Phonological Processes in Typical Speech Development ...

Table 2: Phonological Processes in Typical Speech Development - Caroline Bowen

6/15/11 10:20 PM

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Phonological Processes

COPYRIGHT ?1999 CAROLINE BOWEN

All children make predictable pronunciation errors (not really 'errors' at all, when you stop to think about it) when they are learning to talk like adults. These 'errors' are called phonological processes, or phonological deviations. In Table 2 are the common phonological processes found in children's speech while they are learning the adult sound-system of English.

TABLE 2: Phonological Processes in Typical Speech Development

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS EXAMPLE (Phonological Deviation)

DESCRIPTION

Context sensitive voicing

"Pig" is pronounced and "big" "Car" is pronounced as "gar"

A voiceless sound is replaced by a voiced sound. In the examples given, /p/ is replaced by /b/, and /k/ is replaced by /g/. Other examples might include /t/ being replaced by /d/, or /f/ being replaced by /v/.

Word-final devoicing

"Red" is pronounced as "ret" "Bag" is pronounced as "bak"

A final voiced consonant in a word is replaced by a voiceless consonant. Here, /d/ has been replaced by /t/ and /g/ has been replaced by /k/.

Final consonant deletion

"Home" is pronounced a "hoe" "Calf" is pronounced as "cah"

The final consonant in the word is omitted. In these examples, /m/ is omitted (or deleted) from "home" and /f/ is omitted from "calf".

Velar fronting

"Kiss" is pronounced as "tiss" "Give" is pronounced as "div" "Wing" is pronounced as "win"

A velar consonant, that is a sound that is normally made with the middle of the tongue in contact with the palate towards the back of the mouth, is replaced with consonant produced at the front of the mouth. Hence /k/ is replaced by /t/, /g/ is replaced by /d/, and 'ng' is replaced by /n/.

Palatal fronting

"Ship" is pronounced as "sip"

"Measure" is pronounced as "mezza"

The fricative consonants 'sh' and 'zh' are replaced by fricatives that are made further forward on the palate, towards the front teeth. 'sh' is replaced by /s/, and 'zh' is replaced by /z/.

Consonant harmony

"Cupboard" is pronounced as "pubbed"

"dog" is pronounced as "gog"

The pronunciation of the whole word is influenced by the presence of a particular sound in the word. In these examples: (1) the /b/ in "cupboard" causes the /k/ to be replaced /p/, which is the voiceless cognate of /b/, and (2) the /g/ in "dog" causes /d/ to be replaced by /g/.

Weak syllable deletion

Telephone is pronounced as "teffone"

"Tidying" is pronounced as "tying"

Syllables are either stressed or unstressed. In "telephone" and "tidying" the second syllable is "weak" or unstressed. In this phonological process, weak syllables are omitted when the child says the word.

Cluster reduction



"Spider" is pronounced as

Consonant clusters occur when two or three consonants occur in a sequence

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Table 2: Phonological Processes in Typical Speech Development - Caroline Bowen

Cluster reduction

"Spider" is pronounced as "pider"

"Ant" is pronounced as "at"

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three consonants occur in a sequence in a word. In cluster reduction part of the cluster is omitted. In these examples /s/ has been deleted form "spider" and /n/ from "ant".

Gliding of liquids

"Real" is pronounced as "weal" "Leg" is pronounced as "yeg"

The liquid consonants /l/ and /r/ are replaced by /w/ or 'y'. In these examples, /r/ in "real" is replaced by /w/, and /l/ in "leg" is replaced by 'y'.

Stopping

"Funny" is pronounced as "punny"

"Jump" is pronounced as "dump"

A fricative consonant (/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/, 'sh', 'zh', 'th' or /h/), or an affricate consonant ('ch' or /j/) is replaced by a stop consonant (/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ or /g/). In these examples, /f/ in "funny" is replaced by /p/, and 'j' in "jump" is replaced by /d/.

References

Bowen, C. (1998). Developmental phonological disorders. A practical guide for families and teachers. Melbourne: ACER Press. . Grunwell, P. (1997). Natural phonology. In M. Ball & R. Kent (Eds.), The new phonologies: Developments in clinical linguistics. San Deigo: Singular Publishing Group, Inc.

Table 1: Intelligibility to parents Table 3: Elimination of Phonological Processes Table 4: Phonetic Development Speech intelligibility from 12 to 48 months Q&A: Speech Sound Disorders

Page updated 23 Mar 2010

- language- Table2.htm

? COPYRIGHT Caroline Bowen ALL RIGHTS RESERVED



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Table 3: Elimination of Phonological Processes - Caroline Bowen

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Phonological Development

THE GRADUAL ACQUISITION OF THE SPEECH SOUND SYSTEM

COPYRIGHT ?1999 CAROLINE BOWEN

TABLE 3: Elimination of Phonological Processes

Phonological processes are typically gone by these ages (in years ; months)

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS EXAMPLE

GONE BY APPROXIMATELY

Context sensitive voicing pig = big

3;0

Word-final de-voicing pig = pick

3;0

Final consonant deletion comb = coe

3;3

Fronting

car = tar ship = sip

3;6

Consonant harmony

mine = mime kittycat = tittytat

3;9

elephant = efant

Weak syllable deletion

potato = tato television =tevision

4;0

banana = nana

spoon = poon

Cluster reduction

train = chain

4;0

clean = keen

run = one

Gliding of liquids

leg = weg

5;0

leg = yeg

Stopping /f/

fish = tish

3;0

Stopping /s/

soap = dope

3;0

Stopping /v/

very = berry

3;6

Stopping /z/

zoo = doo

3;6

Stopping 'sh'

shop = dop

4;6

Stopping 'j'

jump = dump

4;6

Stopping 'ch'

chair = tare

4;6

Stopping voiceless 'th' thing = ting

5;0

Stopping voiced 'th'

them = dem

5;0

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Table 3: Elimination of Phonological Processes - Caroline Bowen

References

Bowen, C. (1998). Developmental phonological disorders. A practical guide for families and teachers. Melbourne: ACER Press. 0 Grunwell, P. (1997). Natural phonology. In M. Ball & R. Kent (Eds.), The new phonologies: Developments in clinical linguistics. San Deigo: Singular Publishing Group, Inc.

Table 1: Intelligibility to parents Table 2: Phonological Processes Table 4: Phonetic Development Q&A: Speech Sound Disorders Speech intelligibility from 12 to 48 months

Page updated 23 Mar 2010

- language- Table3.htm

? COPYRIGHT Caroline Bowen ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

6/15/11 10:21 PM



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