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8.06 Reconstruction Assessment: Video Summary1. Complete the reading and any interactives for this lesson. Review your 411 file. You are responsible for understanding the vocabulary and concepts in the Lesson Handout (last 3 pages).2. Watch the EXCELLENT video “Reconstruction in the South” (length 16 minutes 09 seconds) and take notes of ideas or thoughts you have while viewing. . Write a 1-page double-spaced, 12-font summary of what you learned in the video (you must address a minimum of three concepts using accurate facts from the video). This can be an informal piece of writing regarding content (I want your honest opinion about the events in history that took place—were they fair, reasonable, necessary?), but please be sure the summary is well organized and easy to read with correct grammar, spelling and punctuation. Rubric: Performance LevelExcellentGoodNeeds ImprovementPoorContent36–40 pointsThe original student work contains all of the required elements:one-page video summaryaccurate facts to support the summaryat least three concepts are addressed 30–35 pointsThe original student work contains most of the required elements:one-page video summaryaccurate facts to support the summaryat least three concepts are addressed 25–29 points The original student work contains some of the required elements:one-page video summaryaccurate facts to support the summaryat least three concepts are addressed 0–24 pointsThe original student work contains few of the required elements:one-page video summaryaccurate facts to support the summaryat least three concepts are addressed Quality 36–40 points The original student work contains all of the required elements:demonstrates a strong understanding of concepts from the Reconstruction erafacts are used appropriately25–35 points The original student work contains many of the required elements:demonstrates a strong understanding of concepts from the Reconstruction erafacts are used appropriately15–24 points The original student work contains some of the required elements:demonstrates a strong understanding of concepts from the Reconstruction erafacts are used appropriately0–14 points The original student work contains few of the required elements:demonstrates a strong understanding of concepts from the Reconstruction erafacts are used appropriately21st century presentation skills18–20 points The work is always organized, easy to read and comprehend. It has few spelling or grammar errors. Ideas are presented in complete, well-constructed sentences. All assignment directions have been followed.15–17 points The work is usually organized, easy to read and comprehend. It has few spelling or grammar errors. Ideas are presented in complete, well-constructed sentences. Most assignment directions have been followed.10–14 points The work is sometimes organized, easy to read and comprehend. It has some spelling or grammar errors. Ideas are presented in complete, well-constructed sentences. Some assignment directions have been followed.0–9 pointsThe work is rarely organized, easy to read and comprehend. It has many spelling or grammar errors. Ideas are presented in complete, well-constructed sentences. The work does not follow assignment directions. Lesson 8.05 and 8.06 HandoutThe period following the Civil War is known as Reconstruction. This was a period of rebuilding. The country had three basic goals during this period;Southern cities and infrastructure had to be rebuilt.Politically, southern state governments needed to be created and participation in the national government reestablished.Former slaves (now called “freedman”) needed help adjusting to their new life.Abraham Lincoln had a plan for Reconstruction even before the war ended. He wanted to reunite the nation painlessly and quickly, however he was assassinated on April 14, 1865. Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s Vice President, became President when Lincoln died. President Andrew Johnson thought it best to make it easy for Southern states to rejoin the Union. A Democrat and former governor of Tennessee, he outraged Congressional leaders known as Radical Republicans with his pardons of Southern rebels and by returning land back to white owners. The Radical Republicans were Northern Congressman that believed those states should be forced to undergo great changes to prove their loyalty. President Johnson and the Radical Republican had different ideas on what should take place during Reconstruction and how the goals of Reconstruction should be accomplished.The Freedmen’s Bureau: The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, known as the Freedmen's Bureau, was first established by Congress on March 3, 1865. The bureau was set up to provide relief for former slaves and poor white people in the South. It helped them find new jobs, created schools and hospitals, and helped with land disputes. In 1866, Congress passed a bill to extend the powers of the bureau. President Johnson vetoed the bill. He felt the bureau was too expensive and unconstitutional. Congress, under the control of the Radical Republicans, overrode the veto, and the Freedmen’s Bureau continued.13th Amendment: In January 1865, while Lincoln was still president, the U.S. Congress passed the 13th Amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery. Many Southern states quickly passed laws called the Black Codes, which prevented black people from gaining equal jobs and education. Andrew Johnson became president after the 13th Amendment passed and he supported the efforts of Southern governors to enforce the Black Codes.Civil Rights Act of 1866: The Civil Rights Act of 1866 gave all people living in the United States the full rights of citizenship President Johnson and many other Democrats fought against the bill. Johnson vetoed the bill, but the Republican-controlled Congress overrode the veto.The 14th Amendment: In 1866, Congress passed the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It prevented the states from denying all citizens their rights under the laws of the United States. President Johnson vetoed the amendment and said, "This is a country for white men, and by God, as long as I am President, it shall be a government for white men.” Congress overrode the presidential veto.Reconstruction Acts: When most Southern states did not ratify the 14th Amendment, Radical Republicans pushed passage of the Reconstruction Act in March 1867. This act forced the Southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment and follow the new laws granting former slaves citizenship and equal rights. The South was divided into military districts controlled by U.S. soldiers. Black people were allowed to vote in new elections. After each state ratified the 14th Amendment, that state was allowed back into the United States. President Johnson vetoed this law, but Congress overrode his veto. Johnson argued that black men should only be given the vote when they were able to pass a literacy test. Congress passed several other Reconstruction Acts as well; one allowed the military to register all voters and control the elections. As a result of these rules, each state approved or ratified the 14th Amendment and once again became a part of the United States.The Radical Republicans of Congress worked hard to give former slaves the full rights of citizenship. President Johnson vetoed many of the laws passed and also worked hard to make sure black people did not get equal rights. The dispute over Reconstruction constantly pitted President Johnson against Congress. Congress tried to impeach President Johnson. The impeachment vote passed in the House of Representatives but failed to pass the Senate by one vote.The 15th Amendment: In 1868, a unique situation occurred in U.S. politics. Ulysses S. Grant narrowly won the presidential election due in part to support from African Americans in the South. Laws guaranteeing the right to vote for former slaves had not extended to Northern states, where Grant had fewer votes. Most of the border and Northern states did not allow African American people to vote in 1868. Congress passed the 15th Amendment to ensure voting rights for all male citizens. It was ratified by the states in 1870.Life for African Americans in the SouthSouthern white men and women struggled to accept the changes that were happening. African Americans were not only voting, some like Hiram Revel of Mississippi were running for and being elected to national office (U.S. Senate). Most did not accept former slaves as their political and social equal and grew concerned with the power of African-American voters. Secret groups such as the Ku Klux Klan formed to spread the idea of white supremacy. Often led by former Confederate soldiers, these groups worked to prevent former slaves and free African Americans from participating in government. They used brutal violence and fear to prevent African Americans from exercising their civil rights, such as voting.To support their families, the former slaves entered into contracts with land owners (former slave owners). Sharecropping became a common work arrangement in the South. The freedman would farm a portion of the landowners land in return for a percentage of the crop. The contracts usually favored the landowner and put former slaves in debt. However, returning the land to productive use helped the region begin to recover.The End of ReconstructionThe Presidential election of 1876 was controversial. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel J. Tilden ran for president. The votes were very close, and the North accused the Southern states of throwing away ballots cast by African Americans. Congress established an electoral commission to settle the dispute. In the end, Southern Democrats accepted Hayes as president. In return, the Republicans had to remove troops from the South and end Reconstruction policies. While this Compromise of 1877 settled the election, it also allowed former Confederate supporters to return to positions of power in state governments. This led to a new era of segregation. Southern states established Jim Crow laws that mandated the separation of black and white facilities, such as schools, public transportation, and public rest rooms. Business owners made signs that said “White Only” or “Colored Only.” Jim Crow laws stayed in effect well into the 20th century. ................
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