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| |Cells |
|These are the structural and functional units of all living organisms. |[pic] |
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| |Modern Cell Theory |
|Modern Cell Theory |-The cell is basic unit of structure and function. |
|-The cell is basic unit of structure and function. |-Living things are made of cells |
|-Living things are made of cells |-All cells come from pre-existing cells. |
|-All cells come from pre-existing cells. |-Cells contain genetic information. |
|-Cells contain genetic information. |-All cells are similar in composition. |
|-All cells are similar in composition. |-Energy flow of life occurs in cells. |
|-Energy flow of life occurs in cells. | |
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|Prokaryotic cells | |
|- No nuclear membrane |Prokaryotic cells |
|- Genetic materials is free in cytoplasm |- No nuclear membrane |
|- No membrane-bound organelles |- Genetic materials is free in cytoplasm |
|- Most primitive type of cell (appeared about 3.8 billion years ago) |- No membrane-bound organelles |
| |- Most primitive type of cell (appeared about 3.8 billion years ago) |
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|Eukaryotic Cells |Eukaryotic Cells |
|- Nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material |- Nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material |
|- Numerous membrane-bound organelles |- Numerous membrane-bound organelles |
|- Appeared approximately one billion years ago |- Appeared approximately one billion years ago |
|- Complex internal structure |- Complex internal structure |
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|All areas outside of nucleus. | |
|Area outside of organelles is called cytosol. |Cytoplasm |
|Rich chemical fluid that helps breakdown molecules for use. | |
|Moves materials through cell (food and waste) | |
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|Found in plants and bacteria | |
|Made of cellulose (permeable) |CELL WALL |
|Supports plant | |
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|- Made of a phosolipid bilayer | |
|- The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Some things can enter some | |
|can’t. | |
|- Cell Membrane controls movement (cellular traffic) in and out the cell. | |
| |Plasma Membrane |
| |[pic] |
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|Passive transport - movement of molecules from a more crowded to a less |Passive transport - movement of molecules from a more crowded to a less crowded area |
|crowded area WITHOUT the use of energy. |WITHOUT the use of energy. |
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|Diffusion: Random movement of molecules. | |
|From high to low concentrations |Diffusion: Random movement of molecules. |
|Molecules are trying to reach equilibrium. |From high to low concentrations |
| |Molecules are trying to reach equilibrium. |
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|Osmosis: the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane. | |
| |Osmosis: the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane. |
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|Active transport – | |
|- Movement of molecules from a less crowded to a more crowded area | |
|-Requires the use of energy |Active transport – |
|- Proteins can do this |- Movement of molecules from a less crowded to a more crowded area |
|- Also called reverse osmosis |-Requires the use of energy |
| |- Proteins can do this |
| |- Also called reverse osmosis |
| |[pic] |
|Endocytosis: (Endo - means to bring in) Energy requiring process where | |
|cell engulfs particle. | |
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|Exocytosis: (Exo - means to take out) Cell releases particle. Uses energy.|[pic] |
|-Largest organelle in cell (dark spot) |Nucleus |
|- Contains genetic information (DNA) |[pic] |
|- DNA makes RNA which makes proteins | |
|- Proteins are important for cell. | |
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|• Contains genetic information |Chromosomes |
|Composed of DNA | |
|• Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human) | |
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|• Round dark spot in center of nucleus |Nucleolus |
|• Only visible when cell is not dividing | |
|• Contains RNA for protein manufacturing | |
|• Makes ribosomes that travel out of nucleus. | |
| |Nuclear Membrane |
|• Surrounds Nucleus |[pic] |
|• Made of two layers | |
|• Lets things in and out | |
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|Maze-like network fused to nuclear membrane. |Rough E.R. |
|- Goes from nucleus to cell membrane. |[pic] |
|- Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system | |
|- Ribosomes attach to and make proteins. | |
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|- Makes lipids (fats) and steriods. |Smooth E.R. |
|- Regulates Calcium production. |[pic] |
|- Synthesizes sugars “Gluconeogenesis” | |
|- Detoxifies drugs | |
|-Stores important enzymes | |
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|- Each cell contains thousands |Ribosomes |
|- Amino Acids: The building blocks of proteins. 20 variations | |
|- Composes 25% of cell's mass | |
|- Most are embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Some free in | |
|cytoplasm. | |
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|Protein Synthesis: The process in which the genetic code carried by | |
|messenger RNA directs cellular organelles called ribosomes to produce |Protein Synthesis: The process in which the genetic code carried by messenger RNA |
|proteins from amino acids. |directs cellular organelles called ribosomes to produce proteins from amino acids. |
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|Protein packaging plant and other macromolecules. | |
|Sends vesicles of macromolecules to destination in cell. | |
|Composed of numerous layers forming a sac. | |
|Enzymes and contents of lysosomes are made here. | |
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| |Golgi Bodies |
| |[pic] |
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|Has Digestive acids / enzymes in a sac | |
|Digestive organelle, recycles old cell parts. |Lysosomes |
|Breaks down proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and bacteria. | |
|Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal. | |
|Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes | |
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|Composed of microtubules |Cytoskeleton, microtubules, microfilaments |
|Supports cell and provides shape |[pic] |
|Aids movement of materials in and out of cells | |
|Flagellum is made of microtubules | |
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|Organelle in plants |Chloroplasts |
|Contain the green pigment chlorophyll |[pic] |
|Has stacks called Thylakoids | |
|Do photosynthesis (Make the sugar) | |
|Has it’s own unique DNA. | |
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|Photosynthesis – Plants make sugar from sunlight. Light energy is turned |Photosynthesis – Plants make sugar from sunlight. Light energy is turned into chemical |
|into chemical energy (sugars – carbon based). |energy (sugars – carbon based). |
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|6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 |6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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|Large organelle that makes energy for the cell. (ATP) |Mitochondria |
|Has folds (surface area) called cristae |[pic] |
|Two membranes | |
|Recycles wastes, produces urea | |
|Has its own DNA. Reproduce independently from cell. | |
|Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal | |
|Very large in plant cell |[pic] |
|Create turgid pressure in plants | |
|Contains food and water solution | |
|Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular organisms) + | |
|locomotion. | |
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