Sample PDF of Std 7th General Science Notes English Medium ...

Written as per the latest syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook

Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

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STD. VII

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General Science

Printed at: Quarterfold Printabilities, Navi Mumbai

? Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical

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Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022

TEID: 13796

P.O. No. 201720

PREFACE

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General Science: Std. VII has been prepared as per the new ¡®Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation¡¯ (CCE)

evaluation system which is more child-centric and focuses on active learning and making the process of education

more enjoyable and interesting.

We have infused the book with a liberal sprinkling of real life examples, pictorial explanations and additional

questions. Questions titled under 'Use your brain power', 'Can you tell' and a series of 'In-text Questions', pave

the way for a robust concept building.

Every chapter begins with Point wise Theory and Pictorial Illustrations. It follows through by covering all the

textual content in the format of Summative and Formative assessment. Summative assessment includes

Question-Answers, Give Reasons and other type of Questions. Formative assessment is divided into Apply your

knowledge, Oral work, Activities and Project which helps students to understand concepts quickly. The chapter

also includes Activity Based Questions that explain certain concepts to students in a point wise manner through

the medium of an activity. The chapter eventually ends with a Chapter wise Assessment that stands a testimony

to the fact that the child has understood the chapter thoroughly. To provide general and understandable

explanations of the difficult terms, ¡®Glossary¡¯ is included at the end of the book. Additional information and Fun

Facts are added to trigger the students¡¯ thought process.

With absolute trust in our work, we hope, our holistic efforts towards making this book an ideal knowledge hub

for students pays off.

The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we¡¯ve

nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we¡¯d love to hear from you.

Please write to us at: mail@

A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

From,

Publisher

Edition: Second

Disclaimer

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This reference book is transformative work based on ¡®General Science; First Edition: 2017¡¯ published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and

Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which are transformed by adding and

elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in examinations.

This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. Every care has been

taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused

to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party on the point of view expressed in the reference book.

? reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.

No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for the benefit of

students.

Contents

Topic Name

Page

No.

1.

The Living World : Adaptations

and Classification

1

2.

Plants : Structure and Function

17

3.

Properties of Natural Resources

33

4.

Nutrition in Living Organisms

46

5.

Food Safety

63

6.

Measurement of Physical Quantities

76

7.

Motion, Force and Work

86

8.

Static Electricity

99

9.

Heat

111

10.

Disaster Management

122

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No.

No.

Topic Name

11.

Cell Structure and Micro-organisms

The Muscular System and Digestive

System in Human Beings

Changes - Physical and Chemical

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Materials we Use

Natural Resources

Effects of Light

Sound : Production of Sound

Properties of a Magnetic Field

In the World of Stars

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Glossary

Note: Textual Questions are respresented by * mark.

Page

No.

134

149

162

173

190

200

218

228

239

250

260

2. Plants : Structure and Function

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Let¡¯s Study

Introduction

1.

Plumule

The root, stem, leaves, flowers and fruits are different parts

of a plant. These parts differ from plant to plant. Thus, we

can easily identify the plants with the help of these

characteristics.

The part that grows from inside the seed towards the soil is

called the radicle and the part that grows above the soil is

called the plumule.

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Radicle develops into the root which grows into the ground

for providing support to the plant.

Root is thicker near the ground and gradually tapers to a Secondary

root

pointed end.

In some plants, roots produce secondary roots, which grow

Primary root

obliquely and spread far and wide in the soil, providing

support to the plant. Such type of root is called as tap root.

The root tip is delicate and represents the region of the

Root hair

growth of the root.

Root tip

Roots bear hair-like processes near the root tip which are

Root cap

known as root hair.

Root tip is protected from injuries by a cap like structure

Tap root

called the root cap.

Thread like or fibre like roots arising from the stem are

called fibrous roots.

Dicotyledonous plants have tap roots, whereas

monocotyledonous plants have fibrous roots.

In plants like maize, sugarcane, sorghum, some roots are

underground whereas some grow from the stem just above

the soil.

In such plants, the roots that grow above the soil are called

adventitious roots.

The basic function of root is absorption of water and

Maize stalk

minerals, anchoring and supporting the plants. However,

some modified roots perform additional functions.

Aerial roots, stilt-roots, runners, breathing roots (pneumatophores), etc. are some examples of modified

roots.

Roots emerging from the trunk and branches of a banyan tree grow towards the soil. These roots are

called as prop roots. The number of prop roots in a banyan tree increases as the tree becomes old.

In the Indian Botanical Garden, Kolkata, a 250 years old banyan tree is found supported by thousands of

prop roots.

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Formation of root

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Root

Radicle

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?

Std. VII: General Science

Stem

The plumule of the sprouting seed develops into the

stem, which grows above the soil.

As the sprout grows, the length of stem increases

gradually.

A stem shows nodes and internodes.

Node is a region from which leaves come out, whereas

internode is a region between two nodes.

The tip or the apical end of the stem is called a bud.

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Leaf

Bud

Nodes

Leaf

Internode

Parts of a stem

Leaf apex

Leaf margin

Vein

Mid vein

Leaf blade

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Leaves are generally thin, flat and green in colour.

Growing end

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1.

Bud

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Petiole

Stipule

Leaf base

Parts of a leaf

A broad, spread out part of the leaf

Edge of a leaf blade or lamina. They may be entire, dentate or lobed.

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Leaf blade or lamina

Leaf margin

Entire

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Leaf apex

Petiole

Leaf base

Stipules

Simple leaves

Compound leaves

Arrangement of

leaves

Lobed

The tip of the leaf which may be tapering pointed or rounded.

Stalk of a leaf. It may be present or absent in leaves of different plants.

The portion of the leaf attached to the stem.

The small leaf like structures present near the leaf base of some leaves.

A single undivided leaf blade and a single mid rib.

The leaf-blade is divided into many small parts called leaflets.

Different plants show different arrangement of leaves on a stem. It may be

alternate, opposite, whorled, decussate, etc.

Alternate

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Dentate

Decussate

Opposite

Whorled

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