Quotations, Paraphrasing, Signaling Phrases, and In-Text ...



Quotations, Paraphrasing, Signaling Phrases, and

In-Text Parenthetical Citations

AVOIDING PLAGIARISM:

The best way to avoid something is to know what it is you need to avoid. Plagiarism is much more than just copying, it is:

• Failure to use quotation marks to indicate borrowed language

• Failure to acknowledge borrowed ideas and information

• Failure to change the language of the source text sufficiently in paraphrase

Signaling Phrases:

Some of you may have noticed the signaling phrase in the example above. Signaling phrases signal that you are borrowing outside material and indicate the source of the material. Signaling phrases reduce confusion.

Confusion caused by lack of a signaling phrase

Romance readers insist on formulaic plots of “childlike restrictions and simplicity,” and as a result, these books lack “moral ambiguity” (Gray and Sachs 76).

Sentence revised with a signaling phrase

The Time article mentioned earlier claims that romance readers insist on formulaic plots of “childlike restrictions and simplicity,” and says that as a result, these books lack “moral ambiguity” (Gray and Sachs 76).

Guidelines for use:

• Make the phrase part of your own sentence.

• The first time you bring in a particular source, put the phrase before the quotation or summary so that the reader will have the background they need when they reach the borrowed source material.

• Provide just enough background to help the reader understand the significance of the material you are bringing in, not everything there is to say about the source.

• Base your decisions about what to include in your signaling phrase on what you are confident readers will recognize and what will help them recognize the relevance of the source you are using. For example, Time is a well-known magazine and the Journal of Urban History has a self explanatory title, so using those titles in a signaling phrase would probably provide more context than an author’s name would. However, a journal with an ambiguous name, like Dialogue, does not give the reader sufficient information. What are we dialoguing? In this case the author’s name and some information about the author’s background (“a Canadian philosopher”) is sufficient.

• Vary the format and vocabulary of your phrases. Avoid a long string of phrases that repeat “according to” or “he says.”

o Examples

▪ demonstrates, reports, suggests, observes, asserts, emphasizes, declares, holds, maintains, argues that, according to, in ______ opinion, in ______ estimation, contradicts, opines, referred to, summarized, alluded to, mentions, includes, etc.

“Quotations”:

Use quotations around wording from an outside source.

Short Quotations

To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page citation in the text, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text. For example:

According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.

According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184).

Long Quotations

For quotations that are four or more typed lines: place quotations in a free-standing block of text and do not use quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented one inch from the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Only indent the first line of the quotation by a half inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. For example:

Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:

They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)

Adding or Omitting Words in Quotations

If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put [brackets] around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text.

Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).

If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or words by using ellipsis marks, which are three periods (...) preceded and followed by a space. For example:

In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale ... and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).

Paraphrase:

Paraphrase is conveying the same idea of a source by using your own wording.

Original

Other genres – mystery, thriller, horror, sci-fi – attract no cultural stigma, but those categories also appeal heavily to male readers. Romances do not, and therein, some of the genre’s champions argue, lies the problem.

Plagiarism

According to Gray and Sachs, other types of books – horror, mystery, sci-fi – experience no cultural stigma, but these types of books are those that appeal mainly to male readers. Romances, by contrast, do not, and that, some of its champions argue, is the problem (76).

Acceptable Paraphrase

According to Gray and Sachs, popular books that attract mostly male readers, such as science fiction and thriller novels, do not suffer the same public condemnation as romance novels. Some fans of romance fiction believe that this is no coincidence and that condemnation of it is due to the fact most of its readers are female (76).

In-Text (Parenthetical) Citation:

Referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what's known as parenthetical citation. Immediately following a quotation from a source or a paraphrase of a source's ideas, you place the author's name followed by a space and the relevant page number(s).

Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work, or italicize it if it's a longer work.

Your in-text citation will correspond with an entry in your Works Cited page, which, for the Burke citation above, will look something like this:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. Print.

Portions of this paper were from or adapted from The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) website .

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