his father's extensive collection of books and art. His father was a bank clerk and collected thousands of books, some of which were hundreds of years old and written in languages such as Greek and Hebrew. By the time he was five, it was said that Browning could already read and write well. He was a big fan of the poet?Shelley?and asked for all of Shelley's works for his thirteenth birthday. By the age of fourteen, he'd learned Latin, Greek and French. Browning went to the University of London but left because it didn't suit him.He married fellow poet?Elizabeth Barrett?but they had to run away and marry in secret because of her over-protective father. They moved to Italy and had a son, Robert. Father and son moved to London when Elizabeth died in 1861.Browning is best known for his use of the?dramatic monologue.?My Last Duchess?is an example of this and it also reflects Browning's love of?history?and?European culture?as the story is based on the life of an Italian Duke from the sixteenth century.The characters mentioned in this poem are based on real life, historical figures. The narrator is?Duke Alfonso II?who ruled a place in northern Italy called Ferrara between 1559 and 1597. The Duchess of whom he speaks was his first wife, Lucrezia de' Medici?who died in 1561 aged 17, only two years after he married her. In real life, Lucrezia died in suspicious circumstances and might have been poisoned.SummaryThe characters mentioned in this poem are based on real life, historical figures. The narrator is?Duke Alfonso II?who ruled a place in northern Italy called Ferrara between 1559 and 1597. The Duchess of whom he speaks was his first wife, Lucrezia de' Medici?who died in 1561 aged 17, only two years after he married her. In real life, Lucrezia died in suspicious circumstances and might have been poisoned.The poem is set in 1564, three years after the death of the Duchess. An emissary (messenger or representative) has been sent to see the Duke from the Count of Tyrol. The Count is the father of the Duke's next wife (he married three times in all). The Duke shows the emissary a picture of his late wife and remarks on her character, suggesting that she was unfaithful to him - and hinting that he might have killed her because of it.During his speech, the Duke makes himself look arrogant, insensitive and selfish.VocabularyCountenance (noun): the look on a face that shows expression.Earnest (adj): to describe someone or something serious and not playful.Mantle (noun): a shawl or a cloakOfficious (adj): ?is offering unwanted advice or services, often in an overbearing way.Trifling (adj): of little importance or worthMunificence (noun): generosityDowry (noun): the property and wealth a woman brings to a marriage in some cultures or in historic times, or a natural talent or gift.Warrant (verb): to guarantee, assure or give someone authority to do something.Read the poem below out loud to yourself. Then, go onto Youtube and watch all the My Last Duchess videos, taking notes as you go The account is called Mr Bruff5103628949600FERRARAThat’s my last Duchess painted on the wall, Looking as if she were alive. I callThat piece a wonder, now; Fra Pandolf’s handsWorked busily a day, and there she stands.Will’t please you sit and look at her? I said“Fra Pandolf” by design, for never read Strangers like you that pictured countenance,The depth and passion of its earnest glance,But to myself they turned (since none puts byThe curtain I have drawn for you, but I)And seemed as they would ask me, if they durst,How such a glance came there; so, not the firstAre you to turn and ask thus. Sir, ’twas notHer husband’s presence only, called that spotOf joy into the Duchess’ cheek; perhapsFra Pandolf chanced to say, “Her mantle lapsOver my lady’s wrist too much,” or “PaintMust never hope to reproduce the faintHalf-flush that dies along her throat.” Such stuffWas courtesy, she thought, and cause enoughFor calling up that spot of joy. She hadA heart—how shall I say?— too soon made glad, Too easily impressed; she liked whate’erShe looked on, and her looks went everywhere.49122421020400Sir, ’twas all one! My favour at her breast,The dropping of the daylight in the West,The bough of cherries some officious foolBroke in the orchard for her, the white muleShe rode with round the terrace—all and eachWould draw from her alike the approving speech,Or blush, at least. She thanked men—good! but thankedSomehow—I know not how—as if she rankedMy gift of a nine-hundred-years-old nameWith anybody’s gift. Who’d stoop to blameThis sort of trifling? Even had you skillIn speech—which I have not—to make your willQuite clear to such an one, and say, “Just thisOr that in you disgusts me; here you miss,Or there exceed the mark”—and if she letHerself be lessoned so, nor plainly setHer wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse—E’en then would be some stooping; and I chooseNever to stoop. Oh, sir, she smiled, no doubt,Whene’er I passed her; but who passed withoutMuch the same smile? This grew; I gave commands;Then all smiles stopped together. There she standsAs if alive. Will’t please you rise? We’ll meetThe company below, then. I repeat,The Count your master’s known munificenceIs ample warrant that no just pretenseOf mine for dowry will be disallowed;Though his fair daughter’s self, as I avowedAt starting, is my object. Nay, we’ll goTogether down, sir. Notice Neptune, though,Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity,Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me!right4572000Robert BrowningWhat is the painting of?Who is Ferrara showing the painting to?Where is the painting kept?What evidence is there for the Duke’s jealousy?Which quote shows that he felt the duchess was ungrateful?What does the Duke command?Where does the Duke then take his guest?What is the verb which means ‘to eat drink, use up or completely destroy something’.The male gaze. In other words…In My Last Duchess, [+appositive 1], Browning, [+appositive 2], tells the story of…The painting of the Duchess reveals… “Half sunk”. In other words…Browning’s My Last DuchessExtract from Hannah Gadsby- on the male gaze in art: 'Stop watching women having baths. Go away.'Art history taught me I have no place in history,” said Hannah Gadsby in her furious, hilarious, devastating stand-up show Nanette. “Women didn’t have time to think thoughts; they were too busy taking naps naked in the forest.” This is the central idea advanced in Gadsby’s new two-part ABC series Nakedy Nudes. Her thesis is that the current ideals of beautiful bodies and strict gender norms have a long past, inherited from the ancient Greeks and their Renaissance relatives. The TV show, which follows Gadsby’s previous ABC art documentaries, calls out what interviewee and Sydney artist Deborah Kelly says is women’s overwhelming depiction as “prone, boneless and sexually available” objects throughout much of western art history – all pale glowing limbs and Renaissance ideals. “The body [is] to be looked at by a man,” says Gadsby in the series. “An artist, almost always assumed to be a bloke, looking at a body in the picture frame, almost always a woman.” “The sheer number of paintings of unconscious women is distressing,” she says over the phone. “Most of those women are being watched by conscious men within the painting itself. And that’s normalising a very distressing thing. We see it a lot. An extreme case of this is also explored by the great Victorian poet Robert Browning in his poem My Last Duchess in which he explores the persona of the Duke of Ferrara, who commissions an artist to paint the portrait of his late wife, and reveals his almost psychopathic desire to control his wife totally, in life and in death, through her immortalisation in the art that he owns and can now gain pleasure from at will.“It’s good to take stock of that in light of what’s happening at the moment – with what people are speaking about culturally,” she says, referring to the reckoning against sexual harassment and assault that has followed allegations against Harvey Weinstein. “We haven’t invented that problem in this generation, we haven’t invented it this century. This is something we’ve inherited and it will take a long time to unpick, but it’s not worth defending. “We’re not seeing anything new,” she reiterates. “The art world doesn’t exist in a vacuum. Being an object, being objectified, [creates] a toxic culture, because we don’t have the same cultural influence as men do. They’ve written the story, they have the power.What is Gadsby’s thesis about art in paragraph 1?Throughout history, in art, women have been depicted as____________________ for the pleasure of __________________ .In paragraph 3, how are men said to have power?Core Vocabularyconsume (v), consumedTo eat drink, use up or completely destroy something egotist (n), egotistic (adj), egotistically (adv)A person who is completely self-obsessed, arrogant or narcissistic ekphrasticA poem that centres on a work of art and then explores or dramatizes the a character’s or reader’s response to itdespot (n), despotic (adj), despotically (adv)A single cruel rulertyrant (n), tyrannical (adj), tyrannically (adv) Using power in a cruel and random wayyearn (v), yearning (v), yearningly (adv)An intense feeling of longing or desire for something, often something that has bee lost MCQs: Browning’s My Last DuchessThe possessive pronoun “my” reveals…the Duke’s boastful desire to control and own his wife.an ominous and cruel nature.that he wanted her but could not have her.The repetition of the phrase __________________ shows both that female sexuality bother the Duke, their bodies seen as a challenge to patriarchal control which he distastefully gossips about implying that she is flirtatious and cheating.“not the first”“spot of joy”“half flush”The possible metaphor the Duke uses for another man having sex with his wife is…“Broke in the orchard for her”“dies along the throat”“the white mule she rode with”The ambiguous comment “I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together reveals…that the Duke hated her smiling and stopped her doing it.the Duke casually alludes to having his wife murdered to assuage his jealousy.the Duke’s wife never listened to him and to show her power, carried on smiling.The off the cuff final metaphor ___________________ highlights that from the Duke’s perspective, women were seen as his to enjoy, not as people in their own right and needed to be controlled like animals as part of a display of wealth and status.“Notice Neptune”“Never to stoop”“Taming a sea horse”Exam-style questionHow does Browning present power in My Last Duchess? Write for 30-45 minutes, using your notes.Who is the speaker in My Last Duchess?The Romantics believed in…The ambiguous comment “I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together reveals…Define yearning.Finally Browning reveals the speaker’s ____________: how his jealousy turned to murder and how his impulse for ownership resulted in the final “____________” of the Duchess as a piece of art.Blake’s LondonExtract from Andrew Lincoln’s – Blake’s Radical PoliticsIn Blake’s London, the condition of the poor and their children was beginning to receive more attention from social reformers. Improvements in hygiene and medical knowledge had led to increased life expectancy, but the rise in the population, poor harvests and war created serious hardships. Orphans and the illegitimate children of the poor could be sold into apprenticeships that offered meagre prospects; young boys were used to sweep chimneys (by scrambling up as ‘climbing-boys’); prostitution and dire housing conditions were continuing problems. Some philanthropic initiatives attempted to address these issues, but asylums and charity schools were often linked to the exploitative apprenticeship system that trapped them in a cycle of poverty. In 1788 David Porter tried to initiate legislation to protect apprentices, but the resultant bill was drastically diluted by the House of Lords. The cause was taken up by others, including the Society for the Bettering of the Condition of the Poor. Such moves were accompanied by a new drive to improve the education of the lower orders, initiated in the 1780s by the Sunday School movement. But even as these reforming movements gathered pace, children were beginning to be sent from London workhouses to labour in northern cotton mills.Blake, a Romantic, and his wife were radicals who also challenged these conditions, he famously described the factories near where he lived as ‘dark Satanic Mills’ which he later condemned in his poem ‘Jerusalem’. In fact, Blake often felt that the law itself was the problem and was deeply influenced by both the French Revolution of 1789 and the American War of Independence and how they tried to liberate people from existing bonds of tradition and political systems. Core Vocabularyconsume (v), consumed (v), consuming (v)To eat drink, use up or completely destroy something despair (n), despair (n), despairing (v)Complete loss of hopesentimental (n), sentimentality (n)A feeling of sadness or tenderness often for the past and linked to a memory of a place or an objectnostalgia (n), nostalgic (v)A sentimental feeling or attachment to a period in the pastsubjugate (v), subjugation (n)To control or dominate someone after conquering themoxymoron A type of juxtaposition. Deliberately contradictory terms are placed directly next to each other for effect e.g. “deafening silence”yearn (v), yearning (v), yearningly (adv)An intense feeling of longing or desire for something, often something that has been lostcondemn (v), condemning (v), condemned (past tense)To disapprove of something or to sentence / hand out a judgment or punishment such as death MCQs: Blake’s LondonThe adjective _____________ shows the speaker’s frustration at the city being mapped and nature being controlled by man, in opposition to Blake’s Romantic ideals of nature being allowed to flow freely.“Thames”“charter’d”“wander”The repetition of the ____________ emphasises the physical impact, almost like a brand, that class and poverty has made on the people of London caused by the destruction and disorder of the Industrial Revolution.metaphor “mind forged manacles”noun “woe”noun “marks”The metaphor “mind-forge’d manacles” depicts…how people had made metal chains for prisoners using their mindsthe isolation and suffering caused by the mental bonds created by debt and modern society.how the poor are trapped in prison or a work house.Which metaphor is a commentary on the corruption of Christianity and its failure to do its duty of protect the least fortunate.“Every blackning church appals”“the happless soldiers sigh”“blood down the palace walls”The oxymoron ________________ juxtaposes the joy of marriage with the misery of death due to societies’ corruption of the young and the abandonment of the weak which has destroyed all of the good in life.“youthful harlots”“infants tear”“marriage hearse”ContextWilliam Blake was another key romantic poet. He specialised in poems of a religious nature but he rejected established religion. One of the main reasons was the failure of the established Church to help children in London who were forced to work. Blake lived and worked in the capital, so was well placed to write clearly about the conditions people who lived there faced.He published a book of poems called ‘Songs of Innocence and Experience’ in 1794, this collection of poems aimed to show the "Two Contrary States of the Human Soul". The Songs of Innocence?section contains poems which are positive in tone and celebrate love, childhood and nature. The?Songs of Experience?poems are obviously intended to provide a contrast, and illustrate the effects of modern life on people and nature. Dangerous industrial conditions, child labour, prostitution and poverty are just some of the topics Blake explores.In 1789, the French people revolted against the monarchy and aristocracy, using violence and murder to overthrow those in power. Many saw the French Revolution as inspirational - a model for how ordinary, disadvantaged people could seize power. Blake alludes (makes subtle reference to) to the revolution in?the poem London, arguably suggesting that the experience of living there could encourage a revolution on the streets of the capital.SummaryThe poem describes a journey around London, offering a glimpse of what the speaker sees as the terrible conditions faced by the inhabitants of the city. Child labour, restrictive laws of property and prostitution are all explored in the poem.The poem starts with a criticism of laws relating to ownership. The 'charter'd Thames' is a bitter reference to the way in which every aspect of life in London is owned, even the river, so often in other poems a symbol of life, freedom and the power of nature.Blake's poem also criticises religion and its failures. The speaker draws attention to the cry of the chimney sweeper and the blackening of church walls, implying that the church as an institution is inactive, unwilling to help those in need. It ends with a vision of the terrible consequences to be faced as a result of sexually transmitted disease.VocabularyWander (verb): to walk without definite purposeChartered (adjective): to describe when an organisation or institution is given specific rights, powers or privileges by the overall authority. Mark1)(Noun): is a sign, symbol, indication or a stain.2) (verb): to put an indication or symbol on something in order to identify it.3) (verb) to notice somethingWoe (noun): a feeling of deep sorrow or grief.Ban (noun): is a ruling that forcibly stops something.Forge (verb): to give form or shape to something.Manacles (noun): handcuffsHapless (adjective): unluckyAppal (verb): to shock or amaze in a negative way.Blight (verb): to spoil or destroy something or to cause an urban area to become run-down and neglected.plague 1) (noun): a widespread disease that is deadly.2) (verb): To pester or annoy continually.?hearse (noun): a funeral car (or horse drawn cart in Blake’s day)London by William BlakeRead the poem below out loud to yourself. Then, go onto Youtube and watch all the London videos, taking notes as you go account is called FullOfScorpionsLondonBY?WILLIAM BLAKEI wander thro' each charter'd street,Near where the charter'd Thames does flow.?And mark in every face I meetMarks of weakness, marks of woe.In every cry of every Man,In every Infants cry of fear,In every voice: in every ban,The mind-forg'd manacles I hear?How the Chimney-sweepers cryEvery blackning Church appalls,?And the hapless Soldiers sighRuns in blood down Palace walls?But most thro' midnight streets I hearHow the youthful Harlots curseBlasts the new-born Infants tear?And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse?Where is the speaker “wandering”?What does he see in the first stanza?In stanza two and three, list the people who “cry”.What does he imagine “runs” down the “palace walls”Who does the speaker hear the harlot’s do in stanza four?What is the oxymoron in the final line?ContextWilliam Wordsworth?(1770-1850) is one of the most famous poets in the history of English Literature. He was born in Cumbria, part of the region commonly known as the Lake District, and his birthplace had a huge influence on his writing. So did the fact that his mother died when he was only eight years old. His father wasn't always around, although William did use his library for reading. William spent time with his grandparents who lived in nearby Penrith, an even wilder and more rugged place.Wordsworth is believed to have started writing poetry when he was at school; during this time he was orphaned by the death of this father.He went to Cambridge University and just before finishing his studies he set off on a walking tour of Europe, coming into contact with the French Revolution, which influenced his writing. He fell in love with a French woman and she had a child. Wordsworth returned to England before his daughter, Caroline, was born and war between Britain and France meant that he didn't see his daughter or her mother for many years.In 1802, shortly after visiting his daughter in France, Wordsworth married Mary Hutchinson, a friend from his school days. They had five children together. 1812 was a terrible year for them as two of their children died.The Prelude?is one of the greatest works of literature ever written in English. It is a long?autobiographical?poem in 14 sections. The first version was written in 1798 but he continued to work on it throughout his lifetime. The poem shows the?spiritual growth of the poet, how he comes to terms with who he is, and his place in nature and the world. Wordsworth was inspired by memories of events and visits to different places, explaining how they affected him. He described?The Prelude?as "a poem on the growth of my own mind"?with "contrasting views of Man, Nature, and Society".Summary This extract describes how Wordsworth went out in a boat on a lake at night. He was alone and a mountain peak loomed over him; its presence had a great effect and for days afterwards he was troubled by the experience.VocabularyCove (noun): a small area on the beach shielded by rocks.Stealth (noun): being secretive or cautious in movement and actionIdly (adverb): doing something without purpose.Craggy ridge (adjective noun): the rough and rugged edge of a rocky bit of land.Utmost (adjective): something that is most important, most extreme or greatest.Elfin (adjective): ike an elf; tiny, delicatePinnace (noun): a small sailing shipLustily (adverb): to describe something done in a ‘lusty’ manner (lusty describes someone or something that is filled with passion, or someone strong and full of vigour.)Uprear (verb): to lift upStature (noun): heightGrim (adjective): something that is so unpleasant it pushes you awayCovert (adjective): secret or hiddenSpectacle (noun): something amazing, interesting or exciting to see that attracts attention.Mode (noun): a way of doing something or acting.The Romantics and ‘The Age of Reason’The 'Age of Reason' was...a period of romantic discovery during the 18th century where reason and logic were not highly valued.a period of scientific discovery during the 17th century where reason and logic were highly valued.a period of scientific discovery during the 18th century where reason and logic were highly valued.Romanticism was…Romanticism was a movement focused on love and romance: they believed in free love and started the cult of Saint Valentine.Romanticism was a movement that rebelled against the ideas of 'The Age of Reason' partly due to the feeling that science created a distance between man and nature.Romanticism was a movement that rebelled against the ideas of childhood innocence and the beauty of nature: they followed ideas of the Enlightenment.Select THREE things that the Romantics believed were important.the power and beauty of naturethe power and logic of science.industrialisation and urbanisation.the importance of childhood and innocence.imagination, art and emotional experience.the control of the church and monarchy.The French Revolution of 1789 was important to Romantics because...it proved that the monarchy were undefeatable.they enjoyed violence and revolution and this suited their interests.it showed a world run by the people without the control of a monarchy or the church was possible.When Shelley wrote that “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world”, what he meant was...that poetry is political and should seek to challenge those in power as well as help improve the world and laws for the better.that poets are ignored 'unacknowledged' and unimportant.that poets should avoid politics and not criticise governments or the monarchy as it was dangerous.OzymandiasIn the poem Ozymandias, who told the speaker about the statue in the desert?Nobody the speaker saw it himself.The sculptor who created the statue.Another traveller from an "antique land".Where was the “shattered” and “half sunk” head?In the sea or a lake.Lying on the desert floor.Stood on top of two "trunkless legs of stone".What had the sculptor captured perfectly on the statue’s “visage”?Ozymandias' cruelty and desire for power.Ozymandias' passion for helping and feeding his subjects.Ozymandias' ugly and unattractive features.What was written on the pedestal?"these words appear""My name is Jesus, king of kings""My name is Ozymandias, king of kings"What was left of Ozymandias’ kingdom around the “colossal wreck”?Pyramids, villages and tourist destinations.Nothing, only "lone and level sands".Ozymandias' kingdom and his great "works".Romantic poets like Shelley criticised the ___________________________ of science, reason and logic.tyrannychaosexteriorIn the opening lines of Ozymandias, Shelley uses the __________________ statue as a metaphor to explore the fragility of human accomplishmentsgrowinguglydecayingWhich phrase creates an image of drowning in sand that emphasises the fragility of human life and how it is consumed by the natural world?“Half sunk”"antique land""whose frown"Which noun phrase describes Ozymandias’ broken and unrecognisable face which emphasises how time causes even the strongest of structures to crumble and decay and obliterates us from history and memory?“trunkless legs”“cold command”“shattered visage”Shelley uses the statue of Ozymandias to critique the cruelty and arrogance of those who desire power and ____________________________.immortalitymortalityRomanticismThe statue’s “wrinkled lip” and “sneer of cold command” reveal…That Ozymandias was often angry and upset about giving orders.The ruthless and harsh nature of a man who was probably a killerThe callous and harsh nature of a ruler who seemed to feel disgust and disdain for his subjects.The imperative phrase ______________ shows Ozymandias’ desire to belittle others as well as simultaneously glorify himself as a “King of kings”.“boundless and bare”“Look on my works ye mighty and despair”“the hand that mocked them”Finally, Shelley juxtaposes the human desire for immortalisation with the reality of human __________________in the face of the terrifying power of nature.ephemeralintangibletransienceThe phrase “lone and level sands” reveals…that nature is long and straight and is scary because it travels vast distances.the insignificance of the nature’s power in contrast the lonely power of man.the terrifying vastness of nature’s power in contrast with the transient insignificance of human life.In line with his Romantic beliefs...it is almost as if Shelley is revealing how nature is taking revenge on those arrogant enough to believe that their power is immortal.it is almost as if Shelley is revealing how industrialisation is taking revenge on nature.it is almost as if Napoleon is revealing how nature is taking revenge on those arrogant enough to believe that their power is immortal.03. Blake’s LondonA. Blake would often wear the 'bonnet rouge' becausehe wanted to show his support for ancient Greece and the Classical world whom he wanted to save from tyranny.he wanted to show his radical support for the French Revolution and the importance of freedom from tyranny.he wanted to show his support for George III and Napoleon and their tyranny.B. Unlike many revolutionaries, Blake valued imagination...because it gave freedom and beauty whereas an over reliance on reason and logic can be destructive (as we see with pollution and overpopulation in London).because it created poverty and tyranny which the king relied on too heavily.because he loved fairies and angels which he felt would swoop down and bring a new version of the French Revolution in England.C. During the 18th Century London...was expanding into the biggest utopia in Europe with no crime or disease.was expanding through industrialisation and mass urbanisation.was shrinking as so many people were leaving due to the terrible conditions.D. In the 18th Century, a charter was...the right to imprison anyone they wanted.the right to build a house (even on a river).the right to own public land (or a river) to make a profit.E. In the poem London, where does the speaker “wander”?The "chartered streets" of London.The "chartered streets" of Paris.The "chartered streets" of Manchester.F. What does he see in the first stanza?"Marks of weakness, marks of woe" on the people he imagines.."Marks of weakness, marks of woe" on the people he sees."Marks of weakness, marks of woe" on the animals he sees.G. In stanza two and three, list the people who “cry”.women and children.Everyone: men, women and children.men and children.H. What does he imagine “runs” down the “palace walls”?"blackening""slime""blood"I. Who does the speaker hear the harlot’s do in stanza four?"curse""sigh""Blasts"J. What is the oxymoron in the final line?"marriage hearse""blights with plagues""harlot's curse"In 'London', Blake seems to be...subversively attacking the "manacles" of government and company control.subversively attacking the vulnerable such as "infants" and "youthful harlots".subversively attacking the French Revolution for its violence and corruption.Blake opens the poem with the speaker mourning the loss of his city: the wonder and wild beauty of London is shown to be lost to...rationalism, modernity and work.Romanticism, imagination and poetry.streets, barges and rivers.The repetition of the adjective "chartered" emphasises...how Blake feels that London has been imprisoned by companies and capitalism who exploit it for profit.how Blake feels that London has been liberated by companies and capitalism taking control of land that everyone used to be able to have access to.how Blake feels that London is branded and industrialised by the Romantic tyrants.The repetition of the ____________ emphasises the physical impact, almost like a brand, that class and poverty has made on the people of London caused by the destruction and disorder of the Industrial Revolution.metaphor “mind forged manacles”noun “woe”noun “marks”The metaphor “mind-forge’d manacles” depicts…how people had made metal chains for prisoners using their minds based in industrialisation and King George III.the inescapable isolation, imprisonment and suffering caused by the mental bonds created by debt and modern society.how the poor are trapped in prison or a work house which is inescapable..Blake then explores the inescapable suffering and corruption inflicted by the ____________________ on the working classes.Romanticsindustrial revolutionFrench RevolutionWhich metaphor is a commentary on the corruption of Christianity and its failure to do its duty of protect the least fortunate.“Every blackening church appals”"the happless soldiers sigh”"blood down the palace walls”Finally, full of despair, Blake examines the city’s destruction of ________________ and youth.innocenceexperienceprivilege.The "youthful harlot's curse" could refer to...the corruption of innocence and childhood through poverty, STIs and unwanted pregnancy which cause an inescapable cycle of suffering.the liberation of innocence and childhood through poverty, STIs and unwanted pregnancy which cause an inescapable cycle of suffering.the yearning of innocence and childhood through poverty, STIs and unwanted pregnancy which cause an inescapable cycle of suffering.The oxymoron ________________ juxtaposes the joy of marriage with the misery of death due to societies’ corruption of the young and the abandonment of the weak which has destroyed all of the good in life."youthful harlots”"infants tear”"marriage hearse”Browning’s ‘My Last DuchessBrowning was a famous...Romantic poet.Victorian poet.Elizabethan poet.Browning was interested in the radical politics of...ending science and logic.ending George III and Napoleon.ending slavery and women's rights.Browning was inspired by...romantic love and sea shells.a love of tradition and the monarchy.Shelley and the Romantics.Browning helped to invent..the dramatic monologue.the dramatic death.the radio monologue.A dramatic monologue is...when a poet takes on a imagined character a talks as if they are them which reveals different aspects of the character's personality.when a poet takes talks for a long time giving their opinions and views on things.when a poet takes on a real character a talks as if they are them which reveals the truth of everything.In a dramatic monologue...a poet agrees with all of the things the character says.a poet might not agree with the things the character they have created say.a poet tends to hate their character deeply.The 'male gaze' is…historically the way women have been seen in art and literature as sexual objects through the eyes of men.historically the way men have been seen in art and literature as sexual objects through the eyes of women.historically the way women have been seen in art and literature as objects through the eyes of everyone.The poem 'My Last Duchess' is based on...the Italian Duke of Ferrara talking to his wife.the Duke talking to a messenger about his current wife.the Duke of Ferrara talking about a picture of his dead wife to a messenger arranging a new marriage.At the start of 'My Last Duchess', the Duke...reveals he keeps his dead wife behind a curtain that only he controls.reveals he keeps a portrait of his dead wife behind a curtain that only he controls.reveals he keeps a portrait of his dead wife behind a curtain that everyone controls.The Duke seems to have been displeased with his last wife...because he thought she was too interesting.because he thought that she was unfaithful.because he thought she had a higher status than him.The phrase "my last Duchess painted on the wall"..reveals the Duke's shame and anger at his wife's infidelity.reveals the sadness and tenderness he feels due to his wife's death.is almost like a boast or conquest - he wants his painting to be admired.The possessive pronoun "my" shows...how the Duke saw the painting as property to be possessed and ownedhow the Duke saw his wife as property to be possessed and ownedhow the Duke saw his wife as someone to respect and treasure.The past tense use of "last"…is sinister and ominous because it is as if the poem has finished too soon.is sinister and ominous as it implies there will be other wives who may suffer the same fate - she was one of many.is sinister and ominous because the Duchess was a vampire.When the Duke describes "the curtain I have drawn for you"...he proudly reveals the painting of his dead wife and only he controls who sees it.he proudly reveals the painting of his living wife and only he controls who sees it.he proudly reveals the painting of his friend's wife and only he controls who sees it.The fact that she is covered by a "curtain"...shows how uninterested the Duke the Duke is in controlling his wife.shows how desperately the Duke wants to have total control over her memory and beauty: he completely subjugates and controls her despite her death.shows how desperately the Duke wants her to have total control over her memory and beauty: he completely liberates and frees her despite her death.The verb "drawn"...emphasises the pleasure that the Duke has in being able to reveal his wife to others: he is a tyrant who dictates, through the male gaze, who gets pleasure or power from her image.emphasises the pleasure that the Duke has in hiding his wife from the world so that nobody remembers her or her beauty.is almost like he is grabbing a weapon with which to punish anyone who looks at her image through the male gaze.The Duke describes the Duchess as having a heart "too soon made glad", by this he means...he jealously thinks that she was too easily pleased and that she was cheating on himthat his wife was definitely cheating on him and he was right to be angry and jealous.that she was happy all of the time, this became frustrating and he wanted to cheat on her.The rhetorical question "how shall I say?" shows...a pause as the Duke gets confused and forgets what he is talking about - almost as if his experience is transient.a pause as the Duke tries to reveal his explosive anger and seem emotional - it is like he is searching for more shocking or aggressive words.a pause as the Duke tries to hide his anger and seem more rational - it is like he is searching for less shocking or aggressive words.The imagery of the "cherries"...alludes to the sexual jealousy of the Duke, he sees his wife as something to be consumed and enjoyed and is a manifestation of his fear.alludes to the Duke's virginity which is a manifestation of his jealousy.alludes to a tasty fruit which is expensive, he is jealous of the gift.“broke into the orchard" could be a metaphor...for his fear that his wife's sexuality or virginity had been stolen from him and the Duchess has been duplicitous.for his fear that his fruit has been stolen from his orchard and the Duchess has been honest.his fear of his wife’s sexuality that he has built a wall around, a bit like in an orchard. ................
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