What are some similarities between mercantilism capitalism socialism ...
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What are some similarities between mercantilism capitalism socialism and communism
A mixed economic system is an economy that allows private property ownership and allows businesses and consumers to freely use capital. However, in a mixed economy, governments can intervene through regulation of the economy if it's deemed in the best interest of everyone. Mixed economic systems are not state-owned economies, meaning the government doesn't own all of the means of production. In contrast, pure capitalism is a free, private economic system that allows voluntary and competing private individuals to plan, produce, and trade without coercive public interference. Pure capitalism is a free, private economic system that allows voluntary and competing private individuals to plan, produce, and trade without government interference. A mixed economic system is an economy that allows private property ownership, but there is some government involvement. In a mixed economy, governments can intervene through regulation if it's deemed in the best interest of everyone. Mixed economic systems are not state-owned economies, meaning the government doesn't own all of the means of production. There are many political and moral connotations wrapped up in the centuries-old, ongoing debate between statist thinkers and free-market thinkers. On a simplistic level, the differences between the types of economic systems are straightforward. Some systems place a higher value on the rights of individual property owners, while others place a higher value on government oversight of production and distribution. In a nutshell, there are three overarching categories of economic systems: socialism, capitalism, and mixed economies. An economic system that's centrally planned with some degree of state or social control of production is called socialism. In extreme forms of this category, the government controls the output and prices of good and services. In the most extreme forms of the socialist system, decisions about how to distribute the goods and services are entirely made by the government. In other words, under extreme socialism, people are solely reliant on the government for food, housing, income, and healthcare. North Korea--a state-run dictatorship--is a far-extreme example of a fully socialist system. Capitalism is an economic system wherein private companies and individuals own property and capital goods. The fundamental basis of capitalism is that the market (or the forces influencing the market) determines prices and production in the economy. In other words, the amount produced as well as the prices of goods and services are determined primarily by the supply and demand for those goods and services. As a result, capitalism is often referred to as a market economy, which is in stark contrast to a centrally planned economy by a government or command economy. Pure capitalism--an extreme form of capitalism--is also known as laissez-faire capitalism. In pure capitalism, private property rights and freedom of contract are the dominant frameworks of production and trade. The laissez-faire economy evolves out of a system of respected private property rights. Pure capitalism means that the less government involvement in the economy, the better off are its citizens and businesses, as well as the entire economy. Laissez-faire roughly translates from French to mean "let do" or "leave alone." In other words, there are no government controls, regulations, checks, and balances. In this extreme form of capitalism, property owners--including the owners of machines, capital, and other input resources--may contract and trade with each other as they see fit, irrespective of the wants of government. A mixed economic system is an economy in which there exists private ownership by businesses and individuals (i.e., capitalism), but in which there is some degree of state involvement (i.e., socialism). In a mixed economy, the state allows varying degrees of freedom between producers and consumers. A mixed economy places varying limits on property rights as well. Property owners are restricted with regard to how they exchange with one another. These restrictions come in many forms, such as minimum wage laws, tariffs, quotas, windfall taxes, license restrictions, prohibited products or contracts, direct public expropriation, anti-trust legislation, legal tender laws, subsidies, and eminent domain. Nearly every country in the world has a mixed economy, including the United States. Even relatively free-market economies, such as Hong Kong or Australia, are still mixed. In Western democratic republics, property rights may be violated if the plurality of elected representatives deem that such violations are in the public's best interest. In the United States, for example, private ownership of property and production exists whereby the economy generally operates as capitalism. However, the government does have involvement, such as tax breaks or subsidies for agriculture as we as regulation of companies and capital markets. The U.S. government also owns aspects of the economy, such as the U.S. Postal Service as well as partial ownership in areas of national defense. Capitalism, socialism, and communism are three key concepts in social studies, with complex definitions and complicated histories. Explaining these concepts in the classroom is muddled even more by how these words are used in modern media. The meaning is often obscured by political alliances and deliberate attempts to mislead. The words capitalism, socialism, and communism describe different economic systems. A simple and effective way to present these key concepts in the classroom is through the economic continuum illustrated by the chart below. Students are much more likely to grasp the key differences if these concepts are first presented separate from political systems such as autocracy, theocracy, or democracy. Capitalism, socialism, and communism are also easier to understand and remember when the histories of the words are explored. Photo: iStock by Getty Images Economic Terms Defined Capitalism and socialism first came into use in the 1830s. Capitalism described an economic system in which wealth (or capital, another word for wealth) was owned by individuals for their personal profit. The British policy of government regulation of trade called mercantilism was being abandoned by the 1830s, and the free market (not the government) determined the production and distribution of goods. The word capitalism was a product of the changing economy of Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution. The word socialism also began to be used in the 1830s, to describe a system different from capitalism. Socialism held that groups of people should own and regulate the economy for the benefit of all the members, not just a few. Early nineteenth-century socialists were often disturbed by the economic and social changes caused by the Industrial Revolution. In the first half of the nineteenth century, socialist ideals inspired utopian communities such as the transcendentalists' Brook Farm, Robert Owen's New Harmony, and the Oneida Community. An even older ideal of Christian socialism described in the Bible inspired religious socialist communities such as the Shakers, Rappites, Amana Colonies, and Hutterites. Even the term social studies alludes to how a community or wider society benefits from shared knowledge. Communism was first a French word, coined in the 1840s, to describe a system of collective ownership in which individuals did not own private property and worked together for the benefit of all community members. This new French word described ideals similar to the English concept of socialism and derived from the word common, meaning something is free or open to everyone. The word communism was adopted by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the 1850s to describe their ideology of opposing industrial capitalism. Marxist communism sought the overthrow of governments supporting a capitalist economy. By 1918, communism was the ideology of Russia's Bolshevik Revolution and was associated with a single authoritarian political party. The combined economic and political ideology of modern communism was implemented in the Soviet Union (1922), the People's Republic of China (1949), North Korea (1948), North Vietnam (1945), and Cuba (1965). Photo: iStock by Getty Images Modern Day Implications Today, the historical words capitalism, socialism, and communism do not fully capture the economic systems of nations. New words are also used to describe economic systems: free market system; mixed economy; command economy. But these modern words can still lead to confusion because, in reality, modern nations are not purely free market capitalist or purely command/communist. In recent years, communist China and Cuba have loosened economic restrictions and allowed free market activities. On the other hand, the United States regulates many aspects of its economy and owns and manages very "socialist" enterprises such as public schools, public transportation, and public libraries. In other words, communism, socialism, and capitalism are a continuum, with modern national economics falling somewhere in the middle, or mixed, zone. In American politics, those aligned to the right of the political spectrum are more likely to support free market policies, and those to the left are more likely to support government intervention in the economy. Recent polls by the Pew Research Center demonstrate how the political alliances of Americans influence perceptions of these words. Ultimately, nations and citizens of nations must decide how much government regulation of the economy is appropriate. Therefore, a clear understanding of the historical developments, meaning, political associations, and synonyms of these three words is essential in social studies. Communism Socialism Capitalism Government owns/regulates all aspects of the economy. Government owns/regulates some parts of the economy for the benefit of the whole nation; and Individuals and private businesses also their own make their own economic decisions, keeping the profits and accepting the losses. Individuals and private businesses own everything and make economic decisions free from government regulation, keeping the profits and accepting the losses without intervention. Also known as: Command Economy Also known as: Mixed economy Also known as: Free Market Economy or Free Enterprise Usually aligned to the political left Usually aligned to the political right Active Classroom can aid your classroom with hundreds of activities about Economics Access a free trial and start engaging students today Cynthia W. Resor is a social studies education professor and former middle and high school social studies teacher. Her dream job? Time-travel tour guide. But until she discovers the secret of time travel, she writes about the past in her blog, Primary Source Bazaar. Her three books on teaching social history themes feature essential questions and primary sources: Discovering Quacks, Utopias, and Cemeteries: Modern Lessons from Historical Themes; Investigating Family, Food, and Housing Themes in Social Studies and Exploring Vacation and Etiquette Themes in Social Studies.
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