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Study Guide Exam 1Bio 220_____________________________________________________________________________________This handout it a study guide. It is meant to help you focus on specific areas of Anatomy chapter by chapter. Most material will be covered either in lecture or lab but there are a few readings in every chapter that will be your responsibility to cover outside of class. Learning objectives for this unit:Ch1: Understand the structural organization of the human body and how a change in the molecule will affect all levels.Ch1: Learn the characteristics all living organisms shareCh: 1Learn anatomical terminology now, it will save you laterCh 2: Major goals of this unit: Understand how cell anatomy (plasma membrane) and cell organelles effect the function of the cell and how that cell interacts with its environment. Ch 4: Understand the general and specific anatomical structures of the 4 tissue types in order to understand their location and functional importance. Ch 5: Understand how multiple tissues work together to form an organ (integument) and with other organs, form a system that provides many functions to us. _____________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 1: A First look at AnatomyIn Lecture and Lab:1.2 Definition of Human Anatomy1.2a Microscopic Anatomy:What is Microscopic Anatomy? What is Histology?1.2b Gross Anatomy:What is Gross Anatomy? *1.3 Structural Organization of the Body (hierarchy of organization) Describe the 6 levels of organization in the human body. What are atoms and molecules?What are cells?What is a tissue?What are organs?What is an organ system?What is an organism?**Study Note: It is extremely important to understand each level of organization contributes to the anatomy of the next level of organization. This will be a running theme we continuously refer to in every chapter.***1.3a Characteristics of Living ThingsDescribe the 7 properties that are common to all organisms.What is homeostasis? *1.4a Anatomic PositionDescribe anatomic position and why it is used.1.4b Sections and PlanesWhat are “slices” of the body called and why are they used?Describe the 3 major anatomic planes and 2 other planes mentioned in the text. Table 1.2: Review terms and definitions1.4d Regional AnatomyDescribe the 2 main regions of the human body. Table 1.3: Review terms and definitions*1.4c Body Cavities and MembranesList and describe the posterior aspect’s two enclosed cavities. List and describe the ventral cavity’s 2 major cavities.What divides the 2 major cavities associated with it?Describe the type of membrane that lines the cavities and the organs of the ventral cavityDescribe the associated membranes and cavities of the Thoracic Cavity.Be sure to pay attention to: Mediastinum, parietal and visceral pericardium, pericardial cavity, pleura, parietal and visceral pleura, pleural cavityDescribe the associated membranes and cavities of the Abdominal Cavity.Be sure to pay attention to: pelvic and abdominal cavities, peritoneum, parietal and visceral peritoneum, and peritoneal cavity1.4f Abdominopelvic Regions and QuadrantsList the abdominopelvic regions What are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and why do some health-care professionals prefer to partition them this way.Test your knowledge: Pages 20-22_____________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 2: The Cell: Basic Unit of Structure and FunctionSections to review on your own: Table 2.2 Components of the cell2.7 Aging and the cell2.4c Cell Organelles (Will be reviewed in Lab as well)In Lecture and Lab:*IntroductionWhat are cells and what is their function?Describe the common characteristics cells share2.1b General Functions of Human Body Cells*Describe the 8 functions of human body cells as well as examples of each (See table 2.1). 2.2 Prototypical Cell*Describe the 3 basic constituents all mature human cells shareTable 2.2**Study hint: Make flash cards of all the cell organelles, their structure, functions and appearance. Make one side of your flash card a picture of the organelle and on the other side list the name, structure, and function.*2.3 Plasma MembraneDescribe the form and function of the plasma membraneWhat does it separate?Describe why it is “selectively permeable” and what that means Describe the volume to Surface Area ratio of a cell.Why is this balance important to cell function?*2.3a Composition and Structure of MembranesDescribe the composition (3 components) of a cell membraneDescribe a lipid and why phospholipids are important to the cell membrane (Think Diffusion)Are phospholipids polar or non-polar? (Trick question)Are they hydrophilic or hydrophobic?Name the type of plasma proteins associated with communication for cell and aiding in movement of molecules in and out of cell. 2.3b Protein-specific functions of the plasma membraneWe will review a few of the Protein-specific functions of the plasma membrane*2.3c Transport Across the plasma membrane (& Table 2.3 for summary)Describe Passive Transport (make sure to review energy needed, equilibrium, lipid solubility, and concentration gradient roles)Compare and contrast the following Passive transports: Simple diffusion, osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion (mostly type of solutes which can dissolveExample: Simple-no energy, high to low concentration, small non polar moleculesDescribe Active Transport (make sure to review energy needed, equilibrium, and concentration gradient roles)Compare and contrast the following active transports: Ion Pump, Bulk TransportBulk transport:Describe Exocytosis Describe the various forms of Endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis2.4 CytoplasmDescribe what Cytoplasm is and it’s 3 separate components*2.4c OrganellesDescribe what an organelle is and their overall function for the cell. Recall all organelles which are membrane bound (**Study hint: You can add the following information to your organelle note cards)What is the difference between Smooth and Rough endoplasmic reticulum?Where in the body will we find large amounts of each?What 2 organelles does Rough ER work closely with and what do they accomplish together? What are the functions of the Lysosome? (Define autophagy and autolysis) What is the relationship between the energy needs of a cell and the number of mitochondria of that cell?Recall all organelles which are non-membrane boundDescribe the differences in location and function of free and fixed ribosomes Describe where in the body and why would we find cells that contain cilia and flagella. What is the main function of microvilli?2.5 NucleusDescribe the anatomy of the nucleus and its overall function.2.5c DNA, Chromatin, and ChromosomesDNA stands for?Describe the function of genes. Describe the difference between Chromatin and chromosomes.Define a histone and nucleosome. *2.6 Life Cycle of the CellWhat are the 2 major divisions of the cell life cycle?Explain why calling interphase the “resting” phase can be misleading.In which phase does DNA replication occurWhat are the purposes of Mitosis?What type of cells undergo mitosis?Mitosis starts with how many cells and ends with how many cells?Mitosis starts with how many chromosomes and ends with how many chromosomes in each cell?Name and describe the 4 phases of mitosisBe sure to define: Sister chromatids, centromere, cytokinesisTest your knowledge: Pages 51-53_____________________________________________________________________________________Ch 3: Embryology ** This will not be on your exam but it will help you to understand the rest of the semester as I incorporate it throughout. By learning how and from where these systems develop, learning their location in an adult is much easier.Sections to review on your own: 3.1 Overview of Embryology3.2 Gametogenisis3.2a MeiosisTable 3.13.4a Gastrulation & 3.4 Embryonic PeriodFigure 3.12Table 3.3_____________________________________________________________________________________Ch4: Tissue Level of OrganizationSections to review on your own: 4.1f Glands: Review only exocrine glands in brief. We will review these more in Chapter 5.4.2c Development of Connective Tissue4.6 Tissue Change and AgeIn Lecture and Lab:Introduction*What are tissuesWhat are tissues formed from (what are their components)? Describe the ways in which the 4 tissue types vary. (This will help you to identify them in lab)*Define Extracellular MatrixHow is it different from interstitial fluid4.1 Epithelial TissueDescribe where we find epithelial tissue in the body *4.1a Characteristics of Epithelial TissueList and describe the 6 characteristics of epithelial tissue*4.1b Functions of the Epithelial Tissue List and describe the Functions of the Epithelial Tissue4.1c Specialized Structure of the Epithelial TissueDescribe the function and location of the basement membrane*Compare and contrast the 4 intercellular junctionsInclude their location and functions*4.1d Classification of Epithelial tissueDescribe the two major anatomical traits used to classify epithelial tissuesDescribe the difference between: [simple, stratified, and pseudostratified] and [squamous, Cuboidal, columnar, and transitional]4.1c Types of Epithelium (**Will be discussed in lab, but should review on own as well)Describe where mesothelium can be found in the human body.*Describe the function and location of microvilli, goblet cells, brush border, and mucin.*Describe the difference in location and structure of keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous tissue. Table 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 (this is for lab and lecture)**Study hint: Make flash cards of all the Epithelial tissues Make one side of your flash card a picture of the tissue and on the other side list the name, structure, function, and location.** EXCLUDE: stratified cuboidal and stratified columnarNote possible structures that are key to identifying the tissueExample: Simple Squamous- one layer of flat cells, diffusion, lining of organs and body cavitiesExample: Simple cuboidal- Single layer of cubed shaped cells, absorption/secretion, ducts*4.2aDescribe the components of connective tissue*4.2b Functions of connective tissueDescribe the 6 functions of connective tissue4.2d Classification of Connective Tissue*List the 3 broad categories of connective tissue?Describe resident cells and their functions in general. Describe wandering cells and their functions in gerneral.*List and briefly describe function of the fibers of CT:Example: elastic: allow for stretch and recoil*Describe characteristics of the two broad categories of connective tissue proper?Table 4.9**Study hint: Make flash cards of all Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissues Make one side of your flash card a picture of the tissue and on the other side list the name, structure, function, and location.Use the text accompanying this table for supplemental informationTable 4.10**Study hint: Make flash cards of all Connective tissue proper: Dense connective tissues Make one side of your flash card a picture of the tissue and on the other side list the name, structure, function, and location.Use the text accompanying this table for supplemental informationSupporting connective tissue* List the names of the supporting connective tissues*What is the role of supportive connective tissue?NOTE: Topics in the section will be revisited and tested during Skeletal UnitFluid connective tissue*List the names of the fluid connective tissuesNOTE: Topics in the section will be revisited and tested during Cardiovascular Unit4.3 Body Membranes (This is a great section for putting together information about the previous sections)What two tissue types make up the body membranes?Describe the form, function , and location of the 2 principal kinds of membranes. Briefly describe cutaneous and synovial membranes4.4 Muscle Tissue NOTE: Topics in the section will be revisited and tested during Muscle Unit4.4a Classification of Muscle Tissue*Describe the form and location of the three categories of muscle tissueNOTE: Topics in the section will be revisited and tested during Muscle UnitTable 4.14 **Mostly for lab and good information when we return to these topics in later chapters**Study hint: Make flash cards of all Muscle tissuesMake one side of your flash card a picture of the tissue and on the other side list the name, structure, function, and location.4.5 Nervous Tissue Study Note: Reviewed more in nervous unit*Name and describe the function (BREIFLY) of the two cell types of nervous tissueTest your knowledge: pgs 114-117_____________________________________________________________________________________Ch5: Integumentary SystemSections to review on your own: 5.6 Integument Repair & Regeneration5.7 Aging and Integument5.7a Skin CancerTable 5.4In Lecture and Lab:IntroductionDefine: Integument, cutaneous membrane, and integumentary system*5.1a Integument StructuresDescribe the anatomy of the two layers of the integument *5.1b Integument FunctionsBriefly describe the 6 functions of the integument SystemDefine: Selectively permeable, epidermal dendritic cells, and tactile cells.*5.2 EpidermisEpidermis is the epithelium of the integument, what type of epithelial tissue is it?Is this the superficial or deep layer of integument?*5.2a Epidermal StrataName and describe the anatomy and formation (Which layer produces new cells) of the 5 strata of the epidermisDefine and describe: Keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, Keratinization, anucleated5.2b Variations in the epidermisDescribe the differences between thick and thin skinList the three contributing factors to skin color Describe the differences between a nevus, freckles, and hemangioma.*5.3 DermisDescribe the location and structure of the dermisWhat other components are found in the dermis?*5.3a Papillary layer of the DermisDescribe the location and tissue of the papillary regionWhat are epidermal ridges and what is their purpose?*5.3b Reticular Layer of the DermisDescribe the location and tissue of the reticular layerWhat other structures are found in the region?*5.4 Subcutaneous LayerDescribe the location and tissue of the subcutaneous layer*5.5 Epidermal Accessory Organs List the 4 components derived from the epidermis.5.5a NailsFrom where are nails derived and what is their function?*Nail anatomy will be tested on in lab not lecture5.5b Hair*Most Hair anatomy will be tested on in lab not lectureDescribe where hair is found on the body.Describe the 3 types of hair, when they are found and where they are found.Men and women the same?Describe the function of the arrector pili musclesDescribe the 6 functions of hair5.5c Exocrine Glands of the Skin and pg 94Define Exocrine Gland*Focus on types of : Merocrine glands (sweat gland), Apocrine glands (Sweat gland), and holocrine glands *( Refer only to Lecture slides for information)*Briefly Describe the similarities & differences in secretion and locations of the two types of “sweat” glands found in the dermis.What is the fluid of sebaceous glands called?What is their function?Briefly describe the two other integumentary glands (Mammary, ceruminous): Their function, location, and secretions.Test your knowledge: pgs 142-145 ................
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