Chapter 22 The Respiratory System:
Chapter 22 The Respiratory System:
Respiration
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):
External respiration: O2 and CO2
Transport: O2 and CO2
Internal respiration: O2 and CO2
Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy
Major organs
Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and their branches
Lungs and alveoli
Functional Anatomy
Respiratory zone:
Conducting zone:
Includes all other respiratory structures
Respiratory muscles: _________________ and other muscles that promote ventilation
The Nose
Functions
Provides an airway for respiration
_____________________ inspired air
Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors
Nasal Cavity
Vestibule:
Vibrissae filter coarse particles from inspired air
Olfactory mucosa
Lines the superior nasal cavity
Nasal Cavity
Respiratory mucosa
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Mucous and serous secretions contain _________________________________
Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
Inspired air is warmed by ___________________________________
Sensory nerve endings triggers sneezing
Nasal Cavity
Protrude from the lateral walls
Increase mucosal area
Paranasal Sinuses
In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Pharynx
Muscular tube that connects to the
From the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra
Larynx
Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx
Continuous with the trachea
Functions
Larynx
Cartilages of the larynx
Hyaline cartilage except for the ___________________________________
_______________________________ with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Ring-shaped cricoid cartilage
Paired arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages
Epiglottis: ________________________; covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
Larynx
Vocal ligaments
Attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage
Contain elastic fibers
Form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs
Larynx
Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
No part in sound production
Help to close the glottis during swallowing
Voice Production
Speech: intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis
Pitch is determined by the __________________________________ of the vocal cords
Loudness depends upon the _________________________________________
Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality
Sound is “shaped” into language by ______________________________________________
Larynx
Vocal folds may act as a sphincter to prevent air passage
Example: Valsalva’s maneuver
Intra-abdominal pressure _____________________________________
Helps to empty the rectum or stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting
Trachea
_________________________________: from the larynx into the mediastinum
Wall composed of three layers
Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
Submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands
Adventitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Tracheotomy
Trachea
Trachealis muscle
Connects posterior parts of cartilage rings
Carina
Point where trachea branches into two bronchi
Bronchi and Subdivisions
Air passages undergo ________________________________________________
Branching pattern called the ______________________________________________
Conducting Zone Structures
Trachea ( right and left main (primary) bronchi
Each main bronchus enters the ___________________________ of one lung
______________________________ is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left
Each main bronchus branches into __________________________________ (three right, two left)
Each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe
Conducting Zone Structures
Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
Segmental bronchi divide repeatedly
Bronchioles are less than 1 mm in diameter
Terminal bronchioles are the smallest, less than 0.5 mm diameter
Respiratory Zone
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli)
_____________________________ alveoli account for most of the lungs’ volume and are the main site for gas exchange
Alveoli
Surrounded by fine elastic fibers
Open aveolar pores
House ___________________________________ that keep alveolar surfaces sterile
Lungs
Occupy all of the ____________________________ except the mediastinum
_________________________: site of vascular and bronchial attachments
Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
Lungs
Apex:
Base: inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
__________________________: on mediastinal surface; site for attachment of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
____________________ of left lung: concavity that accommodates the heart
Lungs
____________________________ is smaller, separated into ____________________ by an oblique fissure
___________________ lung has __________________ lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures
Bronchopulmonary segments (____________________________________)
_________________________________ are the smallest subdivisions; served by bronchioles and their branches
Pleurae
Parietal pleura on ______________________________ and superior face of diaphragm
_______________________ on external lung surface
Pleural fluid fills the slitlike pleural cavity
Mechanics of Breathing
Pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases
Inspiration:
Expiration:
Pressure Relationships in the Thoracic Cavity
__________________________ (Patm)
Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
___________________________mm Hg at sea level
Respiratory pressures are described relative to Patm
_______________________________ pressure = less than Patm
_________________________________ = greater than Patm
Zero respiratory pressure = Patm
Intrapulmonary Pressure and Intrapleural Pressure
Intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure (Ppul)
Fluctuates with breathing
Always eventually equalizes with Patm
Intrapleural pressure (Pip):
Pressure in the _______________________________________
Fluctuates with breathing
Always a negative pressure ( ................
................
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