Chapter 10 – Protein Synthesis



Protein Synthesis

In order to create proteins (which are used to express traits) a number of steps must be followed:

1) _______________ is used as a blueprint to make _______________.

2) _______________ then directs the making of _________________.

DNA vs. RNA

|Sugars: | | |

|Structure: | | |

|Location: | | |

|Bases: | | |

|Types: | | |

There are 2 stages needed for using DNA to make RNA to make proteins, they are:

A) _____________________ – DNA is rewritten as RNA.

B) ______________________ – 3 types of RNA work together to turn amino acids into proteins.

Terms to Know:

Genetic Code – ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Codon – _________________________________________________________________________

There are _______ possible combinations of three letter nucleotides, but only _______ amino acids.

DNA to RNA (Transcription)

Four Steps: (similar to DNA Replication)

________________________________ binds to the “start” codon of DNA.

________________________________ unwinds and separates the two strands of DNA.

________________________________ adds and links new nucleotides together and continues until a “stop” codon is reached. (The base pairing is _____________ and _____________)

4) The new __________ strand leaves the nucleus and the __________ rejoins back together.

DNA Replication vs. Transcription

|Enzymes used: | | |

|Nucleotide Type: | | |

|Number of Strands made: | | |

|Number of Templates: | | |

The Genetic Code:

* Many different _______________ strand’s are made during transcription.

* Each mRNA strand has _______________ for a different type of protein.

* The instructions are written in sets of three nucleotides called _______________.

* Each codon stands for a specific _______________.

* When enough amino acids are joined they form a _______________.

Key Codons Include: AUG = methionine = “__________” UGA, UAA, UAG = “__________”

B) RNA to Protein

Translation requires the use of three different types of RNA:

a) _______________ b) _______________ c) _______________

Translation occurs in_______________, which are made of two parts called the large and small subunits.

The Seven Steps:

The ribosome subunits, the mRNA and the tRNA all bind together at the “_______________.”

A second tRNA binds to the “_______________.”

The amino acids on the top of the tRNA’s form a _________ _________when close together.

The tRNA at the “P-site” breaks away, but leaves its _________ _________ behind.

The tRNA at the “A-site” moves to the “P-site” and a __________ tRNA enters the “A-site.”

Steps 3-5 repeat.

Translation ends when a “_______________” codon is reached, then all parts break up.

* All of the amino acids that were joined stay together to become a protein.

** Proteins are used to express all genes.

Mutations

Gene mutations result from changes in a ___________________ gene. Chromosomal mutations involve changes whole ______________________.

Gene Mutation

________________________ – Affect one nucleotide thus occurring at a single point on the gene. Usually one nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide.

_________________________ – Inserting an extra nucleotide or deleting a nucleotide causes the entire code to “shift”.

Chromosomal Mutations

__________________ – Part of a chromosome is deleted

__________________ – part of a chromosome is duplicated

__________________ – chromosome twists and inverts the code.

__________________ – Genetic information is traded between nonhomologous chromosomes.

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