PDF Prosecuting Computer Crimes
H. Marshall Jarrett Director, EOUSA
Michael W. Bailie Director, OLE
OLE Litigation Series
Ed Hagen Assistant Director, OLE
Scott Eltringham Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section Editor in Chief
Prosecuting Computer Crimes
Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section
Criminal Division
Published by Office of Legal Education
Executive Office for United States Attorneys
The Office of Legal Education intends that this book be used by Federal prosecutors for training and law enforcement purposes. The contents of this book provide internal suggestions to Department of Justice attorneys. Nothing in it is intended to create any substantive or procedural rights, privileges, or benefits enforceable in any administrative, civil, or criminal matter by any prospective or actual witnesses or parties. See United States v. Caceres, 440 U.S. 741 (1979).
Table of Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements..................................................................... v
Chapter 1. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act...........................................1
A. Key Definitions........................................................................................................ 4 B. Obtaining National Security Information...........?1030(a)(1).....................12 C. Accessing a Computer and Obtaining
Information.................................................................?1030(a)(2)..................... 16 D. Trespassing in a Government Computer.............?1030(a)(3).....................23 E. Accessing to Defraud and Obtain Value..............?1030(a)(4).....................26 F. Damaging a Computer or Information...............?1030(a)(5).....................35 G. Trafficking in Passwords...........................................?1030(a)(6).....................49 H. Threatening to Damage a Computer....................?1030(a)(7).....................52 I. Attempt and Conspiracy..........................................?1030(b)..........................55 J. Forfeiture.....................................................................?1030(i) & (j)................56
Chapter 2. Wiretap Act..................................................................................... 59
A. Intercepting a Communication.............................?2511(1)(a).....................60 B. Disclosing an Intercepted Communication........?2511(1)(c).....................73 C. Using an Intercepted Communication................?2511(1)(d)....................77 D. Statutory Exceptions and Defenses...................................................................78 E. Statutory Penalties.................................................................................................87
Chapter 3. Other Network Crime Statutes........................................ 89
A. Unlawful Access to Stored Communications.....?2701...............................89 B. Identity Theft..............................................................?1028(a)(7).....................96 C. Aggravated Identity Theft........................................?1028A..........................100 D. Access Device Fraud..................................................?1029.............................102 E. CAN-SPAM Act........................................................?1037.............................105 F. Wire Fraud..................................................................?1343.............................109 G. Communication Interference.................................?1362.............................110
Chapter 4. Special Considerations.......................................................... 113
A. Jurisdiction............................................................................................................113 B. Venue......................................................................................................................115 C. Statute of Limitations.........................................................................................120 D. Juveniles.................................................................................................................121
iii
Chapter 5. Sentencing..................................................................................... 131
A. Base Offense Levels.............................................................................................131 B. Adjustments Under Section 2B1.1..................................................................132 C. CAN-SPAM Act..................................................................................................142 D. Wiretap Act...........................................................................................................143 E. Generally-Applicable Adjustments..................................................................144 F. Conditions of Supervised Release....................................................................146
Appendices
A. Unlawful Online Conduct and Applicable Federal Laws..........................149 B. Jury Instructions..................................................................................................157 C. Best Practices for Working with Companies.................................................173 D. Best Practices for Victim Response and Reporting.....................................177 E. Network Crime Resources................................................................................185
Table of Authorities.......................................................................................... 189
Index.......................................................................................................................... 201
iv
Prosecuting Computer Crimes
Preface and
Acknowledgements
This manual examines the federal laws that relate to computer crimes. Our focus is on those crimes that use or target computer networks, which we interchangeably refer to as "computer crime," "cybercrime," and "network crime." Examples of computer crime include computer intrusions, denial of service attacks, viruses, and worms. We do not attempt to cover issues of state law and do not cover every type of crime related to computers, such as child pornography or phishing.
This publication is the second edition of "Prosecuting Computer Crimes" and updates the previous version published in February 2007. During the three years since then, case law developed and, more importantly, Congress significantly amended the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
Like the first edition of this manual, the revisions contained in this edition of the manual are the result of the efforts and knowledge of many people at CCIPS. Scott Eltringham edited and published it under the supervision of John Lynch and Richard Downing. Substantial assistance was provided by Mysti Degani, Jenny Ellickson, Josh Goldfoot, and Jaikumar Ramaswamy, all of whom took lead responsibility for revising one or more chapters.
We are grateful to Ed Hagen and the Office of Legal Education for their assistance in publishing this manual and the prior edition.
This manual is intended as assistance, not authority. The research, analysis, and conclusions herein reflect current thinking on difficult and dynamic areas of the law; they do not represent the official position of the Department of Justice or any other agency. This manual has no regulatory effect, confers no rights or remedies, and does not have the force of law or a U.S. Department of Justice directive. See United States v. Caceres, 440 U.S. 741 (1979).
Electronic copies of this document are available from our website, . We may update the electronic version periodically and we advise prosecutors and agents to check the website's version for the latest developments. CCIPS will honor requests for paper copies only when made by
Preface & Acknowledgements
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