Reduction of adverb and adjective clauses



REDUCTION OF ADVERB AND ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

ADVERB CLAUSES

(after, before, since, when, while)

I fell while I was running down the stairs.

I fell while running down the stairs.

While I was walking to the library, I saw my psychology professor.

While walking to the library, I saw my psychology professor.

ADVERB CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

Before I left the class, I asked about the exam.

Before leaving the class, I asked about the exam.

Since I began this class, I have learned a lot.

Since beginning this class, I have learned a lot.

Since the beginning of class, I have learned a lot.

Since he began to teach this class, I have learned a lot.

*Since beginning to teach this class, I have learned a lot.

After I had taken the class, I understood more about human nature.

After I TOOK the class, I understood more about human nature.

After taking the class, I understood more about human nature.

After having taken the class, I understood more about human nature.

FUTURE

After he arrives, he will start class.

After arriving, he will start class.

PRESENT TENSE

After he arrives, he starts class (everyday).

After arriving, he starts class.

After he has gotten on the train, he will pass the secret message to the spy.

After having gotten on the train, he will…

After getting on the train, he will…

LOSS OF CLAUSE HEAD

(When, while, because)

When my mother saw me board the plane, my mother began to cry.

Seeing me board the plane, my mother began to cry.

While I was waiting to board the plane, I couldn't help but think about what the future would be like.

Waiting to board the plane, I couldn't help but think...

Because I wanted to be brave, I simply smiled.

Wanting to be brave, I simply smiled.

*Because wanting to be brave, I simply smiled.

Because of wanting to be brave, I simply smiled. (UNUSUAL)

Because I put on a brave face, my mother felt better.

*Putting on a brave face, my mother felt better.

UNABLE TO REDUCE BECAUSE THE SUBJECTS OF THE MAIN CLAUSE AND ADVERB CLAUSE ARE DIFFERENT.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

▪ OMIT (1) RELATIVE CLAUSE PRONOUN AND (2) THE VERB “TO BE”

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

The student who is talking to the teacher is from China.

The student talking to the teacher is from China.

(USE COMMAS THE SAME WAS AS IN REGULAR ADJECTIVE CLAUSES)

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

Last night, she gave a lecture which was on technological developments in her country.

Last night, she gave a lecture on technological developments in her country.

PAST PARTICIPLE

Anyone who is interested in this country should plan to attend the lecture tonight.

Anyone interested in this country should plan to attend the lecture tonight.

***Anyone has a library card my check out books.

A person who is interested in music

An interested person

???An interested in music person

a musically-inclined person

?a musically-interested person (STRANGE)

A person interested in music

The instructor, who was so tired, decided to take a break.

The instructor, being so tired, decided to take a 5-minute break.

Because the instructor was so tired, he decided to take a 5-minute break.

The essays that are written in this book are very interesting.

The essays written in this book are very interesting.

OTHER REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Anyone who has a library card may check out books.

Anyone having a library card may check out books.

The library does not contain studies which deal with the psychological effects of the Civil.

The library does not contain studies DEALING with the psychological effects of the Civil.

You can get your passport renewed at the Kennedy Building, which is located near the train station.

You can get your passport renewed at the Kennedy Building, located near the train station.

APPOSITIVES (reduced adjective clauses with nouns)

History, which is my favorite subject, has always fascinated me.

History, my favorite subject, has always fascinated me.

Philadelphia, which is an interesting city, has many historical points of interest.

Philadelphia, an interesting city, has many historical points of interest.

NOUNS AND PASSIVE/PAST PARTICIPLES

Wheaton Regional Park, which is lovely, is near Randolph and Georgia Avenue.

*Wheaton Regional Park, lovely, is near Randolph and Georgia Avenue.

▪ PUT REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IMMEDIATELY BEFORE OR AFTER THE RELATED NOUN, AND NOWHERE ELSE.

The man who was infected with the virus never recovered.

The man infected with the virus never recovered.

Infected with the virus, the man never recovered.

*The man never recovered, infected with the virus.

▪ RESTRICTIONS ON A FULL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

*The man never recovered who was infected with the virus.

*Who was infected with the virus, the man never recovered.

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download