Our Social World: Introduction to Sociology,



Our Social World: Introduction to Sociology, Sixth EditionJeanne H. Ballantine, Wright State UniversityKeith A. Roberts, Hanover CollegeKathleen Odell Korgen, William Paterson UniversityISBN: 9781506362076Pub Date: 01/03/17 Price: $103 Page Count: 664Availability DatesSample Chapters Available Online: Ancillaries: YesCourse Cartridge: NoVital Source eBook: Yes Interactive eBook: YesFULL DESCRIPTIONThree award-winning authors and teachers of sociology set out to inspire students to develop their sociological imaginations in?Our Social World. Focused on deep learning rather than memorization, this book encourages readers to analyze, evaluate, and apply information about the social world; to see the connection between the world and personal events from a new perspective; and to confront sociological issues on a day-to-day basis. Each chapter is organized around the "Social World Model”, a conceptual framework that demonstrates the relationships among individuals (the micro level); organizations, institutions, and subcultures (the meso level); and societies and global structures (the macro level). Students develop the practice of using three levels of analysis, and to view sociology as an integrated, diversified whole, rather than a set of discrete subjects.MARKETING FEATURES & BENEFITS/ KEY SELLING POINTS NEW TO THIS EDITION:Ten new featured essays and six new Sociologists in Action features, such as a discussion of the place of sociological training in government policy work. Revised Engaging Sociology features with opportunity for data analysis by students. Scores of new and current examples throughout the text and several new topics have been included, such as a discussion in the family chapter on the role of social class in parenting.100 new and/or updated Tables and Figures with nearly 500 new references.Seventeen new or updated maps. W.E.B. DuBois has been given a more prominent place in several discussions of theory and urban sociology. KEY FEATURES:Authors Jeanne Ballantine and Keith Roberts are both former recipients of the ASA “Distinguished Contributions to Teaching” award.Every chapter opens with the “Our Social World” model, a full-page diagram that shows how the key concepts and issues in that chapter fit into the book’s micro-to-macro framework.Boxes throughout highlight careers and volunteer opportunities for those with a background in sociology as well as policy issues that sociologists influence, exposing readers to the practical side of sociology.The text provides various research strategies and illustrates concrete examples of the method being used, encouraging critical thinking and helping students develop a more sophisticated epistemology.Think About It questions, relevant to everyday life and posed at the outset of each chapter, transform students from passive readers who run their eyes across the words into curious active readers who read to answer a question and be reflective.Opening vignettes interest students in the upcoming subject matter by helping them relate to a personalized story.Thinking Sociologically questions ask students to think critically and apply material to some aspect of their lives or the social world and can be the basis for in-class discussions or assigned as questions to start conversations with friends and families to learn how the topics relate to their own lives.Engaging Sociology features keep the material interesting and fun by having students do activities such as applying a population pyramid to the business world or taking a survey to understand why differences in social and cultural capital can make first-generation students feel alienated on a college campus.Sociologists in Action features examine profiles of public sociologists who are working in the field.ANCILLARY GUIDEInstructor SiteSAGE COURSEPACKS FOR INSTRUCTORS?makes it easy to import our quality content into your school’s LMS. Intuitive and simple to use, it allows you toSay NO to…required access codeslearning a new system?Say YES to…using only the content you want and needhigh-quality assessment and multimedia exercisesFor use in:?Blackboard, Canvas, Brightspace by Desire2Learn (D2L), and MoodleDon’t use an LMS platform??No problem, you can still access many of the online resources for your text via?SAGE edge.SAGE coursepacks includes:Our content delivered?directly into your LMS?Intuitive, simple format?that makes it easy to integrate the material into your course with minimal effortPedagogically robust?assessment tools?that foster review, practice, and critical thinking, and offer a more complete way to measure student engagement, including:Diagnostic chapter?pre tests and?post tests?that?identify opportunities for improvement, track student progress, and ensure mastery of key learning objectivesTest banks?built on Bloom’s Taxonomy that provide a diverse range of test items with ExamView test generationActivity and quiz options?that allow you to choose only the assignments and tests you wantInstructions?on how to use and integrate the comprehensive assessments and resources providedChapter-specific discussion questions?to help launch engaging classroom interaction while reinforcing important contentAssignable SAGE Premium Video?(available via the free interactive eBook version, linked through SAGE coursepacks)?that is tied to learning objectives, and curated exclusively for this text?to bring concepts to life?and appeal to different learning styles,?featuring:Corresponding multimedia assessment options?that automatically feed to your gradebookComprehensive, downloadable, easy-to-use?Media Guide in the Coursepack?for every video resource, listing?the chapter to which the video content is tied, matching learning objective(s), a helpful description of the video content, and assessment questionsInteractive?data maps?help students take a closer look at the data presented in the print text and ?display additional data not found in the corresponding text maps.Multimedia content?includes links to video, audio, web, and data?that are tied to learning objectives and?enhance exploration of key topics to make learning easierEXCLUSIVE, influential?SAGE journal articles, built into course materials tie important research and scholarship to chapter concepts to strengthen learningEditable, chapter-specific?PowerPoint??slides?that offer flexibility when creating multimedia lectures so you don’t have to start from scratch but you can customize to your exact needsLecture notes?that summarize key concepts on a chapter-by-chapter basis to help you with preparation for lectures and class discussionsLinks to exceptional teaching?resources from A.S.A.’s TRAILS?(Teaching Resources and Innovation Library for Sociology)MCAT Guide?maps chapter content to Foundational Concepts and Content Categories in Section 3 of the MCAT test.?Integrated links to the FREE interactive eBook?that?make it easy for your students to maximize their study time with this “anywhere, anytime” mobile-friendly version of the text. It also offers access to more digital tools and resources, including SAGE Premium VideoAll tables and figures?from the textbookStudent Study SiteSAGE EDGE?FOR STUDENTS?enhances learning in an easy-to-use environment that offers:·?????????Mobile-friendly?flashcards?that strengthen understanding of key terms and concepts, and make it easy to maximize your study time, anywhere, anytime·?????????Mobile-friendly practice?quizzes?that allow you to assess how much you’ve learned and where you need to focus your attention·?????????A customized online?action plan?that includes tips and feedback on progress through the course and materials·?????????Chapter summaries?with?learning objectives?that reinforce the most important material·?????????Multimedia content?includes links to video, audio, web, and data?that are tied to learning objectives and?enhance exploration of key topics to make learning easier·?????????Exclusive access to influential SAGE journal articles?ties important research and scholarship to chapter concepts to strengthen learningTABLE OF CONTENTS – SIDE BY SIDE COMPARISONPREVIOUS EDITION (ex: Fourth Edition)NEW EDITION (ex. Fifth Edition)Preface: To Our Student Readers xixInstructors: How to MakeThis Book Work for You xxiA Personal Note to the Instructor xxvAcknowledgments xxixPART I: Understanding Our SocialWorld: The Scientific Study of Society 1Chapter 1 Sociology: A UniqueWay to View the World 2What Is Sociology? 5Ideas Underlying Sociology 6Sociological Findings andCommonsense Beliefs 7The Sociological Imagination 7Questions Sociologists Ask—and Don’t Ask 8The Social Sciences: A Comparison 9Why Does Sociology Matter? 10Why Study Sociology? 10Sociology in Our Social World:High School Dropouts: Causes,Consequences, and Cures 11What Do Sociologists Do? 12What Employers Want 13The Social World Model 13Social Structures 15Social Processes 16The Environment of Our Social World 16Studying the Social World: Levels of Analysis 17Micro-Level Analysis 18Meso-Level Analysis 18Macro-Level Analysis 18The Social World Model and This Book 20Sociology Around the World: Tunisian Village Meets the Modern World 21Engaging Sociology: Micro–Meso–Macro 22Engaging Sociology: Micro–Meso–Macro:An Application Exercise 24What Have We Learned? 24Key Points 25Discussion Questions 25Contributing to OurSocial World: What Can We Do? 26Chapter 2 Examining the Social World: How Do We Know? 28The Development of Sociology 31The Rise of Modern Sociology 31Sociology’s Major Theoretical Perspectives 32Micro- to Meso-Level Theories 33Symbolic Interaction 33Sociology in Our Social World: HumanLanguage and the Marvel of a CollegeClassroom 34Rational Choice (Exchange) Theory 35Meso- and Macro-Level Theories 36Structural-Functional Theory 36Conflict Theory 37Multi-Level Analysis 39Using Different Theoretical Perspectives 40Ideas Underlying Science 42How Sociologists Study the Social World 42Planning a Research Study 43Designing the Research Methodand Collecting the Data 43Sociology in Our Social World:Being Clear about Causality 44Designing a Method for Collecting Data 45Sociology in Our Social World: The Hull House Circle:Historical Content Analysis in Sociology 47Selecting a Sample 48Making Sense of the Data: Analyzing Data andDrawing Conclusions 48Presenting Your Findings 48Ethical Issues in Social Research 48Putting Sociology to Work:Public Sociology 49Engaging Sociology: How toRead a Research Table 50What Have We Learned? 52Key Points 52Discussion Questions 53Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 53PART II: Social Structure,Processes, and Control 55Chapter 3 Society and Culture:Hardware and Softwareof Our Social World 56Society: The Hardware 59Evolution of Societies 59Hunter-Gatherer Societies 61Herding and Horticultural Societies 62Agricultural Societies 63Industrial Societies 64Postindustrial or Information Societies 65Engaging Sociology:Demographics of Internet Users 66Culture: The Software 67Characteristics of Culture 67Sociologists in Action—Richard Florida: Creativity,Community, and Applied Sociology 68Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity 69Engaging Sociology: Pop Cultureand Technology Timeline 70The Components of Culture:Things and Thoughts 73Material Culture: The Artifacts of Life 73Nonmaterial Culture: Beliefs, Values,Rules, and Language 73Sociology Around the World:Social Justice in a Guatemalan Village 75Society, Culture, and Our Social World 79Microcultures: Micro-Level Analysis 79Subcultures and Countercultures:Meso-Level Analysis 80Sociology in Our Social World:Deaf Subculture in the United States 82National and Global Culture:Macro-Level Analysis 83National Society and Culture 84Global Society and Culture 84Theories of Culture 85Cultural Theory at the Micro Level 85Symbolic Interaction Theory 85Cultural Theories at the Mesoand Macro Levels 86Structural-Functional Theory 86Conflict Theory 87The Fit Between Hardware andSoftware 88What Have We Learned? 88Key Points 89Discussion Questions 89Visual Sociology: Home as Material Culture 90Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 90Chapter 4 Socialization: Becoming Human and Humane 92Nature Versus Nurture—or BothWorking Together? 95The Importance of Socialization 95Isolated and Abused Children 96Socialization and the Social World 97Development of the Self:Micro-Level Analysis 98The Looking-Glass Self andRole-Taking 99Parts of the Self 100Sociology in Our Social World:Black Men and Public Space 101Stages in the Development of the Self 102The Self and Connections tothe Meso Level 104Socialization Throughout the Life Cycle 104The Process of Resocialization 106Agents of Socialization:The Micro–Meso Connection 107Sociologists in Action—David S. Kirk:Using Evidence-Based Researchto Inform Public Policy:Resocialization Lessons FromHurricane Katrina 108Micro-Level Socialization 109Sociology in Our Social World: GenderSocialization in U.S. Public Schools 110Meso-Level Socialization 111Sociology Around the World:Socialization in Japan:The Family and Early Schooling 112Social Class 113Electronic Media 114Engaging Sociology: MediaExposure and Socialization 115Socialization and Macro-Level Issues 116Sense of Self in New Global Context 116Policy and Practice 117What Have We Learned? 118Key Points 118Discussion Questions 119Visual Sociology: Death Rituals 119Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 120Chapter 5 Interaction, Groups, and Organization:Connections That Work 122Networks and Connections inOur Social World 124Networks at the Micro, Meso,and Macro Levels 125The Process of Interaction: Connectionsat the Micro Level 126The Elements of Social Interaction 126Engaging Sociology:Networking via Facebook 127Theoretical Perspectives on theInteraction Process 129Symbolic Interaction Theory 129Rational Choice Theory 130Social Status: Individuals’ Link to Groups 131The Relationship Between Status and Role 132Role Strain and Role Conflict 133Groups in Our Social World: The Micro–MesoConnection 134Group Solidarity, Anomie, and Suicide 134Types of Groups 135Organizations and Bureaucracies:The Meso–Macro Connection 137Modern Organizations and Their Evolution 138Formal Organizations and Modern Life 138Sociology Around the World:The McDonaldization of Society 139Characteristics of Bureaucracy 140Issues in Bureaucracies 141Diversity and Equity in Organizations 142National and Global Networks:The Macro Level 143Sociologists in Action—Elise Roberts:Using Sociology in InternationalTravel and Intercultural Education 144Policy Issues: Women and Globalization 145What Have We Learned? 146Key Points 146Discussion Questions 147Visual Sociology: Money as a Social Construction 147Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 148Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control: Sickos,Weirdos, Freaks, and Folks Like Us 150Engaging Sociology: Who Is Deviant? 153What Is Deviance? 153Crime: Deviance That Violates the Law 155What Causes Deviant Behavior?Theoretical Perspectives 155Micro-Level Explanations of Deviance 157Rational Choice Approaches to Deviance 157Symbolic Interaction Approachesto Deviance 158Meso- and Macro-Level Explanationsof Deviance 160Sociology in Our Social World:Stigmatizing Fatness 161Structural-Functional Approachesto Deviance 162Conflict Theory of Deviance 164A Multi-Level Analysis of Deviance:Feminist Theories 164Sociology Around the World: Blamingthe Victim: Extreme Cases 166Crime and Individuals: Micro-Level Analysis 167How Much Crime Is There? 167Types of Crime 168Predatory Crimes 168Crimes Without Victims 169Hate Crimes 170Crime and Organizations: Meso-LevelAnalysis 171Crimes Involving Organizationsand Institutions 171Organized Crime 172Occupational Crime 173National and Global Crime:Macro-Level Analysis 174Cross-National Comparison of Crimes 176Global Crimes 177Controlling Crime: Social PolicyConsiderations 178Dealing With Crime: The CriminalJustice Process 178Prisons 179The Purposes of Prisons 180Prisons and Profits 180The Death Penalty 181Alternative Forms of Social Control 182Sociologists in Action—SusanGuarino-Ghezzi: Police andDelinquent Youth: ChangingStereotypes and Making Peace 183What Have We Learned? 184Key Points 184Discussion Questions 185Visual Sociology: Deviance as a SocialConstruction 185Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 186PART III: Inequality 187Chapter 7 Stratification: Rich and Famous—or Ragsand Famine? 188Sociology Around the World:Chocolate and Coffee: A Moral Dilemma? 193Sociologists in Action—Kevin Bales:Stopping Slavery in the 21st Century 195The Importance of Social Stratification 196Micro-Level Prestige and Influence 196Meso-Level Access to Resources 197Macro-Level Factors InfluencingStratification 197Theoretical Explanations of Stratification 198Micro-Level Theory 198Symbolic Interaction Theory 198Rational Choice Theory 199Meso- and Macro-Level Theories 200Structural-Functional Theory 200Sociology in Our Social World:Understanding Urban Homeless People 201Conflict Theory 202The Evolutionary Theory of Stratification:A Synthesis 204Individuals’ Social Status: The Micro Level 205Individual Life Chances 205Education 205Health, Social Conditions, and Life Expectancy 206Individual Lifestyles 206Engaging Sociology: Life Expectancy,Per Capita Income, and Infant Mortality 207Attitudes Toward Achievement 208Family Life and Child-Rearing Patterns 208Religious Membership 208Political Involvement 208Status Inconsistency 209Social Mobility: The Micro-Meso Connection 209Types of Social Mobility 210How Much Mobility Is There?Measures of Social Mobility 210Factors Affecting an Individual’s Mobility 210Family Background, Socialization,Marriage, and Education 210Population Trends and EconomicVitality Within a Country 212Engaging Sociology: First-GenerationCollege Students: Issues ofCultural and Social Capital 213Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Earnings 214The Interdependent Global Market 215Is There a “Land of Opportunity”?Cross-Cultural Mobility 215Major Stratification Systems:Macro-Level Analysis 215Ascribed Status: Caste and Estate Systems 216Sociology Around the World:The Outcastes of India 217Achieved Status: Social Class in theUnited States 218Examples of Social Classes in the United States 219Poverty and Social Policy 220Solutions to Poverty: Some PolicyConsiderations 222Welfare, Workfare, and OtherAid Programs 223Sociologists in Action—Mary Gatta:Poor Women, Work, and School—Help to Accomplish It All! 224National and Global Digital Divide:Macro-Level Stratification 225What Have We Learned? 226Key Points 227Discussion Questions 227Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 228Chapter 8 Race and Ethnic Group Stratification: Beyond “Us” and “Them” 230What Characterizes Racial andEthnic Groups? 232Minority Groups 233The Concept of Race 233The Social Construction of Race 233Symbolic Interactionist Analysisof the Social Construction of Race 234Sociology in Our Social World:Historical Attempts to Define Race 235The Continuing Significance of Race 236Ethnic Groups 237Biracial and Multiracial Populations:Immigration, Intermarriage,and Personal Identification 238Prejudice: Micro-Level Analysis 239The Nature of Prejudice 240Explaining Racial Discriminationat the Micro Level 240Sociology in Our Social World: Anti-MuslimSentiments in the United States 241Forms of Racial Prejudice 242Discrimination: Meso-Level Analysis 244Engaging Sociology: Using andRelating Key Concepts 247Dominant and Minority Group Contact:Macro-Level Analysis 248Majority Group Policies to ManageRacial and Ethnic Relations 248Minority Reactions to Prejudice,Discrimination, and Racism 250Micro-Level Coping Strategies 250Sociology in Our Social World: Pluralism:A Long-Standing History inthe United States 251Meso- and Macro- Level Efforts toBring Change: Resistance 252Theoretical Explanations ofDominant-MinorityGroup Relations 253Structural-Functional Theory 253Conflict Theory 253Policies Governing Minority andDominant Group Relations 254Sociology Around the World:Violence in Kenya 255Policies to Reduce Prejudice, Racism,and Discrimination 256Individual or Small-Group Solutions 256Group Contact 256Institutional and Societal Strategiesto Improve Group Relations 257Affirmative Action 257Sociologists in Action—Anna Misleh:Challenging Bigotry Toward the Roma 258Engaging Sociology: PreferencePolicies at the University of Michigan 260Global Movements for Human Rights 261What Have We Learned? 262Key Points 262Discussion Questions 262Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 263Chapter 9 Gender Stratification: She/He—Who Goes First? 266Sex, Gender, and the Stratification System 268Sex and Sexuality 270Gender 271Sex, Gender, and Sexuality:The Micro Level 271Sex, Gender, and Sexuality:The Meso Level 272Empowerment of Women 273Sociologists in Action—Donna Yang,Christian Agurto, Michelle Benavides,Brianne Glogowski, Deziree Martinez,and Michele Van Hook: SociologyStudents Engage With Microfinance 274Sex, Sexuality, and Gender: The Macro Level 275Gender Socialization: Micro- andMeso-Level Analyses 277Stages in Gender Socialization 277Infancy 277Childhood 277Sociology in Our Social World: The Boy Code 278Meso-Level Agents of Gender Socialization 279Corporations 280Mass Media 280Educational Systems 281Religious Organizations 283Gender Stratification: Meso- and Macro-LevelProcesses 284Women and Men at Work: GenderedOrganizations 285Engaging Sociology: Masculinity andFemininity in Our Social World 286Institutionalized Gender Discrimination 288Gender Differences in Internet Use 289Gender Stratification: Micro- toMacro-Level Theories 289Symbolic Interaction Theory:Micro-Level Analysis 290Structural-Functional and Conflict Theories:Meso- and Macro-Level Analyses 290Structural-Functional Theory 290Sociology in Our Social World: Gender and Food 291Conflict Theory 292Feminist Theory 293Sociology Around The World: Rapeand the Victims of Rape 294The Interaction of Class, Race, and Gender 295Gender, Homosexuality, and Minority Status 295Sociology Around the World: Dowryand Death: Some Dangers of Marriage 296Costs and Consequences of GenderStratification 298Psychological and Social Consequences:Micro-Level Implications 298Results of Gender Role Expectations 299Societal Costs: Meso- and Macro-LevelImplications 299Changing Gender Stratification and Social Policy 299Sociologists in Action—Melissa SheridanEmbser-Herbert: Using Sociologyto Promote Gender Equity andPeace in Postgenocide Rwanda 301What Have We Learned? 302Key Points 302Discussion Questions 303Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 303PART IV: Institutions 305The Importance of Institutions 306The Development of Modern Institutions 308Connections Among Institutions 308Chapter 10 Family: Partner Taking, People Making,and Contract Breaking 310What Is a Family? 312Theoretical Perspectives on Family 314Micro-Level Theories of Familyand the Meso-Level Connection 314Symbolic Interaction Theory 314Rational Choice Theory 315Meso- and Macro-Level Theoriesof the Family 316Structural-Functional Theory 316Conflict Theory 317An Alternative Theory for Analysisof the Family 318Feminist Theory 318Family Dynamics: Micro-Level Processes 319Mate Selection: How Do New Families Start? 319Norms Governing Choice ofMarriage Partners: SocietalRules and Intimate Choices 319Finding a Mate 320Who Holds the Power? Authorityin Marriage 322Decision Making in Marriage 322Who Does the Housework? 323The Family as an Institution: Meso-Level Analysis 323The Structure and Parts of Family Institution 323Types of Marriages 323Engaging Sociology: Household Tasks by Gender 324Extended and Nuclear Families 325The Economic Institution and the Family 325Poverty and Families in the United States 326Dual-Worker Families 327National and Global Family Issues:Macro-Level Analysis 328Cohabitation 328Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions 329Divorce: Contract Breaking 331Sociologists in Action—Tey Meadow:Queer Numbers: Evaluating Research asPublic Sociology 332Divorce and Its Social Consequences 334Sociology in Our Social World: DebunkingMisconceptions About Divorce 334Marriage, Divorce, and Social Policies 335Global Family Patterns and Policies 336National Family Patterns and Policiesin the United States 336Sociology Around the World: Cross-CulturalDifferences in Family Dissolution 337What Have We Learned? 339Key Points 339Discussion Questions 340Visual Sociology: What is a Family? 340Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do? 341Chapter 11 Education: What Are We Learning? 342State of the World’s Education:An Overview 344The Ins and Outs of Local Schools: Micro-Level Interactions in Educational Organizations 346Micro-Level Theories: Individuals WithinSchools 346Symbolic Interaction Perspectiveand the Classroom 346Rational Choice Theory and EducationSettings 346Statuses and Roles in the EducationSystem 347Students and the Peer Culture ofSchools 347Teachers: The Front Line 348Sociology in Our Social World:Where the Boys Are—and Wherethe Men Are Not? 349Administrators: The Managersof the School System 351The Informal System: WhatReally Happens Inside a School? 351The Educational Climate of Schools 351The Value Climate of Schools 352Power Dynamics and CopingStrategies in the Classroom 353After the School Bell Rings: Meso-Level Analysis of Educational Organizations 354Formal Education Systems 354The Bureaucratic School Structure 354Education and the Social Institution ofFamily 355Educational Decision Making at the MesoLevel 356Local-Level Influences 356National-Level Influences 357Sociology in Our Social World: Disability andInequality 359Education, Society, and the Road to Opportunity:The Macro Level 360Why Societies Have EducationSystems: Macro-Level Theories 361Functionalist Perspective on Education 361Engaging Sociology: Consequences of High or Low Numbers of Bachelor’s Degrees 363Conflict Perspectives on Stratificationand Education 364Can Schools Bring About Equalityin Societies? 365Who Gets Ahead and Why? The Roleof Education in Stratification 365Engaging Sociology: Test ScoreVariations by Gender and Ethnicity 366Educational and Social Policy Issues 368Educational Policies in the United States 369Global Policy Issues in Education 369Sociologists in Action—GeoffreyCanada: Harlem Children’s Zone 370The Future of Education in theGlobal System 372What Have We Learned? 373Key Points 373Discussion Questions 373Visual Sociology: Getting to School 374Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 374Chapter 12 Religion: The Social Meaning of Sacred Meaning 376What Does Religion Do for Us? 379Components of Religion 379Meaning System 379Belonging System 380Structural System 380Becoming Part of a Faith Community:Micro-Level Analysis 381Sociologists in Action—C. Kirk Hadaway:Research for Religious Organizations 382Symbols and the Creation of Meaning:A Symbolic InteractionistPerspective 384Seeking Eternal Benefits: A RationalChoice Perspective 386Religion and Modern Life:Meso-Level Analysis 387Types of Religious Organizations 387Denominations and Denominationalism 388Denominational Structures and theMicro-Meso Connection 388Sociology in Our Social World: Islam,Mosques, and Organizational Structure 390New Religious Movements(NRMs) or Cults 390Religion and Other Social Institutions 391Religion and Family 391Sociology in Our Social World:Witchcraft in the United States 392Religion and Politics: Theocraciesand Civil Religion 393Sociology Around the World:Transnational Religion: TheCatholic Church and Political Systems 394Religion and the Economy: TheProtestant Ethic and Capitalism 395Religion in Society: Macro-Level Analysis 397The Contribution of Religion to Society:A Functionalist Perspective 397Social Cohesion 397Legitimating Social Values and Norms 398Social Change 398The Link Between Religion and Stratification:A Conflict Perspective 398The Class Base of Religion 398Racial Bias, Gender Prejudice, andReligion 400Engaging Sociology: Women and Spirituality 401Religion in the Modern World 402Is Religion Dying or Reviving in North America? 402Engaging Sociology: DeterminingWhat It Means to Be “Religious” 403Religion and Secularization:Micro-, Meso-, and Macro-Level Discord 405Religion: Fostering War or Peace? 407Religion, Technology, and the World WideWeb 408Social Policy: Same Sex Marriageand Gay/Lesbian Clergy 408What Have We Learned? 410Key Points 410Discussion Questions 411Visual Sociology: Religious and Secular Life inthe U.S. 411Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 411Chapter 13 Politics and Economics: Probing Power, Dissecting Distribution 414What Is Power? 417Power and Privilege in Our Social World 417Theoretical Perspectives onPower and Privilege 418Micro- and Meso-Level Perspectives:Legitimacy of Power 418Sociology in Our Social World:The Flag, Symbolism, and Patriotism 419Social Constructions of Politics:Legitimacy, Authority, and Power 420How Do Leaders Gain Legitimate Power? 420Self-Interest as a Path to Legitimacy 421Macro-Level Perspectives: Who Rules? 422Pluralist Model of Power 422Sociology in Our Social World: InterestGroups in Politics: The Tea Party 423Elite Model 424Micro-Level Analysis: Individuals,Power, and Participation 424Participation in Democratic Processes 425Ideology and Attitudes AboutPolitics and Economics 425Levels of Participation in Politics 425Sociologists in Action—Ruy Teixeira: The Future of Red, Blue, and Purple America 426Meso-Level Analysis: Distributions of Power and Privilege Within a Nation 428What Purposes Do Political andEconomic Institutions Serve? 428Sociology Around the World: Women And Political Change In Postgenocide Rwanda 429Sociology in Our Social World: The 2012 Presidential Election and the Youth Vote 431Meso- and Macro-Level Systemsof Power and Privilege 432Types of Governments 433Sociology Around the World: TheKhmer Rouge Revolution:A Totalitarian Regime 435Types of Economic Systems 436Sociology in Our Social World:Technology and Democracy 437Macro-Level Analysis: National andGlobal Systems of Governance and Power 440Power and the Nation-State 440Revolutions and Rebellions 440The Meso–Macro Political Connection 441Sociology Around the World: SocialMedia and Political Protests 442Global Interdependencies:Cooperation and Conflicts 444Engaging Sociology: Political Decisions:Social Processes at the Micro,Meso, and Macro Levels 445Violence on the Global Level 446Why Do Nations Go to War? 448How Might Nations Avoid War? 448Terrorism 449What Have We Learned? 451Key Points 451Discussion Questions 452Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 452Chapter 14 Health Care: An Anatomy of Health And Illness 454Why Is Health a Social Issue? 457Health at the Micro Level 458Health at the Meso Level 458Health at the Macro Level 459Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Illness 460Micro-Level Theoretical Perspectives 460The Symbolic InteractionPerspective and Labeling Theory 460Meso- and Macro-Level TheoreticalPerspectives 461The Functionalist Perspective 461Sociology in Our Social World: Alcoholism,Medicalization, and Policy 462The Conflict Perspective 463Sociologists in Action—Eric R. Wright:Improving State-Level SubstanceAbuse Prevention Policy 464Sociology Around the World:Health Care: Cuba’s Pride 466Feminist Theory 467Engaging Sociology: Decisions About Health Care When Living in Poverty 468The Status and Roles of the SickPerson: Micro-Level Analysis 468The Sick Role 469Social Factors and AttitudesTowards Health, Illness, and Death 470Modern Health Care Systems: Meso-Level Analysis 471The Organization of Health Care Systems 471Types of National Health Care Systems 472Hospitals as Complex Organizations 473Sociology Around the World: ComparingHealth Care Systems: The Canadian Model 474Changing Professional Status ofEmployees in the Health Care System 475Health Care Issues at National andGlobal Levels: Macro-Level Analysis 476The Health Care System in the United States 476Health Care Advances 476Problems in the U.S. Health Care System 476Sociologists in Action—James Anderson and KathyAbrahamson: The Case of Nurse Burnout 477Health Care Around the Globe 480The People’s Republic of China:Medicine in a Communist State 480Engaging Sociology: Access to HealthCare for Rich and Poor 481Globalization of Medical Problems 483Globalization and the Mobility of Disease 485What Have We Learned? 486Key Points 486Discussion Questions 487Visual Sociology: Hospital Clothing 487Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 488PART V: Social Dynamics 489Chapter 15 Population and Urbanization: Living on Planet Earth 490Macro-Level Patterns in WorldPopulation Growth 494Patterns of Population Growth Over Time 494Engaging Sociology: If the WorldWere 100 People 495Predictors of Population Growth 496Population Patterns: TheoreticalExplanations 500Malthus’s Theory of Population 500Demographic Transition: ExplainingPopulation Growth and Expansion 501Conflict Theorists’ Explanationsof Population Growth 502Meso-Level Institutional Influenceson Population Change 503Institutions and Population Patterns 503Economic Factors andPopulation Patterns 504Political Systems andPopulation Patterns 504Religion and Population Patterns 505Education and Population 506Factors Affecting Mortality Rates 506Sociology in Our Social World:The Significance of the Baby Boom 507Migration and Mobility: WherePeople Move and Why 507International Migration 509Internal Migration in the United States 510Micro-Level Population Patterns 510Sociology Around the World: FromSouth to North of the U.S. Border 511Urbanization: Movement FromRural to Urban Areas 513Engaging Sociology: Population Pyramids andPredicting Community Needs and Services 514Cities as Micro-Level LivingEnvironments 515Engaging Sociology: WorldUrbanization Trends 516Life in the City 518Urban Residential Patterns 518Human Relationships in Cities 518How Did Cities Evolve? Meso-LevelOrganizational Structures 519Theories of Urban Development 520Sociology Around the World: The Evolution of Early Cities: The Nabateans and Petra 521Types of Cities 522Industrial Cities 522Engaging Sociology: ResidentialSegregation and Cross-Race Contact 523Postindustrial Cities 524Sociology Around the World:City Planning in PrehistoricCentral America: Teotihuacan 525Megacities 526The Urban Environment and SocialPolicy: Macro-Level Perspectives 526Rural Migrants and Overcrowding 527Crime and Delinquency in the City 527Urban Planning for StructuresThat Meet Human Needs 527Sociology in Our Social World:“Ring Around the Rosey” and the Plague 528Sociologists in Action—Jay Weinstein:Improving Quality of Life byTransforming Community Structure 529Intersection of Demographic andEnvironmental Policy 530What Have We Learned? 531Key Points 532Discussion Questions 532Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 533Chapter 16 The Process of Change: We Can Make a Difference! 534The Complexity of Change inOur Social World 537Change at the Individual Level:Micro-Level Analysis 537Change at the Institutional Level:Meso-Level Analysis 538Change at the National and GlobalLevels: Macro-Level Analysis 539Societal-Level Change 539Global Systems and Change 540Social Change: Process and Theories 541The Process of Social Change 541Sociology in Our Social World: Disastersand Their Aftermath 542Sociology in Our Social World:Technology and Change:The Automobile 545Theories of Social Change 546Micro-Level Theories of Change 546Meso- and Macro-Level Theoriesof Change 547Collective Behavior: Micro- toMeso-Level Change 549Theories of Collective Behavior 550Types of Collective Behavior 551Sociology in Our Social World:Exam Stories: Testing the Truth 553Planned Change in Organizations:Meso-Level Change 554How Organizations Planfor Change 555Models for PlanningOrganizational Change 555The Process of Planned Change 555Social Movements: Macro-Level Change 556Sociologists in Action—Ruth Meinzen-Dick:Natural Resource Managementin Developing Countries 557What Is a Social Movement? 558Stages of Social Movements 558Types of Social Movements 559Globalization and Social Movements 561Engaging Sociology: Micro to Macro:Change From the Bottom Up 563Technology, Environment, and Change 563Sociologist in Action—Ellis Jones:Empowering Everyday People:Democratizing Access To Social Change 564Technology and Science 566Technology and Change 567Visual Sociology: Transportation Systems andSocial Change 568Engaging Sociology: Making a Difference 569What Have We Learned? 570Key Points 570Discussion Questions 570Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do? 571Glossary 573References 581Index 641About the Authors 671Preface: To Our Readers xviiInstructors: How to MakeThis Book Work for You xixA Personal Note to the Instructor xxiiiAcknowledgments xxviPART I: Understanding Our Social World:The Scientific Study of Society 1Chapter 1 Sociology: A Unique Way to Viewthe World 2What Is Sociology? 5Ideas Underlying Sociology 6Sociological Findings andCommonsense Beliefs 7The Sociological Imagination 8Questions Sociologists Ask—and Don’t Ask 8The Social Sciences: A Comparison 9Why Does Sociology Matter? 10Why Study Sociology? 10Sociology in Our Social World: High School Dropouts:Causes, Consequences, and Cures 11What Do Sociologists Do? 12What Do Employers Want? 12Social World Model 12Social Structures 14Social Processes 15Environment of Our Social World 15Studying the Social World: Levels ofAnalysis 16Micro-Level Analysis 17Meso-Level Analysis 17Macro-Level Analysis 18Engaging Sociology: Micro-Meso-Macro 19Social World Model and This Book 21Engaging Sociology: Micro-Meso-Macro: AnApplication Exercise 22What Have We Learned? 22Discussion Questions 23Key Terms 23Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 24Chapter 2 Examining the Social World:How Do We Know? 26Development of Sociology 29Rise of Modern Sociology 29Sociology’s Major Theoretical Perspectives 30Micro- to Meso-Level Theories 31Symbolic Interaction Theory 31Sociology in Our Social World: Human Language and the Marvel of a College Classroom 32Rational Choice (Exchange) Theory 33Meso- and Macro-Level Theories 34Structural-Functional Theory 34Conflict Theory 35Multilevel Analysis 37Using Different Theoretical Perspectives 39Middle-Range Theories 39Theory and Research Methods 39Ideas Underlying Science 40How Sociologists Study the Social World 40Planning a Research Stbudy 41Designing the Research Plan and Method forCollecting the Data 41Designing the Research Plan 41Sociology in Our Social World: Being Clear About Causality 42Sociology in Our Social World:The Hull House Circle—HistoricalContent Analysis in Sociology 45Selecting a Sample 46Collecting the Data 46Making Sense of the Data 46Analyzing the Data 46Presenting the Findings 47Ethical Issues in Social Research 47Putting Sociology to Work: Public Sociology 47Engaging Sociology: How to Read a ResearchTable 48Sociologists in Action—Kristin Kenneavy: Using Sociology to Improve Campus Life and Gain Marketable Skills 50What Have We Learned? 51Discussion Questions 52Key Terms 52Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 53PART II: Social Structure,Processes, and Control 55Chapter 3 Society and Culture: Hardwareand Software of Our Social World 56Society: The Hardware 59Evolution of Societies 59Hunter-Gatherer Societies 61Herding and Horticultural Societies 62Agricultural Societies 62Industrial Societies 63Postindustrial or Information Societies 64Engaging Sociology: Demographics ofInternet Users 66Culture: The Software 67Sociologists in Action—Richard Florida: The Creativity Class and Successful Communities 68Engaging Sociology: Pop Culture TechnologyTimeline 69Characteristics of Culture 70Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity 70Components of Culture: Things andThoughts 72Material Culture: The Artifacts of Life 72Nonmaterial Culture: Beliefs, Values, Rules,and Language 73Sociology Around the World: Social Justice in a Guatemalan Village 75Society, Culture, and Our Social World 79Microcultures: Micro-Level Analysis 79Subcultures and Countercultures: Meso-LevelAnalysis 80Sociology in Our Social World: Deaf Subculture in the United States 81National and Global Culture: Macro-LevelAnalysis 82National Society and Culture 82Global Society and Culture 83Theories of Culture 84Cultural Theory at the Micro Level 84Symbolic Interaction Theory 84Cultural Theories at the Meso and MacroLevels 85Structural-Functional Theory 85Conflict Theory 86Middle-Range Theories 87Fit Between Hardware and Software 87What Have We Learned? 87Discussion Questions 88Key Terms 88Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 89Chapter 4 Socialization: Becoming Human and Humane 90Nature Versus Nurture—or Both WorkingTogether? 93Importance of Socialization 94Isolated and Abused Children 94Sociology Around the World: The Intriguing Case of Genes Versus the Environment 95Socialization and the Social World 96Development of the Self: Micro-Level Analysis 97The Looking-Glass Self and Role-Taking 98Sociology in Our Social World: Black Men and Public Space 100Parts of the Self 101Stages in the Development of the Self 101The Self and Connections to the Meso Level 103Socialization Throughout the Life Cycle 103Process of Resocialization 104Sociology Around the World: ISIS Recruitment 106Agents of Socialization: The Micro-Meso Connection 107Micro-Level Socialization 108Meso-Level Socialization 108Social Class 108Electronic Media 109Online Social Networking 110Engaging Sociology: Uses and Consequences of Social Networking 111Socialization and Macro-Level Issues 112Sense of Self in a New Global Context 112Policy and Public Sociology 113Sociologists in Action—David S. Kirk: Evidence-Based Research to Inform Public Policy: Resocialization After Hurricane Katrina 114What Have We Learned? 115Discussion Questions 116Key Terms 116Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 116Chapter 5 Interaction, Groups, and Organizations: Connections That Work 118Networks and Connections in Our Social World 120Networks at the Micro, Meso, and MacroLevels 121Engaging Sociology: Networking via Facebook 122Process of Interaction: Connections at the Micro Level 123Elements of Social Interaction 123Theoretical Perspectives on the InteractionProcess 124Symbolic Interaction Theory 124Rational Choice Theory 126Social Status: Individuals’ Link to Groups 127Relationship Between Status and Role 128Role Strain and Role Conflict 128Groups in Our Social World: The Micro-MesoConnection 129Group Solidarity, Anomie, and Suicide 130Types of Groups 130Organizations and Bureaucracies: The Meso-Macro Connection 132Modern Organizations and TheirEvolution 133Formal Organizations and Modern Life 133Sociology Around the World: The McDonaldization ofSociety 134Characteristics of Bureaucracy 135Issues in Bureaucracies 136Diversity and Equity in Organizations 137National and Global Networks: The Macro Level 138Sociologists in Action—Elise Roberts: Using Sociologyin International Travel and InterculturalEducation 139What Have We Learned? 140Discussion Questions 141Key Terms 141Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 141Chapter 6 Deviance and SocialControl: Sickos, Weirdos, Freaks,and Folks Like Us 144What Is Deviance? 146Engaging Sociology: Who Is Deviant? 147Crime: Deviance That Violates the Law 148What Causes Deviant Behavior? TheoreticalPerspectives 150Micro-Level Explanations of Deviance 150Symbolic Interaction Approach to Deviance:Differential Association 150Symbolic Interaction Approach to Deviance:Labeling 151Sociology in Our Social World: StigmatizingFatness 153Rational Choice Approaches to Deviance 154Meso- and Macro-Level Explanations ofDeviance 154Structural-Functional Approach to Deviance:Social Control 154Structural-Functional Approach to Deviance:Anomie 155Structural-Functional Approach to Deviance:Strain 156Conflict Theory of Deviance 157Multilevel Analysis of Deviance: FeministTheories 157Engaging Sociology: Marijuana Use Versus Marijuana Arrests 158Sociology Around the World: Blaming the Victim—Extreme Cases 159Crime and Individuals: Micro-Level Analysis 160How Much Crime Is There? 160Types of Crime 162Predatory Crimes 162Crimes Without Victims 162Hate Crimes 163Crime and Organizations: Meso-Level Analysis 163Sociologists in Action—Jack Levin: Three Times the Violence 164Crimes Involving Organizations andInstitutions 165Organized Crime 165Occupational Crime 166National and Global Crime: Macro-Level Analysis 168Cross-National Comparison of Crimes 170Global Crimes 171Controlling Crime: Social Policy Considerations 172Dealing With Crime: The Criminal JusticeProcess 172Prisons 172The Purposes of Prisons 175Prisons and Profits 175The Death Penalty 175Alternative Forms of Social Control 177What Have We Learned? 177Discussion Questions 178Key Terms 179Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 179PART III: Inequality 183Chapter 7 Stratification: Rich andFamous—or Rags and Famine? 184Sociology Around the World:Chocolate and Coffee: A Moral Dilemma? 189Sociologists in Action—Kevin Bales:Stopping Slavery in the 21st Century 190Importance of Social Stratification 191Micro-Level Prestige and Influence 191Meso-Level Access to Resources 191Macro-Level Factors InfluencingStratification 192Theoretical Explanations of Stratification 193Micro-Level Theory 193Symbolic Interaction Theory 194Rational Choice Theory 194Sociology in Our Social World: Understanding Urban Homeless People 195Meso- and Macro-Level Theories 196Structural-Functional Theory 196Conflict Theory 197Evolutionary Theory of Stratification: ASynthesis 199Individuals’ Social Status: The Micro Level 200Individual Life Chances 200Education 200Health, Social Conditions, and LifeExpectancy 200Individual Lifestyles 201Attitudes Toward Achievement 201Engaging Sociology: Life Expectancy, Per Capita Income, and Infant Mortality 202Family Life and Child-Rearing Patterns 202Religious Membership 203Political Involvement 203Status Inconsistency 203Social Mobility: The Micro-Meso Connection 203Types of Social Mobility 204How Much Mobility Is There? Measures of Social Mobility 204Factors Affecting an Individual’s Mobility 205Family Background, Socialization, Marriage,and Education 206Engaging Sociology: First-Generation CollegeStudents: Issues of Cultural and Social Capital 208Economic Vitality and Population Trends 209Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Earnings 209Interdependent Global Market 209Is There a “Land of Opportunity”? Cross-Cultural Mobility 210Major Stratification Systems:Macro-Level Analysis 211Ascribed Status: Caste and Estate Systems 211Achieved Status: Social Class in the UnitedStates 212Examples of Social Classes in the UnitedStates 213Poverty and Social Policy 214Solutions to Poverty: Some PolicyConsiderations 216Welfare, Workfare, and Other AidPrograms 216National and Global Digital Divide: Macro-Level Stratification 217Sociologists in Action—Mary Gatta: Poor Women,Work, and School—Help to Accomplish It All! 218What Have We Learned? 220Discussion Questions 221Key Terms 222Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 222Chapter 8Race and Ethnic Group Stratification: Beyond “Us” and “Them” 224What Characterizes Racial andEthnic Groups? 226Minority Groups 227Concept of Race 227Social Construction of Race 227Symbolic Interactionist Analysis of the SocialConstruction of Race 228Sociology in Our Social World: Historical Attempts to Define Race 229Continuing Significance of Race 230Ethnic Groups 232Biracial and Multiracial Populations:Immigration, Intermarriage, and PersonalIdentification 233Prejudice: Micro-Level Analysis 234Nature of Prejudice 235Explaining Racial Discrimination at theMicro Level 235Sociology in Our Social World: Anti-Muslim Sentiment in the United States 236Color-Blind Ideology and RacismEvasiveness 237Discrimination: Meso-Level Analysis 238Engaging Sociology: Using and Relating KeyConcepts 242Dominant and Minority Group Contact: Macro-Level Analysis 242Dominant Group Policies to Manage Racial andEthnic Relations 242Minority Reactions to Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism 244Micro-Level Coping Strategies 244Sociology in Our Social World: Pluralism: A Long- Standing History in the United States 245Meso- and Macro-Level Efforts to BringChange: Resistance 246Theoretical Explanations of Dominant–Minority Group Relations 247Structural-Functional Theory 247Conflict Theory 248Policies Governing Minority and Dominant Group Relations 249Policies to Reduce Prejudice, Racism, andDiscrimination 249Individual or Small-Group Solutions 249Group Contact 250Institutional and Societal Strategies toImprove Group Relations 250Sociologists in Action—Anna Misleh: Challenging Bigotry Toward the Roma 251Affirmative Action 252Engaging Sociology: Preference Policies at theUniversity of Michigan 253Global Movements for Human Rights 254What Have We Learned? 255Discussion Questions 255Key Terms 256Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 256Chapter 9 Gender Stratification: She/He—Who Goes First? 258Sex, Gender, and the Stratification System 260Sex and Sexuality 261Gender 262Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The Micro Level 263Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The Meso Level 264Empowerment of Women 265Sex, Sexuality, and Gender: The Macro Level 265Sociologists in Action—Donna Yang, Christian Agurto, Michelle Benavides, Brianne Glogowski, Deziree Martinez, and Michele Van Hook: Sociology Students Engage With Microfinance 266Gender Socialization: Micro- to Meso-Level Analyses 268Stages in Gender Socialization 269Infancy 269Childhood 269Sociology in Our Social World: The Boy Code 270Meso-Level Agents of Gender Socialization 271Corporations 271Mass Media 271Educational Systems 273Religious Organizations 275Engaging Sociology: Masculinity and Femininity in Our Social World 276Gender Stratification: Meso- to Macro-LevelProcesses 277Women and Men at Work: GenderedOrganizations 277Institutionalized Gender Discrimination 278Gender Differences in Internet Use 280Gender Stratification: Micro- to Macro-Level Theories 281Symbolic Interaction Theory: Micro-LevelAnalysis 281Structural-Functional and Conflict Theories:Meso- and Macro-Level Analyses 282Structural-Functional Theory 282Conflict Theory 282Sociology in Our Social World: Gender and Food 283Other Theoretical Perspectives 284Feminist Theory 284Sociology Around the World:Rape and the Victims of Rape 285Interaction of Class, Race, and Gender 286Sociology Around the World: Dowry and Death: Some Dangers of Marriage 287Gender, Sexual Orientation, and MinorityStatus 287Costs and Consequences of Gender Stratification 289Psychological and Social Consequences:Micro-Level Implications 289Results of Gender Role Expectations 290Societal Costs: Meso- and Macro-LevelImplications 290Changing Gender Stratification and Social Policy 290What Have We Learned? 292Discussion Questions 293Key Terms 293Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 293PART IV: Institutions 297Importance of Institutions 298Development of Modern Institutions 299Connections Among Institutions 300Chapter 10 Family: Partner Taking, PeopleMaking, and Contract Breaking 302What Is a Family? 304Theoretical Perspectives on Family 306Micro-Level Theories of Family and theMeso-Level Connection 306Symbolic Interaction Theory 306Rational Choice Theory 307Meso- and Macro-Level Theories of theFamily 307Structural-Functional Theory 307Conflict Theory 309Alternative Theory for Analysis of theFamily 310Feminist Theory 310Family Dynamics: Micro-Level Processes 311Mate Selection: How Do NewFamilies Start? 312Norms Governing Choice of MarriagePartners: Societal Rules and IntimateChoices 312Finding a Mate 312Who Holds the Power? Authority inMarriage 315Decision Making in Marriage 315Who Does the Housework? 315Family as an Institution: Meso-Level Analysis 316Structure and Parts of the FamilyInstitution 316Types of Marriages 316Engaging Sociology: Household Tasksby Gender 317Sociologists in Action—Erin L. Kelly: Helping Organizations Reduce Work-Life Conflicts 318Extended and Nuclear Families 319Economic Institution and the Family 319Poverty and Families in the UnitedStates 319Socioeconomic Status and Parenting 321Dual-Worker Families 321National and Global Family Issues: Macro-Level Analysis 322Same-Sex Marriage 322Divorce: Contract Breaking 324Divorce and Its Social Consequences 324Marriage, Divorce, and Public Sociology 326National Family Patterns and Policies in theUnited States 326Global Family Patterns and Policies 327Sociology Around the World: Cross-CulturalDifferences in Family Dissolution 328What Have We Learned? 329Discussion Questions 330Key Terms 330Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 330 Chapter 11 Education: What Are We Learning? 332State of the World’s Education: An Overview 334Ins and Outs of Local Schools: Micro-Level Interactions in Educational Organizations 336Micro-Level Theories: Individuals WithinSchools 336Symbolic Interaction Perspective and theClassroom 336Rational Choice Theory and EducationSettings 336Statuses and Roles in the EducationSystem 337Students and the Peer Culture of Schools 337Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and AcademicSuccess 338Sociology in Our Social World: Where the Boys Are— and Where the Men Are Not? 339Teachers: The Front Line 340Administrators: The Managers of the SchoolSystem 340The Informal System: What Really HappensInside a School? 340Educational Climate of Schools 341Value Climate of Schools 342Power Dynamics and Coping Strategies in theClassroom 343After the School Bell Rings: Meso-Level Analysis ofEducational Organizations 343Formal Education Systems 343Bureaucratic School Structure 344Education and the Social Institution of Family 345Educational Decision Making at the MesoLevel 346Local-Level Influences 346National-Level Influences 347Sociology in Our Social World: Disability andInequality 348Education, Society, and the Road to Opportunity: The Macro Level 349Why Societies Have Education Systems:Macro-Level Theories 349Functionalist Perspective on Education 350Conflict Perspectives on Stratification andEducation 351Engaging Sociology: Consequences of High or Low Numbers of Bachelor’s Degrees 352Can Schools Bring About Equality inSocieties? 353Who Gets Ahead and Why? The Role of Education in Stratification 353Assessing Student Achievement:Testing 354Student Tracking 354Engaging Sociology: Test Score Variations by Gender and Race or Ethnicity 355School Funding 356Education and Public Policy 356Educational Policies in the United States 356Sociologists in Action—Geoffrey Canada: Harlem Children’s Zone 357Global Policy Issues in Education 357Future of Education in the Global System 359What Have We Learned? 360Discussion Questions 361Key Terms 361Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 361Chapter 12Religion: The Social Meaning of Sacred Meaning 364What Does Religion Do for Us? 367Components of Religion 367Meaning System 367Belonging System 367Structural System 368Becoming Part of a Faith Community: Micro-Level Analysis 369Symbols and the Creation of Meaning: ASymbolic Interactionist Perspective 371Seeking Eternal Benefits: A Rational ChoicePerspective 374Religion and Modern Life: Meso-Level Analysis 375Types of Religious Organizations 375Denominations andDenominationalism 375Denominational Structures and the Micro-Meso Connection 376New Religious Movements (NRMs)or Cults 377Sociology in Our Social World: Islam, Mosques, and Organizational Structure 378Sociology in Our Social World: Witchcraft in the United States 379Religion and Other Social Institutions 379Religion and Family 380Religion and Politics: Theocracies and CivilReligion 380Sociology Around the World: Transnational Religion: The Catholic Church and Political Systems 382Religion and the Economy: The ProtestantEthic and Capitalism 382Religion in Society: Macro-Level Analysis 384Contribution of Religion to Society: AFunctionalist Perspective 384Social Cohesion 384Legitimating Social Values and Norms 385Social Change 385Link Between Religion and Stratification: AConflict Perspective 385Class Base of Religion 385Sociologists in Action—Grace Yukich: From Religious Violence to Peace and Understanding 386Racial Bias, Gender Prejudice, and Religion 388Engaging Sociology: Women and Spirituality 389Religion in the Modern World 389Engaging Sociology: Determining What It Means to Be Religious 390Is Religion Dying or Reviving? 391Religion and Secularization: Micro-, Meso-, and Macro-Level Discord 393Religion: Fostering War or Peace? 394Religion, Technology, and the WorldWide Web 396Social Policy: Same-Sex Marriage and Gay or Lesbian Clergy 396What Have We Learned? 398Discussion Questions 399Key Terms 399Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 399Chapter 13 Politics and Economics: ProbingPower, Dissecting Distribution 402What Is Power? 404Power and Privilege in Our Social World 405Theoretical Perspectives on Power and Privilege 406Legitimacy of Power: Micro- and Meso-LevelPerspectives 406Social Constructions of Politics:Legitimacy, Authority, and Power 407How Do Leaders Gain LegitimatePower? 407Sociology in Our Social World: The Flag, Symbolism, and Patriotism 408Self-Interest as a Path to Legitimacy 409Who Rules? Macro-Level Perspectives 410Pluralist Model of Power 410Elite Model 411Individuals, Power, and Participation: Micro-Level Analysis 411Participation in Democratic Processes 412Ideology and Attitudes About Politics andEconomics 412Levels of Participation in Politics 412Power and Resource Distribution: Meso-LevelAnalysis 414What Purposes Do Political and EconomicInstitutions Serve? 415Meso- and Macro-Level Systems of Power andDistribution 416Sociologists in Action—Lindsay Owens: Using Sociological Training in Government Policy Work 417Types of Governments 418Sociology Around the World: The Khmer Rouge Revolution: A Totalitarian Regime 419Types of Economic Systems 420Sociology in Our Social World: Technology and Democracy 421National and Global Systems: Macro-LevelAnalysis 424Power and the Nation-State 424Revolutions and Rebellions 425Meso-Macro Political Connection 425Sociology Around the World: Social Media and Political Protests 426Global Interdependencies: Cooperation andConflicts 428Engaging Sociology: Political Decisions: SocialProcesses at the Micro, Meso, and Macro Levels 429Violence on the Global Level 430Why Do Nations Go to War? 430How Might Nations Avoid War? 432Terrorism 433What Have We Learned? 435Discussion Questions 435Key Terms 436Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 436Chapter 14 Health Care: An Anatomy ofHealth and Illness 438Why Is Health a Social Issue? 441Health at the Micro Level 442Health at the Meso Level 442Health at the Macro Level 443Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Illness 444Micro-Level Theoretical Perspectives 444Symbolic Interaction Perspective andLabeling Theory 444Meso- and Macro-Level TheoreticalPerspectives 445Sociology in Our Social World:Alcoholism, Medicalization, and Policy 446Functionalist Perspective 447Conflict Perspective 447Sociologists in Action—Eric R. Wright: Improving State-Level Substance Abuse Prevention Policy 448Engaging Sociology: Health CareDuring a Financial Crisis 450Feminist Theory 450Status and Roles of the SickPerson: Micro-Level Analysis 451The Sick Role 451Social Factors and Attitudes Toward Health,Illness, and Death 452Modern Health Care Systems: Meso-Level Analysis 454Organization of Health Care Systems 454Types of National Health Care Systems 454Sociology Around the World: Comparing Health Care Systems: The Canadian Model 456Hospitals as Complex Organizations 457Changing Professional Status of Employees inthe Health Care System 458Health Care Issues at the National and Global Levels: Macro-Level Analysis 459Health Care System in the United States 459Health Care Advances 459Problems in the U.S. Health CareSystem 460Health Care Around the Globe 462The People’s Republic of China:Medicine in a Communist State 463Engaging Sociology: Access toHealth Care for Rich and Poor 464Globalization of Medical Problems 466Globalization and the Mobility ofDisease 466What Have We Learned? 468Discussion Questions 469Key Terms 469Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 470PART V: Social Dynamics 473Chapter 15 Population and Urbanization:Living on Planet Earth 474Macro-Level Patterns in World Population Growth 478Patterns of Population Growth Over Time 478Engaging Sociology: If the World Were 100 People 479Predictors of Population Growth 480Population Patterns: TheoreticalExplanations 483Malthus’s Theory of Population 483Demographic Transition: ExplainingPopulation Growth and Expansion 483Conflict Theorists’ Explanations ofPopulation Growth 485Meso-Level Institutional Influences on Population Change 486Institutions and Population Patterns 486Economic Factors and Population Patterns 487Political Systems and Population Patterns 488Religion and Population Patterns 488Education and Population 489Factors Affecting Mortality Rates 489Sociology in Our Social World:The Significance of the Baby Boom 490Migration and Mobility: Where People Move and Why 491International Migration 493Internal Migration in the United States 493Sociology Around the World:From South to North of the U.S. Border 494Micro-Level Population Patterns 494Urbanization: Movement From Rural to UrbanAreas 496Engaging Sociology: Population Pyramids andPredicting Community Needs and Services 497Cities as Micro-Level Living Environments 498Engaging Sociology: World Urbanization Trends 499Life in the City 500Urban Residential Patterns 500Human Relationships in Cities 501How Did Cities Evolve? Meso-Level Organizational Structures 501Sociology Around the World: Evolution of Early Cities: The Nabateans and Petra 502Theories of Urban Development 503Types of Cities 504Industrial Cities 504Postindustrial Cities 504Megacities 505Urban Environment and Social Policy: Macro-Level Perspectives 505Rural Migrants and Overcrowding 506Sociologists in Action—Jay Weinstein: Improving Quality of Life by Transforming Community Structure 508Crime and Delinquency in the City 508Urban Planning for Structures That Meet Human Needs 509Intersection of Demographics andEnvironmental Policy 509What Have We Learned? 510Discussion Questions 511Key Terms 511Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 512Chapter 16 Process of Change: We Can Makea Difference! 514Complexity of Change in Our Social World 517Change at the Individual Level: Micro-LevelAnalysis 517Change at the Institutional Level: Meso-LevelAnalysis 518Change at the National and Global Levels:Macro-Level Analysis 519Societal-Level Change 519Global Systems and Change 521Social Change: Process and Theories 521Process of Social Change 521Sociology in Our Social World: Disasters and Their Aftermath 523Sociology in Our Social World: Technology and Change: The Automobile 525Theories of Social Change 526Micro-Level Theories of Change 526Meso- and Macro-Level Theories ofChange 527Collective Behavior: Micro- to Meso-Level Change 530Collective Behavior: Middle-RangeTheories 530Types of Collective Behavior 531Planned Change in Organizations: Meso-LevelChange 533Sociology in Our Social World: Exam Stories: Testing the Truth 534How Organizations Plan for Change 535Models for Planning OrganizationalChange 535Process of Planned Change 535Social Movements: Macro-Level Change 536What Is a Social Movement? 536Sociologists in Action—Ruth Meinzen-Dick: Natural Resource Management in DevelopingCountries 537Stages of Social Movements 538Types of Social Movements 538Globalization and Social Movements 540Engaging Sociology: Micro to Macro:Change From the Bottom Up 542Technology, Environment, and Change 542Sociologists in Action—Ellis Jones: Empowering Everyday People: Democratizing Access to Social Change 543Technology and Science 544Technology and Change 545Engaging Sociology: Making a Difference 546What Have We Learned? 547Discussion Questions 547Key Terms 548Contributing to Our Social World:What Can We Do? 548Glossary 550References 556Index 602 About the Authors 633* What’s New-bold these *What’s moved location (then put in parenthesis what chapter it originated in, in the prior edition)*What’s removedIf you have any questions, your sales representative is happy to help. You can utilize our Rep Locator to quickly find the contact information for your sales representative. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download