UNIT 2: CREATING THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC



UNIT 2: CREATING THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC

I. Events leading to American Republic (1773-1775)

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|C. Colonists upset: |

|claim “no taxation without representation” |

|violent protests- “Sons of Liberty” formed, |

|Stamp Act Congress organized a boycott |

|of British goods |

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|D. Parliament repeals Stamp Act |

|1766 Declaratory Act in enacted- Britain had |

|the right to tax the colonists |

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|E. 1767 Townsend Acts- indirect tax on glass, paint, tea, etc. |

|Colonists revive their protests and boycotts |

|British send troops to Boston |

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|F. 1770 Boston Massacre- British soldiers kill 5 colonists |

|Committees of Correspondence were formed |

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|G. British withdrew troops and dropped most of the Townsend taxes |

|except the one on tea |

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|H. 1773 Tea Act- British East India Company could sell tea cheaper than even the |

|Smugglers |

|Colonists responded with the Boston Tea Party |

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|I. 1774 Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)- |

|Boston Harbor was closed until the tea was paid for |

|Renewal of the Quartering Act (in Boston specifically) |

|Crimes by British officials committed in the colonies were tried in |

|Britain (not the colonies) |

|1774 First Continental Congress- Colonies met to renew the boycott of British goods |

|Colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a threat to their liberty and it united |

|them in protest against the Acts |

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|J. Battles of Lexington and Concord- |

|General Gage and British troops searched for John Hancock, Samuel |

|Adams and weapons |

|Patriot militia (Minutemen) kill/ wound more than 200 British soldiers and |

|follow them back to Boston |

|First shots of the war |

|Second Continental Congress- |

|Colonies meet and name George Washington commander of Continental |

|Army |

V. Strengths and Weaknesses of British and Patriots

|BRITISH STRENGTHS |PATRIOT STRENGTHS |

| | |

|Support of the loyalists |Superior weapons and marksmen |

|Strong, well-trained Army and Navy |Inspiring cause: Independence |

|Strong government with money |Leadership of George Washington |

|Indian allies |Familiarity of home ground |

| |Experienced officers and soldiers trained in past colonial wars |

|BRITISH WEAKNESSES |PATRIOT WEAKNESSES |

| | |

|3000 miles from Britain to the battle front |Short supply of food and ammunition |

|Unfamiliar battlefronts |Infant navy |

|Weak military leaders |No central government enforcing wartime policies |

|Inability to use loyalist effectively |Most soldiers untrained, undisciplined |

II. Ideas behind the Revolution

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IV. LOYALISTS

(10-20%)

Pg. 110

WHO WERE THEY

Artisans (craftsmen:blacksmiths,

silversmiths etc.)

Farmers

Wealthy elitists

Cultural minorities who feared oppression

Native Americans

Enslaved People

WHY WERE THEY?

Liked law and order.

Native Americans were Loyalists b/c the British kept the colonists from moving west and taking their land.

Slaves sought freedom by joining the British.

Thought the Patriots demanded more taxes than the British.

They were afraid of war and thought the colonists couldn’t defeat the British.

British allowed more free speech.

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VI. Revolutionary War Battles and Leaders

|GENERALS |BATTLES |OTHER |

|PATRIOTS |Early fighting in Mass. (Key battle: Lexington & Concord) |Saratoga is important because: |

|Washington |British leave N. E. in Jan. 1776 |1. turning point of the war |

|Marquis de Lafayette | |2. France recognized American independence and joined the |

| |British attack the Middle colonies (seaports of NYC & |War |

| |Philadelphia) | |

| | |Ben Franklin convinces the French to join the war and help the patriots |

| |Dec. 26, 1776 Washington crosses the Delaware River and wins | |

| |the Battle of Trenton |Winter of 1777-1778 Washington’s army endures difficult conditions at Valley Forge |

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| |Patriots win the Battle of Saratoga: April 1777 |1779 Spain joins the war as a French ally |

|BRITISH | | |

|Howe |Britain invades the South and win battles in GA and SC |Treaty of Paris 1783, ends the Revolutionary War |

|Cornwallis | | |

|Burgoyne |Oct. 1781 Washington and the French led by Lafayette force the | |

| |British and Cornwallis to surrender at Yorktown | |

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A. Results of F-I War

1. Britain in debt

2. Proclamation of 1763 (reduce protection costs)

3. Colonists ignore and settle west of Appalachians

B. 1764 Sugar Act

1765 Quartering Act

1765 Stamp Act- 1st direct tax on the colonists

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John Locke of England

“Social Contract Theory”

Baron de Montesquieu of France

Powers of government should be clearly defined and limited

All people have natural rights:

LIFE

LIBERTY

PROPERTY

Government exists to protect people’s natural rights

People have the right to revolt when the government fails to protect these rights

Declaration

of

Independence

III. Declaration of Independence

When: July 4, 1776

Where: Philadelphia

Who: Second Continental Congress

Historical Basis

Enlightenment philosophers:

John Locke

Written by:

Thomas Jefferson

4 Parts

1. Preamble

2. Political Ideas

3. List of complaints against the king

4. Formal resolution of independence

Signers

Thomas Jefferson

John Hancock

Button Gwinnett

Risk

Life

Purpose for writing

“When in the course of human events…”

To tell the world why they are declaring independence

Formal declaration of independence

“We therefore the Representatives of the United States of America…mutually pledge our lives, our fortune, our sacred honor”

List of Complaints

“He has…”

1. “For quartering large bodies of troops

among us”= Quartering Act

2. “For imposing taxes on us without our

consent”= Stamp Act

3. “For cutting off trade with all parts of the

world”= Intolerable Acts

Political Ideas

“We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal…”

1. Government gets its power from the

people

2. People can change their government if it

does not protect their natural rights

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