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The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report:

Document Title:

The Nature and Extent of Gang Involvement in Sex Trafficking in San Diego County

Author(s):

Ami Carpenter, Ph.D., Jamie Gates, Ph.D.

Document No.:

249857

Date Received:

April 2016

Award Number:

2012-R2-CX-0028

This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this federally funded grant report available electronically.

Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect

the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Project Title: The Nature and Extent of Gang Involvement in Sex Trafficking in San Diego County Award Number: NIJ- 2012-R2-CX-0028 Author(s): Ami Carpenter, PhD and Jamie Gates, PhD

This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)

and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

The Nature and Extent of Gang Involvement in Sex Trafficking in San Diego County

Final Report

Submitted to

United States Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice

Grant No.: NIJ- 2012-R2-CX-0028

Prepared by

Ami Carpenter, PhD Principal Investigator Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies University of San Diego 5998 Alcala Park, Suite 113 San Diego, CA 92110 Tel: (619) 260-7830 Email: acarpenter@sandiego.edu

Jamie Gates, PhD Co-Investigator Department of Sociology and Social Work Pt. Loma Nazarene University 3900 Lomaland Drive San Diego, CA 92106 Tel: (619) 849-2659 Email: jamiegates@pointloma.edu

Jan 2016

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This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)

and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

3

This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)

and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. INTRODUCTION I.A BACKGROUND

I.B KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

I.C STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GANG INVOLVEMENT IN SEX TRAFFICKING

I.D MINING EXISTING AND REACHING INTO NEW DATA SOURCES

I.E ACTION-BASED RESEARCH AND COMMUNITY COLLABORATION

II. METHODS II.A

SITE SELECTION: SAN DIEGO COUNTY AND BORDER REGION

II.B

SAN DIEGO COUNTY HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND CSEC ADVISORY COUNCIL

II.C

STUDY DESIGN: TRIANGULATION OF DATA FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES

II.D

DATA COLLECTION

II.D.1. Survey Data on Victims from Freedom from Exploitation (FFE)

II.D.2. Victims Intake Data from Social Service Providers (TVIT)

II.D.3. Arrest and Booking Data from Law Enforcement Agencies

II.D.4. Focus Groups in San Diego County High Schools

II.D.5. Individuals Involved with or Knowledgeable about Sex Trafficking

II.E

Study Design Limitations

II.E.1. Trafficking Victims Identification Tool (TVIT)

II.E.2. Law Enforcement Data

II.E.3. School Focus Group

II.E.4. In-Depth Interviews with Incarcerated Individuals

III. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

III.A

SCALE OF THE ILLICIT SEX ECONOMY IN SAN DIEGO

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This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)

and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

III.B

TRAFFICKERS

III.B.1. Scope of Sex Trafficking Facilitation

III.B.2. Nature of Gang Involvement in Sex Trafficking

III.C

VICTIMS

III.C.1. Profile of San Diego Victims

III.C.2. Recruitment in San Diego High Schools

IV. DISCUSSION IV.A

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

IV.B

IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES

IV.C

FUTURE RESEARCH ON SEX TRAFFICKING AND GANGS

V. REFERENCES

VI. TABLES AND FIGURES

VII. APPENDICES

VII.A

INTERVIEW GUIDELINE FOR FACILITATORS

VII.B

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

VII.C

GANG STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

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This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)

and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

FOREWORD This project was conducted under Grant No. NIJ- 2012-R2-CX-0028 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, United States Department of Justice. Points of view in this document are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the United States Government.

SUGGESTED CITATION Carpenter, A. C. and Gates, J. (2016). The Nature and Extent of Gang Involvement in Sex Trafficking in San Diego County. San Diego, CA: University of San Diego and Point Loma Nazarene University.

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This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)

and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research would not have been possible without the support, trust and collaboration of a wide range of San Diego leaders and community members. We are in particular grateful for the collaboration of those that partner under the banner of the San Diego County Regional Advisory Council on County Human and Child Sex Trafficking. In particular, the authors thank its partners and subcontractors for their support and hard work: the San Diego Sheriff's Department, Freedom from Exploitation, San Diego County Schools and select school districts, SecDev Cyber, Bilateral Safety Corridor Coalition (BSCC), San Diego Youth Services (SDYS) STARS program, La Maestra Community Health Centers, GenerateHope, North County Lifeline, San Diego Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting Program (SANDAPP), Mary's Guest House, and SDS Hope House.

The authors are tremendously grateful for the hard work and patience of research assistants Lars Almquist, Sophie Callahan, Natalie Hsieh, and Tasi Rodriguez. Our research proposal and first year of work benefited tremendously from the contributions of Dr. Dana Nurge at San Diego State University. We thank Josette Ford and Laura Curtis at the San Diego Sheriff's Department for their excellent analytical advice and continuous support to the research team. To the leaders of San Diego's Human Trafficking Survivors Support Network and all of the survivors of human trafficking who shared parts of their story with us, we are eternally grateful. Finally, we give special recognition to Chief Deputy District Attorney Summer Stephan, for her guidance and wisdom in navigating the complex law enforcement system in San Diego County, and her unwavering support for anti-trafficking efforts in San Diego County.

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This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s)

and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

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