Spreadsheets for analysis of validity and reliability
SPORTSCIENCE · Perspectives / TrainingEffects of Core-Stability Training on Performance and Injuries in Competitive AthletesThomas Haugen, Lars Haugvad, Vibeke R?stad Sportscience 20, 1-7, 2016 (2016/TH.htm)Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway. Email. Reviewers: Robert Lockie, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge; Atle S?terbakken, Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway.Most competitive athletes perform core-stability training to some extent. In the slideshow accompanying this article we provide a critical overview of scientific studies exploring the relationship between core stability and athletic performance, injury prevention and injury rehabilitation. We also identify methodological limitations and concerns associated with these investigations and provide recommendations for training and rehabilitation. The field suffers from the lack of terminological consensus, and the varying definitions of core can make for confusion as they involve diverse anatomy (e.g., with or without limbs). It is also problematic that parts of the theoretical framework related to core stability have emerged from studies of low back pain, questioning the relevance to athletes. Numerous tests have been proposed to assess core stability, but no universal standards have so far been developed. The proposed core stability tests either have poor validity and reliability or have not been assessed for validity and reliability at all. Targeted core-stability training interventions have in some cases provided positive effects on sport-specific tasks (e.g., throwing velocity). A few cross-sectional studies have reported small-to-moderate relationships among core stability and some sport-specific tasks with strong core components (e.g., baseball pitching/batting, golf, tennis serve). However, a causal relationship between core stability and athletic performance has not been established, owing to limitations in previous study designs. Moreover, poor core stability in isolation is not a predominant risk factor for athletic injuries. Stabilization training of the core may enhance the recovery time for certain injuries, but no better than any other training forms in the long term. In conclusion, isolated core stability training should not be the primary emphasis for programs with the goal of enhancing athletic performance, preventing injuries or reducing injury recovery time. More research in the field is needed for operational definition purposes, developing valid and reliable core stability tests, and exploring cause-effect relationships among core stability and athletic performance, injury prevention and rehabilitation. KEYWORDS: lumbo-pelvic stability, rehabilitation, stabilization.Reprint?pdf?· Reprint?docx?· Slideshow (6.3 MB)References (in RefMan/RIS format)More than a decade ago, several authors proposed that core stability was essential for athletic performance and injury prevention PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ib2RnZXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk2PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Hodges and Richardson, 1996; Hodges and Richardson, 1998; Kibler et al., 2006). Their theories were based mainly on studies dealing with low back pain patients. The arguments and recommendations from these studies were promptly accepted and adopted by the fitness industry ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Willardson</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>201</RecNum><DisplayText>(Willardson, 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>201</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">201</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Willardson, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Physical Education Department, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA. jmwillardson@eiu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Core stability training: applications to sports conditioning programs</title><secondary-title>Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association</alt-title></titles><pages>979-85</pages><volume>21</volume><number>3</number><edition>2007/08/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Abdominal Muscles/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Athletic Injuries/prevention & control/rehabilitation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training/*methods</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/physiology</keyword><keyword>Postural Balance/physiology</keyword><keyword>Sports/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sports Equipment</keyword><keyword>Thorax/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1064-8011 (Print)
1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17685697</accession-num><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Willardson, 2007). The early studies have been cited frequently, as they provide a point of departure for further investigations within the topic, and the importance of core stability on athletic performance and injury prevention has been heavily debated the last decade. Definitions of the term core stability vary across studies according to the context in which they are viewed. However, most authors generally incorporate the trunk into the core definition, with special emphasis on the lumbo-pelvic region of the body ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Willardson</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>201</RecNum><DisplayText>(Willardson, 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>201</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">201</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Willardson, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Physical Education Department, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA. jmwillardson@eiu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Core stability training: applications to sports conditioning programs</title><secondary-title>Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association</alt-title></titles><pages>979-85</pages><volume>21</volume><number>3</number><edition>2007/08/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Abdominal Muscles/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Athletic Injuries/prevention & control/rehabilitation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training/*methods</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/physiology</keyword><keyword>Postural Balance/physiology</keyword><keyword>Sports/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sports Equipment</keyword><keyword>Thorax/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1064-8011 (Print)
1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17685697</accession-num><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Willardson, 2007). The stabilizing system consists of passive (ligaments and bones), active (muscles) and neural structures ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Panjabi</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>187</RecNum><DisplayText>(Panjabi, 1992)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>187</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">187</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Panjabi, M. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.</auth-address><titles><title>The stabilizing system of the spine. Part II. Neutral zone and instability hypothesis</title><secondary-title>Journal of Spinal Disorders</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of spinal disorders</alt-title></titles><pages>390-6</pages><volume>5</volume><number>4</number><edition>1992/12/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Biomechanical Phenomena</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Joint Instability/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>*Models, Biological</keyword><keyword>Movement/physiology</keyword><keyword>Muscles/physiology</keyword><keyword>Posture/physiology</keyword><keyword>Spinal Diseases/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Spine/innervation/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1992</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0895-0385 (Print)
0895-0385 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>1490035</accession-num><work-type>Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;(Panjabi, 1992). Do competitive, high-level athletes perform core training? If we look to scientific publications, the general training patterns of world-class performers in a broad range of sport disciplines have been described, including ice hockey ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ebben</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ebben et al., 2004)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">3</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ebben, W. P.</author><author>Carroll, R. M.</author><author>Simenz, C. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Physical Therapy/Program in Exercise Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Strength and conditioning practices of National Hockey League strength and conditioning coaches</title><secondary-title>Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association</alt-title></titles><pages>889-97</pages><volume>18</volume><number>4</number><edition>2004/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Hockey/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training/*methods/standards</keyword><keyword>Pliability</keyword><keyword>Surveys and Questionnaires</keyword><keyword>United States</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1064-8011 (Print)
1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15574099</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ebben et al., 2004), rowing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fiskerstrand</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>203</RecNum><DisplayText>(Fiskerstrand and Seiler, 2004)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>203</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">203</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fiskerstrand, A</author><author>Seiler, K.S. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Training and performance characteristics among Norwegian international rowers 1970-2001.</title><secondary-title>Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports</secondary-title></titles><pages>303-10</pages><volume>14</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Fiskerstrand and Seiler, 2004), cross-country skiing PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ub25uZXNzZW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Sandbakk and Holmberg, 2014; Tonnessen et al., 2014), biathlon ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tonnessen</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>198</RecNum><DisplayText>(Tonnessen et al., 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>198</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">198</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tonnessen, E.</author><author>Sylta, O.</author><author>Haugen, T. A.</author><author>Hem, E.</author><author>Svendsen, I. S.</author><author>Seiler, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.
Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.</auth-address><titles><title>The road to gold: training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance</title><secondary-title>PLoS One</secondary-title><alt-title>PloS one</alt-title></titles><pages>e101796</pages><volume>9</volume><number>7</number><edition>2014/07/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Athletes</keyword><keyword>Athletic Performance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Norway</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Conditioning, Human/*methods</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Statistics, Nonparametric</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>25019608</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Tonnessen et al., 2014), speed skating ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Orie</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>186</RecNum><DisplayText>(Orie et al., 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>186</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">186</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Orie, J.</author><author>Hofman, N.</author><author>de Koning, J. J.</author><author>Foster, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>MOVE Research Inst, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</auth-address><titles><title>Thirty-eight years of training distribution in Olympic speed skaters</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance</secondary-title><alt-title>International journal of sports physiology and performance</alt-title></titles><pages>93-9</pages><volume>9</volume><number>1</number><edition>2014/01/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Physical Conditioning, Human/*methods/*statistics & numerical data/trends</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Exertion/physiology</keyword><keyword>Skating/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1555-0265 (Print)
1555-0265 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24408352</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Orie et al., 2014), soccer ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Malone</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>185</RecNum><DisplayText>(Malone et al., 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>185</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">185</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Malone, J. J.</author><author>Di Michele, R.</author><author>Morgans, R.</author><author>Burgess, D.</author><author>Morton, J. P.</author><author>Drust, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Research Inst for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Seasonal training-load quantification in elite English premier league soccer players</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance</secondary-title><alt-title>International journal of sports physiology and performance</alt-title></titles><pages>489-97</pages><volume>10</volume><number>4</number><edition>2014/11/14</edition><keywords><keyword>*Adaptation, Physiological</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Athletes</keyword><keyword>*Athletic Performance</keyword><keyword>England</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Physical Exertion/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Running/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Seasons</keyword><keyword>Soccer/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1555-0265 (Print)
1555-0265 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>25393111</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Malone et al., 2015), orienteering ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tonnessen</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>199</RecNum><DisplayText>(Tonnessen et al., 2015b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>199</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">199</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tonnessen, E.</author><author>Svendsen, I. S.</author><author>Ronnestad, B. R.</author><author>Hisdal, J.</author><author>Haugen, T. A.</author><author>Seiler, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway.</auth-address><titles><title>The annual training periodization of 8 world champions in orienteering</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance</secondary-title><alt-title>International journal of sports physiology and performance</alt-title></titles><pages>29-38</pages><volume>10</volume><number>1</number><edition>2014/06/05</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Competitive Behavior/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Mountaineering/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training/*methods</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1555-0265 (Print)
1555-0265 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24896267</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Tonnessen et al., 2015b) and Nordic Combined ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tonnessen</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>200</RecNum><DisplayText>(Tonnessen et al., 2015a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>200</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">200</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tonnessen, E.</author><author>Rasdal, V.</author><author>Svendsen, I. S.</author><author>Haugen, T. A.</author><author>Hem, E.</author><author>Sandbakk, O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.</auth-address><titles><title>Concurrent development of endurance capacity and explosiveness: The training characteristics of world-class nordic combined athletes</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance</secondary-title><alt-title>International journal of sports physiology and performance</alt-title></titles><pages>10.1123/ijspp.2015-0309</pages><edition>2015/11/13</edition><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 9</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1555-0273 (Electronic)
1555-0265 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26561961</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Tonnessen et al., 2015a). Unfortunately, these studies do not reveal to what extent core training has been performed, as core training was not quantified. As conditioning experts and physiotherapists at the Norwegian Olympic Training Centre, the present authors have in-depth knowledge of daily training and rehabilitation programs for a large number of high-level performers. Our inspection of training sessions, training diaries and conversations with athletes and coaches) reveals that core training is performed by world-class athletes in cross-country skiing, biathlon, ski jumping, Nordic combined, speed skating, snowboard, alpine skiing, ice hockey, soccer, handball, rowing, kayak, swimming, cycling, golf, sailing, taekwondo, wrestling, orienteering and athletics. Indeed, core training is one of very few training forms common for all these sport disciplines. The total weekly core training volume varies considerably among individuals and sport disciplines, ranging from 5 min to 2 h per week. Anecdotally, cross-country skiers, rowers, kayakers, sailors and golfers typically perform more core training than other athlete groups. However, a common trend among most individuals is higher core training volume during preparation periods compared to competition periods. Moreover, core training is performed more during injury rehabilitation periods, when sport-specific training is prohibited. High prevalence of low back pain during a season has been reported in athlete populations such as cross-country skiing PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CYWhyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Alricsson and Werner, 2005; Alricsson and Werner, 2006; Bahr et al., 2004; Foss et al., 2012), rowing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bahr</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bahr et al., 2004; Foss et al., 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bahr, R.</author><author>Andersen, S.O.</author><author>L?ken, S.</author><author>Fossan, B.</author><author>Hansen, T.</author><author>Holme, I.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Low back pain among endurance athletes with and without specific back loading-a cross-sectional survey of cross-country skiers, rowers, orienteerers, and nonathletic controls</title><secondary-title>Spine</secondary-title></titles><pages>449-54</pages><volume>29</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Foss</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>207</RecNum><record><rec-number>207</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">207</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Foss, I.S.</author><author>Holme, I.</author><author>Bahr, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The prevalence of low back pain among former elite cross-country skiers, rowers, orienteerers, and nonathletes: a 10-year cohort study</title><secondary-title>American Journal of Sports Medicine</secondary-title></titles><pages>2610-6</pages><volume>40</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/0363546512458413</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bahr et al., 2004; Foss et al., 2012), orienteering ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bahr</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bahr et al., 2004; Foss et al., 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bahr, R.</author><author>Andersen, S.O.</author><author>L?ken, S.</author><author>Fossan, B.</author><author>Hansen, T.</author><author>Holme, I.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Low back pain among endurance athletes with and without specific back loading-a cross-sectional survey of cross-country skiers, rowers, orienteerers, and nonathletic controls</title><secondary-title>Spine</secondary-title></titles><pages>449-54</pages><volume>29</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Foss</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>207</RecNum><record><rec-number>207</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">207</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Foss, I.S.</author><author>Holme, I.</author><author>Bahr, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The prevalence of low back pain among former elite cross-country skiers, rowers, orienteerers, and nonathletes: a 10-year cohort study</title><secondary-title>American Journal of Sports Medicine</secondary-title></titles><pages>2610-6</pages><volume>40</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/0363546512458413</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bahr et al., 2004; Foss et al., 2012), gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Purcell</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>190</RecNum><DisplayText>(Purcell and Micheli, 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>190</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">190</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Purcell, L.</author><author>Micheli, L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.</auth-address><titles><title>Low back pain in young athletes</title><secondary-title>Sports Health</secondary-title><alt-title>Sports health</alt-title></titles><pages>212-22</pages><volume>1</volume><number>3</number><edition>2009/05/01</edition><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1941-7381 (Print)
1941-0921 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23015874</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Purcell and Micheli, 2009). Competitive young cross-country skiers relieved back pain by changing body position during exercise ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alricsson</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alricsson and Werner, 2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alricsson, M.</author><author>Werner, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. marie.alricsson@</auth-address><titles><title>Self-reported health, physical activity and prevalence of complaints in elite cross-country skiers and matched controls</title><secondary-title>Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness</secondary-title><alt-title>The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness</alt-title></titles><pages>547-52</pages><volume>45</volume><number>4</number><edition>2006/02/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Attitude to Health</keyword><keyword>Back Pain/etiology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>*Health Status</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Motor Activity</keyword><keyword>Motor Skills</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>*Self Concept</keyword><keyword>Skiing/*injuries/physiology/psychology</keyword><keyword>Sports</keyword><keyword>Surveys and Questionnaires</keyword><keyword>Sweden/epidemiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-4707 (Print)
0022-4707 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16446689</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Alricsson and Werner, 2005), emphasizing the importance of preventive strategies such as core training to reduce back pain. Core stability training is often used in athletic populations for back-pain treatment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Puentedura</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>206</RecNum><DisplayText>(Puentedura and Louw, 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>206</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">206</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Puentedura, E.J.</author><author>Louw, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A neuroscience approach to managing athletes with low back pain</title><secondary-title>Physical Therapy in Sport</secondary-title></titles><pages>123-33</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.12.001</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Puentedura and Louw, 2012). Pain affects motor control ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hodges</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>208</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hodges and Moseley, 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>208</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">208</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hodges, P. W.</author><author>Moseley, G. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. p.hodges@shrs.uq.edu.au</auth-address><titles><title>Pain and motor control of the lumbopelvic region: effect and possible mechanisms</title><secondary-title>Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology</alt-title></titles><pages>361-70</pages><volume>13</volume><number>4</number><edition>2003/07/02</edition><keywords><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Low Back Pain/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Lumbosacral Region</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/innervation/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Nervous System/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Pelvis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1050-6411 (Print)
1050-6411 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12832166</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Hodges and Moseley, 2003), and some therefore argue that clinicians’ management of athletes with low-back pain should include training and biopsychosocial approaches ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Puentedura</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>206</RecNum><DisplayText>(Puentedura and Louw, 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>206</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2zar02vxgdpzxoewdtppt25dzpef5w0r0apx">206</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Puentedura, E.J.</author><author>Louw, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A neuroscience approach to managing athletes with low back pain</title><secondary-title>Physical Therapy in Sport</secondary-title></titles><pages>123-33</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.12.001</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Puentedura and Louw, 2012).Although core training is not the main training form for any sport discipline, the majority of competitive athletes perform such training to some extent. In addition, even though the core is a popular target for athletic conditioning in general, questions remain regarding training effects, overall performance benefits, injury prevention and rehabilitation from injury. Therefore, we had three objectives in preparing a tutorial presentation on core training: to provide a critical overview of scientific studies exploring the relationship between core stability and athletic performance, injury prevention, and injury rehabilitation; to identify methodological limitations and concerns associated with these investigations; and to provide specific recommendations for core training and rehabilitation.References(See below for references cited in the slideshow.) ADDIN EN.REFLIST Alricsson M, Werner S (2005). Self-reported health, physical activity and prevalence of complaints in elite cross-country skiers and matched controls. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 45, 547-552Alricsson M, Werner S (2006). 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Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: a prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study. American Journal of Sports Medicine 35, 1123-1130Zielinski KA, Henry SM, Ouellette-Morton RH, DeSarno MJ (2013). Lumbar multifidus muscle thickness does not predict patients with low back pain who improve with trunk stabilization exercises. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 94, 1132-1138Published April 2016HYPERLINK "D:\\Will's Documents\\sportsci\\copyright.html"?2016 ................
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