Chapter 3



Chapter 3

Label the directions in the nervous system relative to the neuraxis (rostral/anterior, dorsal, ventral, caudal/posterior

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Label the planes of section as they pertain to the human central nervous system (horizontal, coronal, sagittal)

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Define the following:

1. Ipsilateral: refers to structures on the same side of the body

2. Contralateral: refers to structures on opposite sides of the body

3. Lateral: toward the side

4. Medial: toward the midline

Hemispheric Specialization (in general, what are the differences between the functions of the two hemispheres)

a. Left: Language

b. Right: Spatial

Directional Specialization (in general, what are the differences between the front, mid, and back areas of the brain)

a. Front: Motor

b. Mid: Sensory

c. Back: Visual

Ventricles:

A series of hollow, interconnected chambers that are filled with CSF. (lateral, third, fourth, choroid plexus creastes CSF)

Glial Cells

Astrocytes: takes away waste, feeds neuron

Micoglia: immune response

Meninges:

Label the three layers and where CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) resides (dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia)

__dura____ = “hard mother”

_arachnoid_ = “spider track”

___pia____ = “pious/delicate mother/saran wrap”

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Evolution

1. View 1: Quantitative difference

a. There are just more neurons in a human brain. The increase in the number of neurons is what gives us added capabilities.

2. View 2: Qualitative difference

a. There’s something different about the human brain compared to other species. How would you get qualitative differences from quantitative differences? Some people argue that there are emergent properties, that the interaction of a greater number of cells creates these qualitative changes.

Ontogeny: How an organism develops within a lifetime

|1. Sperm + ovum |Picture |

|2. Blastula | |

|Embryonic day 18, neural plate forms |Pg. 77 |

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|Neural groove envaginates |Pg. 77 |

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|Neural tube forms |Pg. 77 |

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|E22: Spinal cord end closes |Pg. 77 |

|If lack of folic acid, cord might not close | |

|properly and cause spina bifida | |

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|E24: Head end closes |Pg. 77 |

|If head end doesn’t close, anencephaly occurs | |

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|Cells begin to multiply rapidly; thickens outside |Pg. 78 |

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|W5: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain form |Pg. 78 |

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|Forebrain divides into the telencephalon & diencephalon | |

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|Midbrain doesn’t divide but is also known as the mesencephalon | |

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|Hindbrain divides into the metencephalon & the myelencephalon | |

Forebrain

|Telencephalon: |Diencephalon |

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|Cerebral cortex: |Thalamus: located near the middle of the cerebral hemispheres |

|sulci (little grooves) |Function: |

|gyri (bulges) |Acts as gate between sensory information and the brain |

|Fissures |Divisions |

|Central sulcus (between S1 and M1 & frontal and parietal lobe) |lateral geniculate nucleus (receives input from the eye, sends to the primary |

|Lateral/Sylvian fissure (between frontal and temporal lobes) |visual cortex) |

|Calcarine fissure (medial occipital lobe) |medial geniculate nucleus (receives input from ear, sends to primary auditory |

|frontal lobe |cortex) |

|primary motor cortex: (located rostral to central sulcus) |ventrolateral nucleus (receives input from cerebellum, sends to primary motor |

|prefrontal cortex: (formulating movement) |cortex) |

|parietal lobe | |

|primary somatosensory cortex: (located caudal to central sulcus) |Hypothalamus: located ventral to thalamus |

|temporal lobe |Function: |

|primary auditory cortex: (located on the ventral side of lateral fissure) |regulates autonomic nervous system & endocrine system (fight or flight response) |

|occipital lobe | |

|primary visual cortex: (located around the calcarine fissure) |[pic] |

|limbic cortex (located medial edge of hemispheres) | |

|cingulate gyrus | |

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|[pic] | |

|Limbic System: | |

|hippocampus (sea-horse shaped, memory) | |

|amygdala (almond shaped, emotion) | |

|fornix (connects the hippocampus with other regions of the brain) | |

|mammillary bodies (contains part of the hypothalamus) | |

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|Basal Ganglia: | |

|caudate nucleus | |

|putamen | |

|globus pallidus | |

Midbrain/Mesencephalon

|Tectum: dorsal portion of the mesencephalon |Tegmentum: consists of the portion of the mesencephalon beneath the tectum |

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|Superior colliculus: |Reticular formation: |

|Location: |Location: |

|Ventral to the thalamus |Occupies the core of the brain stem from the lower border of the medulla to the |

|Function: |upper border of the midbrain |

|Involved in visual reflexes and reactions to moving stimuli; orienting the eyes |Function: |

|Inferior colliculus: |Receives sensory information by means of various pathways and projects axons to |

|Location: |the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and spinal cord; plays role in sleep, arousal, |

|Inferior to the superior colliculus |attention, muscle tonus, movements, and other reflexes |

|Function: |Periaqueductal gray matter: |

|Involved in the auditory system |Location: |

| |Surrounds the cerebral aqueduct |

|For a good picture go to page 92, figure 3.21 |Function: |

| |Mostly cell bodies controls sequence of movements that constitute species-typical|

| |behaviors (fighting/mating) |

| |Red Nucleus: |

| |Function: |

| |A bundle of axons that bring motor information from the cortex and cerebellum to |

| |the spinal cord |

| |Substantia Nigra: |

| |Function: |

| |Neurons that project to parts of the basal ganglia |

Hindbrain

|Metencephalon |Myelencephalon |

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|Cerebellum |Medulla Oblongata |

|Location: |Location: |

|Caudal and ventral to the cortex |Most caudal part of the brain stem; its lower border is the rostral end of the |

|Function: |spinal cord |

|Fine motor skills, perhaps even higher level cognition |Function: |

|Pons |Contains part of reticular formation, controls cardiovascular system, |

|Location: |respiration, and skeletal muscle tonus |

|Large bulge in the brain stem between the mesencephalon and medulla oblongata, |[pic] |

|ventral to the cerebellum | |

|Function: | |

|Contains part of reticular formation and is important for sleep and arousal | |

Spinal Cord

Primary functions: to distribute motor fibers to the effector organs of the body (glands and muscles) and to collect somatosensory information to be passed on to the brain

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Peripheral Nervous System

Spinal nerves: begin at the junction of dorsal and ventral roots

Afferent axons: enter the spinal cord through dorsal roots, “bear towards” the CNS, bring somatosensory information

Efferent axons: leave the spinal cord through the ventral roots, “bear away” the CNS

Cranial Nerves

Nerves that serve sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region

Autonomic Nervous System vs. Somatic Nervous System: What’s the difference?

The somatic nervous system controls movements of the skeletal muscles whereas the autonomic nervous system is concerned with the regulation of smooth & cardiac muscles and glands.

Autonomic Nervous System: 2 divisions

|Sympathetic: involved in activities associated with expenditure of energy from |Parasympathetic: involved in activities that are involved in increasing the |

|reserves that are stored in the body |body’s supply of stored energy |

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