Chapter 8

[Pages:16]Chapter 8

Exercise 8A

1-9 No working required. You should be able to differentiate these by observation.

10.

d

exx

=

ex

x

+

ex

1 -

dx

2x

ex(2x - 1) =

2x

11. d ex sin x = ex sin x + ex cos x dx

= ex(sin x + cos x)

= 2ex sin

x+

4

The last step is not really necessary here. You

should, however, understand how it is obtained.

(But see question 16.)

12. d ex cos 2x = ex cos 2x - 2ex sin 2x dx = ex(cos 2x - 2 sin 2x)

13. d ex sin2 x = ex sin2 x + ex2 sin x cos x dx = ex sin x(sin x + 2 cos x)

14. Simply apply the chain rule and you should be able to do this in a single step. No working required.

15. Again, one step using the chain rule.

16.

dy dx

=

2ex

sin

x

+

4

(see question 11). Where the gradient is zero,

2ex sin sin

dy =0

dx x+ =0 4 x+ =0 4

x + = 0 + k

4

x = - + k 4

(k I)

5 3 7 x - ,- , ,

4 44 4

dy dy dx 17. =

dt dx dt = (ex(sin x + cos x)) (2)

= 2ex(sin x + cos x) When x = , dy = 2e(sin + cos ) dt

= -2e

18. (a)

ex sin y = x

ex sin y + ex cos y dy = 1 dx

ex cos y dy = 1 - ex sin y dx

dy 1 - ex sin y

= dx

ex cos y

(b)

y = x + ex+y

dy = 1 + ex+y

dy 1+

dx

dx

= 1 + ex+y + ex+y dy dx

dy - ex+y dy = 1 + ex+y

dx

dx

dy 1 - ex+y = 1 + ex+y dx

dy 1 + ex+y dx = 1 - ex+y

(c)

x2 + xy = 2 + y2ex

dy 2x + y + x

=

2y dy ex

+ y2ex

dx dx

dy x

- 2yex dy

=

y2ex

- 2x - y

dx

dx

dy (x - 2yex) = y2ex - 2x - y dx

dy y2ex - 2x - y

= dx

x - 2yex

Exercise 8B

1. No working needed: integrate by observation.

4.

1 ex

= e-x

so

2.

d dx

e6x

=

6e6x

so

e6x dx

=

e6x 6

+c

3.

d dx

e2x

=

2e2x

so

5e2x dx

=

5e2x 2

+c

1

6 ex dx =

6e-x dx

= -6e-x + c

6 = - ex + c

Exercise 8B

Solutions to A.J. Sadler's

5.

d dx

e0.5x

=

0.5e0.5x

so

8e0.5x dx = 16e0.5x + c

6.

d dx

ex

=

d dx

e0.5x

=

0.5e0.5x

so

2 ex dx = 4 ex + c

16. f(x) = 1 + ex f (x) = ex

17. f(x) = 1 + 2ex f (x) = 2ex

18. f(x) = 1 + ex

f (x) = ex

(n

=

1 2

)

7. (6e3x + 2x)dx = 6e3x dx + 2x dx

19. f(x) = 1 - 2ex f (x) = -2ex

= 2e3x + x2 + c

20. f(x) = 2 + esin x f (x) = cos x esin x

8. (2e3x + 3e2x)dx = 2e3x dx + 3e2x dx

21?23 No working needed.

2e3x 3e2x

= + +c

3

2

9.

d dx

e-2x

=

-2e-2x

so

4e2x dx = -2e-2x + c

3 e2x

3

e2x

10.

e2x + 3 dx = e2x dx +

dx 3

3

24.

3ex dx = [3ex]30

0

= 3e3 - 3e0

= 3(e3 - 1)

= 3e-2x dx + e2x + c 6

= - 3 e-2x + e2x + c

2

6

e2x

3

= 6 - 2e2x + c

11.

d dx

e3x2

=

6xe3x2

so

12xe3x2 dx = 2e3x2 + c

12.

d dx

e3x-2

=

3e3x-2

so

6xe3x-2 dx = 2e3x-2 + c

25. 2 2ex + 3e2x dx = 2ex + 3e2x 2

0

20

= 2e2 + 3e4 - 2e0 + 3e0

2

2

=

2e2 + 3e4

-

3 2+

2

2

=

2e2 + 3e4

7 -

2

2

= 1 (4e2 + 3e4 - 7) 2

= 1 (3e2 + 7)(e2 - 1) 2

The factorization in the last step is not strictly

necessary, but since the result factors nicely and

With a little practice you should be able to do problems like this by observation. Questions 11?15 are all in the form

since factor form is frequently more useful than expanded form it is reasonable to leave the result thus.

af (x)ef(x) dx

so all that needs to be done is to determine what f (x) and a are then

3

26.

8 sin x e4 cos x dx =

-2e4 cos x

3

0

0

=

(-2e4

cos

3

)

-

(-2e4

cos

0)

af (x)ef(x) dx = aef(x)

(essentially the chain rule in reverse). For questions 13?15 these solutions will simply state f (x) since the rest should be obvious.

27. (a)

= -2e2 + 2e4 = 2e2(e2 - 1)

f(x) = 4x - 6e3x dx

13. f (x) = x2 + 1

= 2x2 - 2e3x + c

14. f (x) = sin x

15. f (x) = 2 sin x

To answer questions 16?20 you should use

af

(x) (f(x))n

=

(f (x))n+1 a

+

c

n+1

For these questions these solutions will simply state f (x) and f (x) since the rest should be obvious.

f(0) = 3 -2e0 + c = 3

c=5 f(x) = 2x2 - 2e3x + 5

(b) f(1) = 2 ? 12 - 2e3?1 + 5 = 2 - 2e3 + 7 = 7 - 2e3

2

Unit 3C Specialist Mathematics

Exercise 8C

Exercise 8C

1-29 No working required. You should be able to do all these in a single step.

ln 21 30. log2 21 = ln 2

ln(3 ? 7) =

ln 2 ln 3 + ln 7 =

ln 2

ln 200 31. log3 200 = ln 3

ln(23 ? 52) =

ln 3 3 ln 2 + 2 ln 5 =

ln 3

32. log5 50 = log5(52 ? 2) = log5(52) + log5 2 ln 2 =2+ ln 5

ln 32 33. log6 9 = ln(3 ? 2)

2 ln 3 =

ln 3 + ln 2

ln(3 ? 2) 34. log9 6 = ln 32

ln 3 + ln 2 =

2 ln 3 1 ln 2 =+ 2 2 ln 3

ln(22 ? 3 ? 52)

35. log4 300 =

ln 22

2 ln 2 + ln 3 + 2 ln 5 =

2 ln 2

ln 3 + 2 ln 5 =1+

2 ln 2

ln(22 ? 5 ? 11)

36. log8 220 =

ln 23

2 ln 2 + ln 5 + ln 11 =

3 ln 2

2 ln 5 + ln 11

=+

3

3 ln 2

37. ex+1 = 12

x + 1 = ln 12

x = ln 12 - 1

38. ex+2 = 25 x + 2 = ln 25 x = ln 25 - 2

39. ex-1 = 150 x - 1 = ln 150 x = ln 150 + 1

40. e2x+1 = 34 2x + 1 = ln 34 ln 34 - 1 x= 2

41. 5ex+1 + 3ex+1 = 200 8ex+1 = 200 ex+1 = 25 x + 1 = ln 25 x = ln 25 - 1

42.

e2x - 12ex = -35

(ex)2 - 12ex + 35 = 0 (ex - 5)(ex - 7) = 0 ex = 5

or ex = 7

x = ln 5

x = ln 7

43. 3 log x + log y = log x3 + log y = log(x3y)

44. 2 log x - 3 log y = log x2 - log y3 x2

= log y3

45. 2 log a + log b - 3 log c = log a2 + log b - log c3 a2b

= log c3 46. 3 + log x = log 103 + log x

= log(1000x)

47. 2 + ln x = ln e2 + ln x = ln(e2x)

48. 3 - ln x + 2 ln y = ln e3 - ln x + ln y2 e3y2

= ln x

3

Exercise 8D

Exercise 8D

1. y = ln 5x = ln 5 + ln x

dy 1 =

dx x

2. y = 3x + ln 3x

= 3x + ln 3 + ln x

dy

1

=3+

dx

x

dy 2 3. =

dx x

dy

1

4. =

(2)

dx 2x + 3

2 =

2x + 3

dy

1

5. =

(2)

dx 2x - 3

2 =

2x - 3

6. y = 2 ln(x3) = 6 ln x

dy 6 =

dx x

dy cos x

7. =

- sin x)

dx (

= - tan x

dy

1

8. =

(cos 2x)(2)

dx sin 2x

2 =

tan 2x

9. y = ln(2 x)

1 = ln 2 + ln x

2 dy 1

= dx 2x

dy

1

10. = ln x + x

dx

x

= ln x + 1

dy

1

11. dx = 2 loge x x

= 2 loge x x

12. dy = 2x ln x + x2 1

dx

x

= x(2 ln x + 1)

dy

1

13. = 2(3 + ln x)

dx

x

6 + 2 ln x =

x

Solutions to A.J. Sadler's

dy

22

14. dx = - x2 + x

22 = x - x2

2 15. y = ln

x = ln 2 - ln x dy 1 =- dx x

dy

11

16. dx = - (ln x)2 x

1 = - x(ln x)2

17.

dy dx

=

ln x - x

1 x

(ln x)2

ln x - 1 = (ln x)2

1

1

= ln x - (ln x)2

18. y = loge (x2 + 1)3

= 3 loge (x2 + 1)

dy

3

dx

=

x2

(2x) +1

6x = x2 + 1

(x - 1)3 19. y = ln

x+1

= 3 ln(x - 1) - ln(x + 1)

dy 3

1

=

-

dx x - 1 x + 1

20. y = log5 x

ln x =

ln 5 dy 1

= dx x ln 5

21. y = log7 x

ln x =

ln 7 dy 1

= dx x ln 7

22. at (e, 3) :

dy 3 =

dx x dy 3

= dx e

23. at (e, e) :

dy = ln x + 1

dx dy

= ln e + 1 dx

=2

(see q.10)

4

Unit 3C Specialist Mathematics

Exercise 8D

24. (a)

dy

1

=1+

dx

x

1 1.5 = 1 +

x

1 = 0.5

x

x=2

y = 2 + ln(2 ? 2)

coordinates are (2, 2 + ln 4)

(b)

y = ln x + ln(x + 3)

dy 1 1 =+

dx x x + 3 2x + 3

= x2 + 3x 2x + 3

0.5 = x2 + 3x 4x + 6

1 = x2 + 3x x2 + 3x = 4x + 6

x2 - x - 6 = 0

(x - 3)(x + 2) = 0

x=3

or x = -2

y = ln 18

or y = ln -2

coordinates are (3, ln 18) (rejecting the second solution because ln-2 is not a real number.)

dy 1

25.

=

dx x

1 = e2

y - y1 = m(x - x1)

y

-

2

=

1 e2

(x

-

e2

)

x

y - 2 = e2 - 1

x

y = e2 + 1

dy 1

26.

=

cos x

dx sin x

1 =

tan x

y - y1 = m(x - x1)

1

y

-0

=

tan

6

x- 6

y= 3 x-

6

27. (a)

dy dy

y

2x + 6y = ln x +

dx dx

x

dy

y

(6y - ln x) = - 2x

dx

x

dy =

y x

-

2x

dx 6y - ln x

y - 2x2 =

x(6y - ln x)

3

dy

dy

(b) 5 +

2 = 3y + 3x

2y + 1 dx

dx

dy 6 - 3x = 3y - 5

dx 2y + 1

dy 6 - (6xy + 3x)

= 3y - 5

dx

2y + 1

dy

2y + 1

=

(3y - 5)

dx 6 - 6xy - 3x

(2y + 1)(3y - 5) =

6 - 6xy - 3x 6y2 - 7y - 5 = 6 - 6xy - 3x

28. (a) ln y = x ln 2

1 dy = ln 2

y dx dy = y ln 2 dx = 2x ln 2

(b) ln y = x ln 4

1 dy = ln 4

y dx dy = y ln 4 dx = 4x ln 4

5

Exercise 8E

Solutions to A.J. Sadler's

Exercise 8E

1?4 No working required: do these in a single step.

5.

Try y = ln|x2 + 1|

dy 2x dx = x2 + 1

2x x2 +

1

dx

=

ln|x2

+

1|

17.

Try y = ln|cos 5x| dy -5 sin 5x = dx cos 5x = -5 tan 5x 1

tan 5x dx = - ln|cos 5x| + c 5

6?8 No working required: integrate in a single step.

9.

Try y = ln|x2 - 3|

dy 2x dx = x2 - 3

8x x2 -

3

dx

=

4

ln|x2

-

3|

+

c

10.

Try y = ln|5x - 3|

dy

5

=

dx 5x - 3

5 dx = ln|5x - 3| + c

5x - 3

18. 6 tan 2x dx = 6 tan 2x dx

1 = 6 - ln|cos 2x| + c

2 = -3 ln|cos 2x| + c

19.

Try y = ln|sin x + cos x|

dy cos x - sin x =

dx sin x + cos x sin x - cos x

dx = - ln|sin x + cos x| + c sin x + cos x

11.

Try y = ln|2x + 1|

dy

2

=

dx 2x + 1

10 dx = 5 ln|2x + 1| + c

2x + 1

20.

Try y = ln|4x + sin 2x|

dy 4 + 2 cos 2x =

dx 4x + sin 2x

2 + cos 2x

1

dx = ln|4x + sin 2x| + c

4x + sin 2x

2

12.

Try y = ln|x2 + 1|

dy 2x dx = x2 + 1

6x x2 +

1

dx

=

3

ln|x2

+

1|

+

c

13.

Try y = ln|cos x|

dy - sin x =

dx cos x sin x

dx = - ln|cos x| + c cos x

14.

Try y = ln|sin x|

dy cos x =

dx sin x cos x

dx = ln|sin x| + c sin x

15.

Try y = ln|cos 2x|

dy -2 sin 2x =

dx cos 2x

sin 2x

1

dx = - ln|cos 2x| + c

cos 2x

2

sin x

16. tan x dx =

dx

cos x

= - ln|cos x| + c

21.

Try y = ln|ex + x|

dy ex + 1 dx = ex + x

ex ex

+ +

1 x

dx

=

ln|ex

+

x|

+

c

22.

3 1

1 x

dx

=

[ln|x|]31

= ln 3 - ln 1

= ln 3

23.

-2 -3

3 x

dx

=

[3

ln|x|]--23

= 3 ln 2 - 3 ln 3)

2 = 3 ln

3 (Make sure you understand how this is equivalent to the answer Sadler gives.)

24.

2 ex + 1

1

x

dx = [ex + ln|x|]21

= (e2 + ln 2) - (e + ln 1)

= e2 - e + ln 2

6

Unit 3C Specialist Mathematics

Exercise 8E

25.

Try y = 4x

then ln y = x ln 4

1 dy = ln 4

y dx

dy = y ln 4

dx = 4x ln 4

4x dx = 4x + c ln 4

3 2x + 1

26. Area = |

| dx

1x

3

1

= |2 + | dx

1

x

= [2x + ln x]31

= (6 + ln 3) - (2 + ln 1)

= 4 + ln 3 square units (Remember to use your CAS tool to answer questions like this in calculator-assumed assessments.)

27. One bound for the definite integral will be the y-axis, i.e. x = 0. To find the other,

1 -1=0

x+2

x = -1

01

Area = |

- 1| dx

-1 x + 2

0

1

= 1-

dx

-1 x + 2

= [x - ln|x + 2|]0-1

= (0 - ln 2) - (-1 - ln 1)

= 1 - ln 2

6

28. Area = |tan x| dx

0

= [- ln|cos x|]06

= (- ln cos ) - (- ln cos 0) 6 3

= - ln + ln 1 2

ln 3

=-

- ln 2

2

ln 3 = ln 2 -

2

29.

a

b a(x + 2) + b(x + 4)

+

=

x+4 x+2

(x + 4)(x + 2)

(a + b)x + 2a + 4b =

(x + 4)(x + 2)

(a + b)x + 2(a + 2b) = 2(4x + 13)

a+b=8

and a + 2b = 13

b=5

and a = 3

2(4x + 13)

3

5

dx = (x + 4)(x + 2)

+

dx

x+4 x+2

= 3 ln|x + 4| + 5 ln|x + 2| + c

30. (a)

k2 dx = 1

1x

[2 ln|x|]k1 = 1

2 ln k - 2 ln 1 = 1

2 ln k = 1

1 ln k =

2

1

k = e2

b2

(b)

dx = 0.5

1x

[2 ln|x|]b1 = 0.5

2 ln b - 2 ln 1 = 0.5

2 ln b = 0.5

ln b = 0.25

b = e0.25

1+k

(c)

c=

2

1 + e0.5 =

2

c 1

2 x

dx

=

[2

ln|x|]c1

= 2 ln c - 2 ln 0

= 2 ln c

1 + e0.5 = 2 ln

2 = 2 ln(1 + e0.5) - 2 ln 2

= 2 ln(1 + e0.5) - ln 4

7

Miscellaneous Exercise 8

Solutions to A.J. Sadler's

Miscellaneous Exercise 8

1. (a)

r = 5 3)2 + 12

=3

tan = 1 3

= + n

(3rd quadrant.)

6

5

=-

6

5

-5( 3 + i) = 3 cis -

6

3

(b)

a = 6 cos

4

2

=6 -

2

= -3 2

3 b = 6 sin

4

2 =6

2

=3 2

3

6 cis = -3 2 + 3 2i

4

2. (a) Do in a single step. No working needed.

(b) Do in a single step. No working needed.

(c) Do in a single step. No working needed.

dy 2(5 - 3x) - (2x + 3)(-3)

(d) = dx

(5 - 3x)2

10 - 6x + 6x + 9 = (5 - 3x)2

19 = (5 - 3x)2

(e) dy = 3(2x + 3)2(2) dx = 6(2x + 3)2

dy dy (f) 2y + 2x + 2y = 3 cos x

dx dx dy

(2x + 2y) = 3 cos x - 2y dx

dy 3 cos x - 2y =

dx 2(x + y)

dy dy dt (g) =

dx dt dx 6 cos 3t

= 10 sin 2t 3 cos 3t

= 5 sin 2t

3. (a) sin3 x dx = sin x sin2 x dx

= sin x(1 - cos2 x) dx

= sin x dx - sin x cos2 x dx

cos3 x

= - cos x +

+c

3

(b) 2x7(1 + x) dx = (2x7 + 2x8) dx

2x8 2x9 = + +c

89 x8 2x9 = + +c 49 x8 = 6(9 + 8x) + c 3

(c) Let u = 1 + x, x = u - 1, du = dx

2x(1 + x)7 dx = 2u7(u - 1) du

= 2u8 - 2u7 du

2u9 u8 = - +c

94

u8 = 6(8u - 9) + c

3

(x + 1)8

=

6(8(x + 1) - 9) + c

3

(x + 1)8

=

6(8x - 1) + c

3

(d) Observe that we have a multiple of f (x)ef(x)

Guess y = ex2+5,

then

dy dx

= 2xex2+5,

hence 6xex2+5 dx = 3ex2+5 + c

4. (a)

x2 + 1

1

dx = x + dx

x

x

= 0.5x2 + ln x + c

(b)

Observe that we have a

multiple

of

f (x) f(x)

Guess y = ln(x2 + 1),

then

dy dx

=

2x x2 +1

,

hence

x x2 +1

dx

=

0.5

ln(x2

+

1)

+

c

(c) Observe that we have a multiple of

f

(x)(f(x))nfor

n

=

-

1 2

Guess y = x2 + 1,

then

dy dx

=

x x2 +1

,

hence

x x2 +1

dx

=

x2 + 1 + c

(d)

5. You should recognise this limit as having the

form of a first-principles differentiation.

x+h- x

d

lim

=x

h0

h

dx

=

1

x-

1 2

2

8

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