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Paleolithic: Paleolithic: Old stone age: 1.5 million- 8,000 BC(90% of humanity is Paleolithic) Fire?Expanded dietHousing Protection LocationReligion Health ?Tools Made chipped from stone, flint One design found around the globe, meaning transmission of design or knowledge Economic Structure:Small kinship groups (bands)Consisted of one or two familiesTerritorialismHunter/ForagerMigration tied to season of plants and animal migration patternsReligion/Culture:Culture developed PRIOR to civilizationLearned patterns of action and expressionCave paintings near Lascaux, FranceDwellings, clothing, tools and crafts, beliefs, and languages*The development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices and events are the subject of historyCooking~12,500 years agoEast Asia shows woven clothing ~26,000 years agoVisual artwork occurred ~32,000 years agoKeys to Humanity:Dominance over animalsUnderstanding of requirements necessary to cohabitate with?environmentDevelopment of FireDevelopment of Animal and Plant domestication techniquesThe first three are PALEOLITHIC achievements the last is a Neolithic ?Neolithic Neolithic: New Stone Age: 8,000 B.C.E.- 3,000 B.C.E. ??Agricultural RevolutionNeolithic RevolutionIndependent across civilizationDevelopment of civilizationAdvantages:Controllable food supplyAllowed permanent settlementRise in economicsWealthFood surplus; Supported more people than huntingCities possibleSpecialization of laborBeginnings of science and technologyCan be practiced everywhereDisadvantages:Must radically change the environment Farming is hard: SlaverySpread of diseaseCultural development ?Religious values due to controlling of the necessary ingredients of agriculture (rain, floods, drought, etc.) beyond our control?Tools:Stone heads on sticks to work soilSharp stone chips in handle to cut gainStone mortar to grind grainFireDiscovery of metal tools around 4000 B.C.E. (copper then bronze)Metalworking- 3000 B.C.E. (Bronze Age)Stone tools disappeared in the Middle EastMetal hoes allowed farmers to work the ground betterMetal weaponsDevelopment of tool-maker class of peopleLocation:The Middle East (wheat and barley) Greece; Central Europe; Asia (rice)Americas (maize)Pastoralism: First domesticated animal: dog (hunting)Domestication of Animals probably developed from taking in weak or young animals that were hunted...they were then tamed and began to breed: Food source.Provided meat and milkShelter through wool and leatherDisadvantages: Must move around frequently for fresh grassNot many animals conducive to domestication?Why did the Agricultural Revolution occur?Uncertain: No written recordMost likely occurred by accident ?Population increaseMore significant is the climate change. Global warming contributed to a decline in animals for huntingThe retreat of big game animals like the mastodon Hunters had to turn to smaller game like deer and boarIncreasingly humans became dependent on regular harvests of wild grains, berries and nuts (foraging)This set the stage for the deliberate planting of seedsGrain provided a dietary staple and source of beer making. Concept of Revolution:“That's not really a revolution, that's just people trying to increase available calories. But one non-revolution leads to another, and pretty soon you have this, as far as the eye can see. Many historians also argue that without agriculture we wouldn't have all the bad things that come with complex civilizations like patriarchy, inequality, war, and unfortunately, famine. And, as far as the planet is concerned, agriculture has been a big loser. Without it, humans never would have changed the environment so much, building dams, and clearing forests, and more recently, drilling for oil that we can turn into fertilizer.Many people made the choice for agriculture independently, but does that mean it was the right choice? Maybe so, and maybe not, but, regardless, we can't unmake that choice. And that's one of the reasons I think it's so important to study history.History reminds us that revolutions are not events, so much as they are processes; that for tens of thousands of years people have been making decisions that irrevocably shaped the world that we live in today. Just as today we are making subtle, irrevocable decisions that people of the future will remember as revolutions.” ................
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