International Federation of Library Associations and ...
Translation Issues in Building a Multicultural Children’s Digital Library in Korea
Wooseob Jeong and Bonnie Withers, University of Wisconsin, USA
Sook Hyeun Lee, National Library of Seoul, Korea
Introduction
Translation has played a very important role in disseminating children’s literature around the world. However, the proportion of children’s literature being translated from other languages and those translated to other languages is far from even among countries and cultures. (O'Sullivan, 2009) The unevenness is more drastic in East-West and South-North exchanges of children’s literature, and the majority of children’s literature translation studies has been conducted in Western contexts. Definitely more international perspectives are needed. (Ghesquiere, 2006).
Beginning in 2009, the National Library for Children and Young Adults (NLCY) in Korea has made about 300 children’s picture books published in Korea available on the web, in 6 different languages in the form of adopted animations accompanied by storytelling performances. This large project is one of many efforts by the Korean government to educate and assimilate foreign populations and their children arriving since the 1990’s in this still extremely homogeneous country. The ongoing project is currently available at the NLCY homepage at .
The most important aspect of the project is translation from Korean to 5 different languages. The translation process involves two steps: first, all the Korean texts are translated into English, and then the final English versions are translated into 4 languages: Chinese, Mongolian, Thai and Vietnamese. We took responsibility for the Korean-English translation phase. Since the text we were preparing was to serve as both a final version in English as well as a template for further translation into the other languages, we felt an additional responsibility to create a clear, simple, and true text. The English translation involves three stages: 1) rough translation draft from Korean into English, 2) grammatical review by English native speakers, and 3) refinement by an English native speaker in consultation with Korean/English speaker to adjust the translation to more child-friendly, smooth versions. From the extensive translation process, valuable data can be obtained for scholarly interests in translation of children’s literature.
Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study is to identify critical issues in translation of Korean children’s literature into English and to compare those issues with known issues from previous studies of translation of children’s literature.
Significance of Study
We believe this is the first large scale translation project for Korean children’s literature and its rich data should provide valuable findings for more effective translation in the future. Kruger (2007) argued that studies on the translation of children’s literature need to focus not only on the translation as product (for example, the relationship between the source text and target text), but also on the translation as process (for example, the actual translation process). The importance of research on the process of translation is echoed by Gillian Lathey (2010, p.200).
General Translation Issues
The issues we encounter fall into several categories, at various levels of complexity. We would like to report them in two groups: first, the universal issues for general children’s literature translation and second, specific issues in Korean/English translation.
1) Faithfulness
Faithfulness, defined as translation from word to word, has been a big topic of debate in translation studies. While admirable in theory, it is impossible to maintain pure faithfulness in practice. The most beautiful translations are often not the most faithful; consequently, it is highly encouraged to translate from sense to sense (Stolt, 1978). Since the Korean language is rich in depicting sound and motion with adjectives or adverbs, it is often difficult to find an exact match in other languages. Nouns have unique challenges as well. For example, “Jogi,” which is a favorite and expensive fish for many Koreans, is not consumed often in other countries, including the United States. While the translations attempted to maintain faithfulness, this can present challenges.
2) Maintaining Read-Aloud-ability
Ottinen (1995, 2006) stressed the importance of fluency and rhythm, termed the ‘read-aloud-ability’ of children’s books. In our Korean-English translation process, considerable effort was made to maintain the read-aloud-ability by actually reading aloud multiple times in the third stage of translation, utilizing and valuing the aural perspective of the reading experience as a translation tool.
3) Acceptability
Numerous stories exist in Korean contemporary children’s literature about excrement. Countless more stories contain excrement as a peripheral element, helping the story unfold. Consequently, there were many excrement-related stories in this project. Some stories were even eliminated for their excessively explicit depictions of excrement. Nonetheless, many such stories remain in the project. It is uncertain to what degree other cultures can accept stories of that nature. Translators of literature for children tend to produce texts that are consistent with the receiving culture’s ideology and values (Frank, 2008). We would suggest that there is a continuum of acceptability with small animal poop at one end of the spectrum, children pooping in the middle, and adults pooping at the end point of least acceptability. As Lathey (2006, p.6) notes, explicit scatological expressions concern adults but not the child reader, who usually relishes such references. As we note that there seems to be a growing number of children's stories dealing with poop and farts in the United States., we think this issue is ripe for comparative research.
4) Issue of Intertextuality
Intertextuality signifies that a story includes references to other stories. To understand the principle text fully, the readers should be familiar with the stories referred to as well. For example, the story of “The Tiger Taken by the Death Messenger” refers to multiple famous Korean traditional stories, which may be unknown to people who grew up outside of Korea. Desmet (2001) argued that intertextuality can survive in translated texts through a variety of translation strategies. However, due to time and budget limitations, we could not solve this issue to our satisfaction.
5) Names
Names have been great challenges to translators. Pascua-Febles (2006) related personal name changes with cultural intertextuality such as popular movie titles, and Coillie (2006) presented various patterns of name changes. Yamazaki (2002) argued that foreign names should maintain their foreign forms because the change of names into local languages not only shows a lack of respect toward other cultures but also deprives child readers of the chance to realize the wealth of cultural diversity that surrounds them. However, we noticed that in many cases, it would be much better to translate Korean names into “meaningful” English names to maintain their semantic references. An example would be the story of the “Houses of the Seven Dwarfs and the Giant”, where the dwarf names in Korean relate to individual traits which directly serve the plot. We worked hard to find English equivalents of the names, both to retain the spirit of the story and to make the connection with the way dwarfs are named in Snow White.
Specific Issues in Korean-English Translation
There were multiple challenges in our translation process, which originate from the characteristics of the Korean language.
1) Definite and indefinite articles
Since Korean does not employ articles, we had to stop often to determine whether “a” or “the” was more appropriate. For example, in the titles of several goblin stories, we had to pause and consider whether the story was about goblins in general or a specific group of goblins.
2) Plurals
Korean does not differentiate between singular and plural so we had to determine where to add an “s” to nouns and then make sure the context was clear and subject/verb agreement occurred.
3) Verb tense
Korean does not differentiate verb tenses in the same manner as English. Clarity in English requires special attention to verb forms. In Korean, tenses are stylish rather than grammatical, while in English, tenses are more strictly applied. Bell (1986) and Lathey (2003) discussed this issue in the translation from German or French children’s literature into English. We often met this challenge during our translation and we decided to follow rather strict grammatical rules in English.
4) Exclamations and word choices
It was a challenge to find an appropriate substitute for an exclamation that fit with the tone of the story form. For example, “Oh my God!” doesn't work in a children's folktale so we turned often to repetition “Oh my! Oh my!” Repetition worked well for other types of emphasis. “More and more, harder and harder” became substitutes for more sophisticated words which were beyond the language level of our readers. In a similar issue, we searched for nicknames and endearments which fit the tales. While “honey” was more equivalent, “my dear” seemed better for the folktale genre. Our biggest challenge in this category came with stories where the Korean words constituted word play which gave the story its unique character. "The Fool Who Sold Silk to a Stone Buddha" was such a story, reminding us that sometimes translation which retains the flavor of a story can simply be impossible. Fortunately for us, there were few stories with this feature.
5) Sentence order
Korean style will sometimes place events in what seems in English to be reverse order so elements needed to be rearranged for clarity. This phenomenon also created confusion about who was speaking since the speaker might be identified after the quotation or not at all.
6) Specific Korean words
We encountered many nouns which have no equivalents in English, including names of flowers, articles of clothing, tools and accessories, foods, and place names, which are often culturally referenced. For example, “yeot” (Korean taffy), “yup-jeon” (Korean old coin), and “nurungju” (crust of over-cooked rice) all have their cultural references such as social status and historical context as well as their literal meaning. In order to maintain the cultural authenticity of the stories, we inserted simple explanations of these words, trying not to detract from the rhythm of the story with long asides.
7) Onomatopoeias (sound words)
Each language has its unique array of onomatopoeia. Pascua-Febles listed a few examples of differences in onomatopoeias among German, English and Spanish (Pascua-Febles, 2006). Korean is not an exception. We left the Korean word in place when the context, including illustrations, made the reference clear. Where it might be confusing, we did our best to find an English equivalent. Examples include “waft, waft, waft” for “sol sol so” (good smells) and “thud” for “kungdeokung” (pounding).
Conclusion
Resolution of these issues was accomplished through intense sessions of collaboration, working line by line and word by word, and stopping frequently to clarify, retell and explain. We believe that this process has resulted in a clearer, truer text than could be accomplished by someone working alone. It is our contribution to the scholarship in translation of children’s literature that we provided tangible “translators” voices to the researchers through this study.
Primary References
Jang, S. (2009). Ilgob Nangangiwa Geoineui Jip (Houses of the Seven Dwarfs and the Giant). Aram.
Kim, M. (2008). Jeoseungsajaege Japhyeogan Horangi (The Tiger Taken by the Death Messenger). Sagyejeol.
Ku, M. (2006). Dolbucheoege Bidaneul Pan Babo (The Fool Who Sold Silk to a Stone Buddha). Gitan.
Secondary References
Bell, A. (1986). Translator’s notebook: Delicate matters. Signal 49: 17-26.
Coillie, J.V. (2006). Character Names in Translation. In J.V. Coillie and W.P. Verschueren (eds.) Children’s Literature in Translation: Challenges and Strategies (pp.123-139). St. Jerome.
Coillie, J.V. and W.P. Verschueren, W.P. (eds.) (2006). Children’s Literature in Translation: Challenges and Strategies. St. Jerome.
Desmet, M. (2001). Intertextuality / Intervisuality in translation: The Jolly Postman’s intercultural journey from Britain to the Netherlands. Children’s Literature in Education 32(1), 31-42.
Frank, H. T. (2008). Babra’s “Wonderful” Trip to America. inTRAlinea: online Translation journal. 10.
Ghesquiere, R. (2006). Why Does Children’s Literature Need Translations? In J.V. Coillie and W.P. Verschueren (eds.) Children’s Literature in Translation: Challenges and Strategies (pp.19-33). St. Jerome.
Kruger, H. (2007). Towards a paradigm for the study of the translation of children’s literature in the South African educational context: Some reflections. Language Matters: Studies in the Languages of Africa, 38(2): 275-298.
Lathey, G. (2003). Time, narrative intimacy and the child: Implications of tense switching in the translation of picture books into English. Meta 48(1/2), 233-240.
Lathey, G. (2010). The Role of Translators in Children’s Literature: Invisible Storytellers. New York, NY: Routledge.
Lathey, G. (ed.) (2006). The Translation of Children’s Literature: A Reader. Multilingual Matters.
O'Sullivan, E. (2009). Comparative Children's Literature. Reissue edition. Routledge.
Ottinen, R. (1995). The verbal and the visual: On the carnivalism and dialogics of translating for children. Compar(a)ison, 2, 49-65.
Ottinen, R. (2006). No Innocent Act: On the Ethics of Translating for Children. In J.V. Coillie and W.P. Verschueren (eds.) Children’s Literature in Translation: Challenges and Strategies (pp.35-45). St. Jerome.
Pascua-Febles, I. (2006). Translating Cultural References. In J.V. Coillie and W.P. Verschueren (eds.) Children’s Literature in Translation: Challenges and Strategies (pp.111-121). St. Jerome.
Stolt, B. (1978). How Emil becomes Michel: On the translation of children’s books. In G. Lathey (ed.) The Translation of Children’s Literature: A Reader. Multilingual Matters.
Yamazaki, A. (2002). Why Change Names? On the Translation of Children’s Books. Children’s Literature in Education 33(1): 53-62.
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