Spanish Grammar Review Cheat Sheet
[Pages:2]Grammar Review "Cheat Sheet"
Se?ora Bares
Present Tense ? used to tell what is going on right now or in near future
-ar hablo hablas habla hablamos habl?is hablan
-er como comes come comemos com?is comen
-ir escribo escribes escribe escribimos escrib?s escriben
Irregulars in "yo" form: conducir ? conduzco conocer ? conozco saber ? s? decir ? digo hacer ? hago salir ? salgo venir ? vengo
o?r ? oigo ver ? veo seguir ? sigo tener ? tengo poner ? pongo traer ? traigo caer ? caigo
Common irregular verbs in present tense:
dar
estar
ser
doy
estoy
soy
das
est?s
eres
da
est?
es
damos
estamos
somos
dais
est?is
sois
dan
est?n
son
ir voy vas va vamos vais van
Stem-changing verbs (present, preterite)
(o ?ue)
volar, mostrar, volver
(o?ue, o?u) dormir, dormirse
(e?ie)
preferir, querer
(e?i, e?i) servir, re?r, pedir
(u?ue)
jugar
(i ? ?)
guiar, enviar
Preterite Tense ? used to tell what happened ? very specific as tells of exact day/time or
number of times something happened; narrate story; actions that are completely over
-ar habl? hablaste habl? hablamos hablasteis hablaron
-er com? comiste comi? comimos comisteis comieron
-ir escrib? escribiste escribi? escribimos escribisteis escribieron
Common irregular verbs: (no accents on any)
dar
ver
estar
ser / ir
di
vi
estuve
fui
diste viste
estuviste
fuiste
dio
vio
estuvo
fue
dimos vimos
estuvimos fuimos
disteis visteis
estuvisteis fuisteis
dieron vieron
estuvieron fueron
Spelling Change in "yo" form when ends in ?CAR, -GAR or ?ZAR: Example: practicar ? yo practiqu? pagar ? yo pagu? empezar ? yo empec?
Imperfect Tense ? used to describe the past (i.e. age, weather, time); descriptions of
what things were like; what "used to" do; repeated/habitual actions in past; etc
Only three irregular forms (and NO other "tricks"):
-ar
-er
-ir
ir
ser
ver
hablaba
com?a
escrib?a
iba
era
ve?a
hablabas com?as
escrib?as
ibas
eras
ve?as
hablaba
com?a
escrib?a
iba
era
ve?a
habl?bamos com?amos escrib?amos
?bamos
?ramos
ve?amos
hablabais com?ais
escrib?ais
ibais
erais
ve?ais
hablaban com?an
escrib?an
iban
eran
ve?an
Future Tense ? to tell what will happen
Formation: Use infinitive and add the following endings:
Irregulars (use these as stem and add the normal endings):
saber ? sabr-
salir ? saldr-
poder ? podr-
tener ? tendr-
querer ? querr-
venir ? vendr-
?
emos
?s ?is
?
?n
decir ? dirhacer ? har-
Example: dar? dar?s dar? daremos dar?is dar?n
Remove the "e"
Replace with "d"
Drop syllable.
hay = habr?
Informal Commands (mandatos) ? to tell a person (t?) what to do or what not to do
Formation: Affirmative ? Use the 3rd person singular (?l / ella / usted) form.
Example: Habla. / Come. / Escribe. / Duerme. / Empieza. / Juega. Pronouns must be attached to the end of the command, then write accent.
Example: Acu?state. / Beber la leche ? B?bela.
Irregulars:
salir ? sal Decir ? di
poner ? pon hacer ? haz
tener ? ten ser ? s?
venir ? ven ir ? ve
Negative ? Use the "yo" form of present tense, then add the "opposite ending" (-ar = -es; -er/-ir = -as). Example: No hables. / No comas. / No escribas. / No duermas.
Pronouns must go directly in front of the verb. No te acuestes. / No salgas. / No la bebas.
Irregulars:
ser ? no seas
ir ? no vayas
saber ? no sepas
CAR / GAR / ZAR spelling change: no practiques / no pagues / no empieces
Formal Commands ? to tell (Usted or Ustedes) what to do or what not to do
Formation: (Affirmative and Negative formation is the same. Placement of the pronoun is the only difference. Follows same placement rules as informal commands.)
Use the "yo" form of present tense, then add the "opposite ending" (-ar = -e / -en; -er/-ir = -a / -an).
Examples: Usted Ustedes
Acu?stese. / Acu?stense. /
hable hablen
coma coman
No se acueste. No se acuesten.
escriba
escriban
(no ) poner la mesa
P?ngala.
/ No la ponga.
P?nganla. / No la pongan.
Irregulars:
ser ? sea / sean ir ? vaya / vayan
saber ? sepa / sepan
CAR / GAR / ZAR spelling change: practique/n ; no pague/n ; no empiece/n
Present Subjunctive Tense ? to cast doubt; to express hopes for the future (ojal? que,
esperar, desear); with impersonal expressions to show uncertainty (i.e. Es importante que..., Es necesario que...)
Formation: Use the "yo" form of present tense, then add the "opposite ending"
5 Irregulars:
-ar
-er
-ir
ir
ser
dar saber
estar
hable
coma
escriba
vaya sea
d? sepa
est?
hables
comas
escribas
vayas seas
des sepas
est?s
hable
coma
escriba
vaya sea
d? sepa
est?
hablemos comamos escribamos
vayamos seamos demos sepamos estemos
habl?is
com?is
escrib?is
vay?is se?is
deis sep?is
est?is
hablen
coman
escriban
vayan sean
den sepan
est?n
Also, spelling change when ends in ?CAR, -GAR or -ZAR
Haber (hay) = haya (there is / there are)
Stem-changing verbs:
-ar and ?er verbs change in all forms except nosotros and vosotros (normal "boot" shape)
-ir verbs that also change in the preterite tense use the present tense change for the boot, but the
preterite change for the nosotros and vosotros forms
Examples:
pensar (e?ie)
dormir (o?ue, o?u)
piense
pensemos
duerma
durmamos
pienses
pens?is
duermas
durm?is
piense
piensen
duerma
duerman
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