Take Good Care of This Textbook

Take Good Care of

This Textbook

This textbook is the property of your school. Take good care not to damage or lose it. Here are 10 ideas to help take care of the book:

1. Cover the book with protective material, such as plastic, old newspapers or magazines.

2. Always keep the book in a clean dry place. 3. Be sure your hands are clean when you use the book. 4. Do not write on the cover or inside pages. 5. Use a piece of paper or cardboard as a bookmark. 6. Never tear or cut out any pictures or pages. 7. Repair any torn pages with paste or tape. 8. Pack the book carefully when you place it in your school bag. 9. Handle the book with care when passing it to another person. 10. When using a new book for the first time, lay it on its back. Open

only a few pages at a time. Press lightly along the bound edge as you turn the pages. This will keep the cover in good condition.

CHEMISTRY

STUDENT TEXTBOOK

GRADE 12

Authors, Editors and Reviewers: JL Sharma (Ph.D.) Nell Angelo (M.A.) Gashaw Melkamu (M.Sc.) Tolessa Mergo (M.Ed. prospective) Teketel Yohannes (Prof.)

Evaluators: Nega Gichile Mahtot Abera Solomon Haileyesus

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

Published E.C. 2002 by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Education, under the General Education Quality Improvement Project (GEQIP) supported by IDA Credit No. 4535-ET, the Fast Track Initiative Catalytic Fund and the Governments of Finland, Italy, Netherlands and the United Kingdom. ? 2010 by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Education. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, mechanical, magnetic or other, without prior written permission of the Ministry of Education or licensing in accordance with the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Federal Negarit Gazeta, Proclamation No. 410/2004 ? Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection.

The Ministry of Education wishes to thank the many individuals, groups and other bodies involved ? directly and indirectly ? in publishing this textbook and the accompanying teacher guide.

Copyrighted materials used by permission of their owners. If you are the owner of copyrighted material not cited or improperly cited, please contact with the Ministry of Education, Head Office, Arat Kilo, (P.O. Box 1367), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

PHOTO CREDIT:Encarta Encyclopaedia, 2009 edition.

AAU (Addis Ababa University)

Developed and Printed by

STAR EDUCATIONAL BOOKS DISTRIBUTORS Pvt. Ltd. 24/4800, Bharat Ram Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi ? 110002, INDIA and

ASTER NEGA PUBLISHING ENTERPRISE P.O. Box 21073

ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

Under GEQIP Contract No. ET-MoE/GEQIP/IDA/ICB/G01/09.

ISBN 978-99944-2-040-7

Page Unit 1: Solutions ............................................................................ 11

11..11 HHoommooggeenneeoouuss aanndd HHeetteerrooggeenneeoouuss MMiixxttuurreess ....22 11..22 TTyyppeess ooff SSoolluuttiioonnss .....................................................................................66 11..33 TThhee SSoolluuttiioonn PPrroocceessss .............................................................................77 11..44 SSoolluubbiilliittyy aass aann EEqquuiilliibbrriiuumm PPrroocceessss ..........................1166 11..55 WWaayyss ooff EExxpprreessssiinngg CCoonncceennttrraattiioonnss ooff

SSoolluuttiioonnss .................................................................................................................2233 11..66 PPrreeppaarraattiioonn ooff SSoolluuttiioonnss ..................................................................3366 11..77 SSoolluuttiioonn SSttooiicchhiioommeettrryy .....................................................................4411 11..88 DDeessccrriibbiinngg RReeaaccttiioonnss iinn SSoolluuttiioonn ...................................4444 11..99 CCoolllliiggaattiivvee PPrrooppeerrttiieess ooff SSoolluuttiioonnss ................................4466

UUnniitt SSuummmmaarryy..............................................................................6611 CChheecckk LLiisstt...........................................................................................6622 RReevviieeww EExxeerrcciissee ........................................................................6622

Unit 2: Acid-Base Equilibrium ....................................... 67

2.1 Acid-Base Concepts ....................................... 69 2.2 Ionic Equilibria of Weak Acids and Bases .... 77 2.3 Common Ion Effect and Buffer Solutions ..... 87 2.4 Hydrolysis of Salts ......................................... 93 2.5 Acid-Base Indicators ...................................... 95

Unit Summary...................................... 111 Check List ............................................ 112 Review Exercise ................................... 113

Unit 3: Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics ....... 118

3.1 Common Thermodynamic Terms ................. 120 3.2 First Law of Thermodynamics and some

Thermodynamic quantities ........................... 123 3.3 Thermochemistry .......................................... 129 3.4 Entropy and Second Law of

Thermodynamics .......................................... 143 Unit Summary...................................... 151 Check List ............................................ 152 Review Exercise ................................... 152

III

IV

Contents

Unit 4: Electrochemistry ............................................. 157

4.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reaction ..................... 158 4.2 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions ................ 165 4.3 Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis ............. 176 4.4 Industrial Application of Electrolysis ........... 183 4.5 Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells ............................... 185

Unit Summary...................................... 213 Check List ............................................ 215 Review Exercise ................................... 216

Unit 5: Some Elements in Nature and Industry ............. 220

5.1 Some Elements in Nature ............................. 221 5.2 Some Elements in Industry ........................... 230

Unit Summary...................................... 255 Check List ............................................ 257 Review Exercise ................................... 258

Unit 6: Polymers ......................................................... 262

6.1 Introduction to Polymers .............................. 263 6.2 Polymerization .............................................. 265 6.3 Synthetic Polymers ....................................... 269 6.4 Natural Polymers .......................................... 282

Unit Summary...................................... 306 Check List ............................................ 307 Review Exercise ................................... 308

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download