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Chapter 14: Lymphatic System and Immunity (Quick Checks)(Page 316)How does the lymphatic system return fluid to the blood?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the primary role of lymph nodes in the body?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why is the thymus important for immunity?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Page 319)What is the difference between adaptive immunity and innate immunity?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are the changes that occur in the body’s inflammatory response?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Page 321)What are antibodies? How do they function in the body?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are complement proteins? How do they function in the body?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Page 327)What are phagocytes and how to they function in the body?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the role of B cells in immunity?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the role of T cells in immunity?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are memory cells?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 15: Respiratory System (Quick Checks)(Page 337)What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are the organs of the upper respiratory tract? What are the organs of the lower respiratory tract?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the function of the respiratory membrane?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the function of the ciliary escalator?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Page 340)What are the paranasal sinuses? What is the function of these sinuses?What are the three divisions of the pharynx?What is the scientific term for the voice box?What keeps the trachea from collapsing?(Page 345)What are bronchi? What is their function?What is the function of alveoli?Can you describe the structure and function of the pleura?What is the difference between the respiratory membrane and respiratory mucosa?(Page 348)How does the diaphragm operate during inspiration? During expiration?What is the vital capacity? How is it measured?What is external respiration?(Page 350)Where are the respiratory control centers located?What is a chemoreceptor? How does it influence breathing?What is hyperventilation? Hypoventilation?(Page 354)What is internal respiration?In what form does most oxygen travel in the blood?In what three forms does carbon dioxide travel in the blood?Chapter 16: Digestive System (Quick Checks)(Page 365)What is the alimentary canal?What kinds of processing does food undergo in the body?Describe the layers of the digestive tract’s wall.What is the uvula? What function does it perform?(Page 369)What are the four major types of teeth?What digestive enzyme is found in saliva?What roles do the pharynx and esophagus play in the digestive tract?What are the sphincters at each end of the esophagus and what function do they serve in the body?(Page 370)What is chyme?How does the pyloric sphincter muscle help the stomach perform its digestive function?What are the main divisions of the stomach?(Page 375)What are the main divisions of the small intestine?What is bile and where does it come from?What is the function of the gallbladder?Why is the pancreas considered both an endocrine and exocrine gland?(Page 377)What is the function of the large intestine?Name the divisions of the large intestine.What is the function of the appendix and where is it located?What are two prominent extensions of the peritoneum?(Page 381)What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestions?What are the end products of carbohydrate digestions?What must happen to a lipid before it can be chemically digested?Chapter 17: Nutrition and Metabolism (Quick Checks)(Page 396)How to aerobic and anaerobic processes differ? How are they alike?How is energy transferred from glucose to ATP?What three processes are responsible for carbohydrate metabolism?How are proteins used once they are absorbed into the body?What are essential amino acids?(Page 399)What is the overall function of vitamins in the body?What is the name for the rate at which nutrients are catabolized under resting conditions?How are calories consumed, related to a person’s body weight?What are the four mechanisms that remove heat from the body?Chapter 18: Urinary System (Quick Checks)(Page 413)What are the main regions of the kidney?What are the primary structures of a nephron?What is the relationship of the glomerular capsule when discussing the segments of the renal tubule and the directional terms (proximal and distal)?What is the role of filtration in the kidney?(Page 417)What are the functions of ANH?How do ADH and aldosterone affect urine output?How to anuria and polyuria differ?(Page 421)Through what tube does urine leave the kidney?What structural characteristics of the bladder allow it to expand and hold urine?Through what structure does urine pass from the bladder to the outside of the body?What is overflow incontinence?Chapter 19: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance (Quick Checks)(Page 431)What are electrolytes?What are the two main fluid compartments of the body?What is meant by the term fluid balance?(Page 433)Which does the body primarily adjust, fluid intake or fluid output?What are the chief ways that fluid leaves the body?How does the body maintain fluid balance?What hormones regulate urine volume?What mechanism regulates fluid intake?(Page 435)How does an increase in capillary blood pressure cause fluid to move into the IF?How do plasma proteins affect fluid balance?What conditions might produce dehydration?(Page 439)What are the causes of hyponatremia and hypernatremia?Hypokalemia may be responsible for what conditions?Why is calcium a significant mineral in our body?Chapter 20: Acid-Base Balance (Quick Checks)(Page 446)What does pH measure?What does a pH of “neutral” indicate?What does it mean when a solution’s pH increases?(Page 450)What three mechanisms does they body have for regulating pH of body fluids?What are buffers?(Page 451)How can breathing affect the pH of the blood?By what mechanism can the kidney change the pH of the blood?What is in the body’s last and best defense against wide variations in blood pH?(Page 455)What is acidosis?What is alkalosis?What factors may cause metabolic disturbance in pH?What situations may cause a respiratory disturbance in pH?What does the term “compensate” mean when referring to pH imbalance?Chapter 21: Reproductive System (Quick Checks)(Page 462)What are gametes?What is the ultimate function of the reproductive systems?(Page 467)What is the name of the male gonad?What specific structure of the gonad is responsible for sperm production?What hormone is produced in the male gonad?(Page 469)Which duct leads from the epididymis?Which organs produce the fluid in semen?What is the function of erectile tissues?What is the glans penis?(Page 472)What is the name of the female gonads?Where are the female gonads located?What is oogenesis?Which hormones are produced by the female gonads?(Page 475)What is another name for uterine tubes?What three major functions does the uterus perform?What substance is conducted through lactiferous ducts?How are the ducts of the male and female reproductive tract similar and how do they differ?(Page 478)Which female structure is made of erectile tissues?What is another term for menses?Which hormone reaches a high peak just before ovulation?Chapter 22: Growth, Age and Development (Quick Checks)(Page 493)What is the prenatal period? What is the postnatal period?What is a zygote? How is it different from a morula or blastocyte?Name and describe the three primary germ layers?What is meant by the term organogenesis?(Page 495)What is meant by the term parturition?What are the three stages of labor?What is an Apgar score?(Page 498)How do the proportions of the human body change during postnatal development?What is the neonatal period of development? Senescence?During which phase of development do the deciduous teeth appear?What biological changes happen during puberty?(Page 500)What changes occur in the skeleton as one ages? How can they also affect respiratory system function?What changes occur in eyesight during older adulthood?What changes occur in the cardiovascular system during older adulthood?How is kidney function affected during older adulthood? ................
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