Biology 315: Lecture Test 1, Spring 2005



LectureTest32011

Biology 315: Lecture Test 3, Spring 2011

Directions: This is a multiple-choice test with only one correct answer per question. Fill in the best answer on your answer sheet.

E. Key 1. What blood cell has a nucleus with two-to-six lobes, and a cytoplasm containing many small granules that stain lilac purple with typical blood stains?

A. basophil

B. platelet

C. eosinophil

D. monocyte

E. neutrophil

B. Key 2. Which tiny blood cell limits bleeding by plugging tears in blood vessels, and by other actions?

A. basophil

B. platelet

C. eosinophil

D. lymphocyte

E. neutrophil

C. Key 3. What is the name of the basic dye in blood stains? (Hint: we told a funny story about this dye in lecture.)

A. eosin

B. hematoxylin

C. methylene blue

D. indigo

E. cresyl blue

A. Key 4. In the blood of an average, healthy person, the relative abundances of the five types of leukocytes, from least abundant to most abundant, are:

A. basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils

B. neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils

C. lymphocytes, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils

D. eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes

E. monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes

A. Key 5. An artery and a vein to a limb muscle run side by side. Compare these two blood vessels and choose the correct statement.

A. The artery has a thicker tunica media, so it can constrict and dilate more than the vein can.

B. The artery has the thinner wall, which is why high blood-pressure causes atherosclerosis.

C. The artery has a larger lumen and holds more blood.

D. The artery contains valves, the vein does not.

E. The wall of the vein contains more elastin, to smooth the pulse.

C. Key 6. What is endothelium?

A. embryonic germ layer that lines the primitive gut

B. supporting cells of the myenteric nerve plexus

C. the simple squamous epithelium lining the circulatory vessels

D. the antigen-presenting cells in the thymus

E. the epithelium of the peritoneum and pericardium

E. Key 7. Circle the FALSE statement about capillaries.

A. A sinusoid is a wide, twisty, leaky capillary.

B. An important route by which ions, simple sugars, and water cross the walls of typical capillaries is through the intercellular clefts.

C. An important route by which small proteins cross the walls of typical capillaries is in vesicles called caveoli.

D. Blood capillaries do not connect to the nearby lymph capillaries, and they do not drain fluid directly into these lymph capillaries.

E. Typical blood capillaries have a diameter of 17 micrometers, so that the largest blood cells (monocytes) fit in the capillary lumen.

D. Key 8. Blood/brain barrier. In the brain, the capillaries are impermeable, so how do the nutrients get to the brain neurons?

A. from the cerebrospinal fluid, not the capillary blood

B. from the lymph vessels and lymph

C. all neurons have special dendrites that reach directly into the capillaries, through the barrier, to take nutrients from the blood

D. good molecules in the blood are allowed across the blood/brain barrier to supply the neurons; only bad molecules or neutral molecules are kept in the blood by the barrier

E. the superior sagittal sinus above the brain is permeable, so nutritious blood-fluid from this sinus always rains down through the whole central nervous system

A. Key 9. Which of these bones contains red marrow in adults?

A. ilium of the pelvic girdle

B. tibia

C. ulna

D. metatarsal

E. scaphoid of wrist

E. Key 10. Where are pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells located?

A. in plates between the liver sinusoids

B. in the liver sinusoids themselves

C. in the stratum basale of the epidermis

D. in the intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn

E. in the reticular connective tissue of bone marrow

A. Key 11. A portal system, by definition, has two capillary beds. Choose the WRONG statement about the second capillary bed of the hepatic portal system.

A. It supplies oxygen to the wall of the small intestine.

B. It receives newly manufactured blood proteins.

C. It delivers nutrients to hepatocytes.

D. It receives blood from the hepatic artery.

E. It contains macrophages.

E. Key 12. Trace the flow of blood around the systemic and pulmonary circuits, and through the heart, in the CORRECT order.

A. Right atrium to left atrium to pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, and lung capillaries, to pulmonary veins, to right ventricle, to left ventricle, to aorta and systemic arteries, to systemic capillaries, to systemic veins, back to right atrium.

B. Left atrium to left ventricle to pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, and lung capillaries, to pulmonary veins, to right atrium, to right ventricle, to aorta and systemic arteries, to systemic capillaries, to systemic veins, back to left atrium.

C. Left atrium to right ventricle to aorta and systemic arteries to systemic capillaries, to systemic veins, to right atrium, to left ventricle to pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, and lung capillaries, to pulmonary veins, back to left atrium.

D. Systemic circuit to right ventricle to left ventricle to pulmonary circuit to right atrium to left atrium to systemic circuit again.

E. Pulmonary trunk, to pulmonary arteries, to lung capillaries, to pulmonary veins, to left atrium, to left ventricle, to aorta, to systemic arteries, to systemic capillaries, to systemic veins, to right atrium, to right ventricle.

B. Key 13. Which of these parts of the heart’s conduction system contains Purkinje myocytes and Purkinje fibers?

A. myometrium of the atria

B. inferior parts of atrioventricular bundle branches (crura) and the myocardium of the ventricle walls

C. atrioventricular bundle

D. sinoatrial node

E. atrioventricular node

C. Key 14. From which embryonic heart structure do the anterior halves of the right and left atria develop (that is, the parts lined by the pectinate muscles in the adult heart)?

A. sinus venosus

B. foramen ovale

C. embryonic atrium

D. embryonic ventricle

E. bulbus cordis

C. Key 15. Circle the true statement about the mitral valve.

A. When it closes, it helps make the “dup” part of the “lub-dup” sounds of the heartbeat.

B. It is also called the pulmonary semilunar valve.

C. To listen for it closing, place a stethoscope on the left fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line.

D. It is pushed open at the end of ventricular contraction.

E. It is pushed shut at the end of ventricular contraction.

D. Key 16. What is a heart attack (= myocardial infarction)?

A. It is caused by overexertion, when the heart works so hard that it bursts.

B. It is heart failure, as a damaged heart grows weaker and weaker.

C. It is caused by plaque and clots that build up on the endocardium inside the heart.

D. It is caused by atherosclerosis in a coronary artery, which blocks the flow of blood to a part of the heart musculature.

E. It is caused when the heart valves stiffen and stay closed, so the heart locks up.

B. Key 17. Which vein carries oxygen-rich blood?

A. superior vena cava

B. umbilical vein

C. hepatic portal vein

D. great cardiac vein

E. internal jugular vein

E. Key 18. In the adult, the ligamentum arteriosus is a fibrous band that connects the top of the pulmonary trunk with the bottom of the arch of the aorta, nearby. Based on what you know about development, deduce its significance.

A. Ligamentum arteriosus is the fibrous remains of a vein that ran all the way up from the liver in the fetus.

B. It holds up the arch of the aorta so this arch will not sag or kink.

C. It is the fibrous remains of the umbilical artery of the fetus.

D. It allows the left recurrent laryngeal nerve to loop under the left subclavian artery, and upward.

E. It is the remains of a fetal vessel that shunted excess blood away from the lungs.

C. Key 19. Lymphatic system. Which of these is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

A. body defense against disease (lymph nodes)

B. picks up excess tissue fluid and returns it to the blood

C. carries a clear fluid to the kidneys, so this fluid can become our urine

D. returns leaked blood proteins to the blood

E. receives digested nutrients in the intestine (lacteals)

B. Key 20. A woman who has had a mastectomy (removal of a breast, to treat breast cancer) may have a swollen upper limb for several months after the surgery. Why the swelling?

A. After the surgery, it is difficult to prevent infection in the chest wall, which then spreads down the arm in the lymph vessels, causing inflammation and swelling.

B. The lymph nodes in the armpit are often removed during a mastectomy, as are the associated lymph vessels that drain lymph from the arm, so the arm develops edema.

C. Normally, the weight of the breast pulls on the axillary vein, widening this vein, but with the breast gone, this vein narrows and its blood backs up and pools in the arm.

D. The axillary artery to the upper limb also supplies the breast, and with the breast gone, all the blood in this artery goes to the arm, so the arm swells with blood.

E. Any remaining cancer cells metastasize (travel) into the arm, which swells with the tumor.

E. Key 21. Compare a lymphatic collecting vessel with a nearby artery or vein, and choose the WRONG statement.

A. Lymph vessels do not contain erythrocytes but the blood vessels do.

B. Lymph vessels have thinner walls than blood vessels.

C. The lymph vessel has bulges, like a string of beads.

D. Lymph vessels have more valves than veins do.

E. The pressure that forces lymph along in the collecting vessel is higher than the blood pressure in the artery.

D. Key 22. What is the largest lymph vessel in this list?

A. efferent lymph vessel from an inguinal lymph node

B. intestinal trunk

C. lumbar trunk

D. thoracic duct

E. jugular trunk

D. Key 23. A difference between T and B lymphocytes is . . .

A. Only B cells form different clones and practice “clonal selection.”

B. Only T cells can form memory lymphocytes.

C. You can tell T cells from B cells by their appearance, because T cells are larger and their nuclei are differently shaped.

D. T cells are better at destroying our virus-infected cells.

E. Only T cells secrete antibodies and become plasma cells.

C. Key 24. A dendritic cell is

A. a kind of neuron in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses

B. a neuroglial cell that stimulates formation of the blood-brain barrier

C. a widely travelling antigen-gathering and antigen-presenting cell

D. a pacemaker cell in the sinoatrial node

E. the type of smooth muscle cell in bronchioles that constricts during asthma attacks

E. Key 25. Lymphoid tissue. Choose the WRONG statement.

A. Lymphoid tissue contains lymphoid nodules.

B. It destroys disease organisms that enter it.

C. It gets infected often.

D. Antigen presentation and final activation of lymphocytes occurs here.

E. It has blood-stem cells, which produce the youngest pre-lymphocytes called lymphocyte precursor cells.

A. Key 26. In mammals including humans, where do B lymphocytes become immunocompetent? That is, where do they first gain the membrane receptors that will allow them to recognize and bind their specific antigen?

A. bone marrow

B. thymus

C. infected connective tissue

D. lymphoid nodule in BALT

E. bursa of Fabricius

B. Key 27. Lymph nodes. Circle the FALSE statement about lymph nodes.

A. Masses of lymphoid tissue between the lymph sinuses destroy many antigens.

B. They hurt when they swell with cancer cells, but do not hurt when they are infected by bacteria.

C. Abundant macrophages on the fiber network in their lymph sinuses destroy many antigens.

D. They activate many memory lymphocytes to build our long-term immunity.

E. They act to remove and destroy antigens from the lymph stream.

D. Key 28. Spleen. Circle the FALSE statement.

A. The spleen is an unpaired organ in the left upper abdomen, meaning we do not have a right spleen.

B. Its white pulp contains the central arteries.

C. Its red pulp has capillaries, sinusoids and splenic cords.

D. It has a strong, thick capsule of dense connective tissue, so it is difficult for blows to rupture the spleen.

E. The main function of its white pulp is to remove and destroy antigens from the bloodstream.

B. Key 29. Which layers of the wall of the digestive tube make up the mucosa (mucous membrane)?

A. slime, snot, and mucus

B. epithelium, muscularis mucosae, and lamina propria

C. mucus, glycocalyx, and mesothelium

D. mesentery, peritoneum, and the connective-tissue capsule

E. serosa, muscularis externa, and myenteric plexus

E. Key 30. Choose the FALSE statement about the topics in our introductory digestive lecture.

A. The artery to the midgut is the superior mesenteric.

B. Mesothelium is the epithelium of the peritoneum.

C. Splanchnic mesoderm forms the layers of the stomach wall, except for the inner epithelium, which develops from endoderm.

D. Mesentery is a sheet made of two layers of peritoneum.

E. The sigmoid colon develops from the embryonic midgut.

D. Key 31. In lecture, Dr. Mallatt spoke of the gut-nervous system, or the “gut brain.” Which part of this system did he emphasize most strongly in his description?

A. the parasympathetics to the wall of the GI tract

B. the sympathetics to the wall of the GI tract

C. visceral sensory neurons

D. enteric neurons of the enteric nervous system

E. the large, brain-like ganglia of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses

A. Key 32. Gut development. The cranial half of the primitive intestinal loop (midgut loop) becomes . . .

A. small intestine

B. esophagus

C. liver

D. large intestine

E. stomach

A. Key 33. Circle the FALSE statement about teeth.

A. Enamel is not as hard as dentin or bone, but it is harder than cementum.

B. A root canal procedure is done to stop or avoid infection of the pulp cavity of a tooth.

C. The periodontal membrane holds the tooth in the socket so we can lose teeth if we get periodontal membrane disease.

D. Our deciduous dentition contains twelve fewer teeth than does our adult dentition.

E. The periodontal membrane is continuous with the gums (gingivae) around the necks of the teeth.

B. Key 34. Circle the correct statement about the mouth or pharynx.

A. The word ‘pharynx’ rhymes with ‘air tricks.’

B. In the adult dentition, we have more molars than premolars, incisors, or canines.

C. In the salivary glands, the serous cells secrete the mucus of the spit.

D. The filiform papillae have taste buds, but the fungiform and vallate papillae do not.

E. Salivary glands are simple tubular glands.

C. Key 35. Which tonsil is also called the adenoids?

A. palatine

B. lingual

C. pharyngeal

D. left tubal

E. right tubal

A. Key 36. Circle the WRONG match between the hollow organ and its lining epithelium.

A. esophagus: simple columnar

B. nasopharynx: pseudostratified columnar

C. nasal cavity: pseudostratified columnar

D. oropharynx: stratified squamous

E. vestibule of the nose (skin): stratified squamous

B. Key 37. Choose the WRONG statement about parietal cells in the stomach.

A. They occur in the gastric glands, not in the gastric pits.

B. They secrete pepsin (pepsinogen).

C. Each is a roundish cell, with three prongs.

D. They contain abundant mitochondria.

E. They have long, abundant microvilli.

E. Key 38. Circle the FALSE statement about the small intestine.

A. Digested nutrients pass through absorptive cells of a simple columnar epithelium and enter capillaries in the villi.

B. Its absorptive-surface area is increased by plicae circulares (circular folds) and microvilli.

C. It is longer than the large intestine.

D. Its inner epithelium must be replaced rapidly, from stem cells in the intestinal crypts, to avoid being killed and digested by the enzymes that digest food.

E. Blood capillaries in its villi receive the digested lipids, and lymph capillaries (lacteals) receive the other classes of nutrients (sugars, amino acids, etc.).

B Key 39. Which is NOT present in the large intestine?

A. intestinal crypts (of Lieberkuhn)

B. villi

C. simple columnar epithelium, with goblet and absorptive cells

D. inner circular layer of the muscularis externa

E. a submucosa

D. Key 40. Circle the FALSE statement about the appendix (= the vermiform appendix).

A. An infected appendix can swell and burst, leading to fatal peritonitis.

B. The base of the appendix, not the gallbladder, is located in the abdomen deep to McBurney’s spinoumbilical point.

C. Its main function is not to destroy all the microorganisms that enter it, but to sample them to build more memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity.

D. Appendicitis is easy and safe for anyone to recognize and diagnose at home, much like a toothache is.

E. The appendix is a part of the large intestine, so its wall has enteric neurons and abundant lymphoid tissue of GALT.

D. Key 41. Choose the WRONG statement about the anal canal.

A. When its veins become swollen, torn, and varicose, that is hemorrhoids.

B. Hard feces can catch in its anal sinuses and rip out through the wall of the anal canal.

C. It is not the same as the rectum or the anus.

D. It is not part of the large intestine, because it is below the pelvic cavity.

E. The lower parts of the anal columns are joined by anal valves.

C. Key 42. What is the newly defined, functional, border between the right and left lobes of the liver, as we discussed in lecture? Hint: this is the division between the two functional parts of the liver, as defined in lab.

A. porta hepatis

B. bare area

C. line of the inferior vena cava and gallbladder

D. fissure (left sagittal fissure)

E. the hepatic veins

D. Key 43. Circle the correct statement about the classical liver lobule.

A. Bile flows inward toward the center of the lobule.

B. A portal triad lies in its very center.

C. It contains the porta hepatis.

D. It is about the size of a sesame seed, and thousands of hexagonal lobules pack closely in the liver.

E. The lobule consists mostly of connective tissue.

C. Key 44. Bile is first made in the 1.________, then it is stored in the 2._________, then it goes to the 3.______________.

A. 1. Liver, 2. Duodenum, 3. Gallbladder

B. 1. Gallbladder, 2. Liver, 3. Duodenum

C. 1. Liver, 2. Gallbladder, 3. Duodenum

D. 1. Duodenum, 2. Liver, 3. Gallbladder

E. 1. Duodenum, 2. Gallbladder, 3. Liver

B. Key 45. What product is made by the acinar cells in the pancreas?

A. a hormone called somatostatin

B. digestive enzymes

C. the mucin protein of mucus

D. Vitamin A

E. glycogen

D. Key 46. Circle the FALSE statement about the beta cells (B cells) in the pancreas.

A. Destruction of beta cells causes diabetes (= diabetes mellitus).

B. Beta cells secrete hormones into capillaries.

C. Beta cells secrete insulin when blood-sugar levels get too high.

D. Beta cells secrete glucagon when blood-sugar levels get too low.

E. Beta cells are in the pancreatic islets.

E. Key 47. Circle the FALSE statement about the paranasal sinuses.

A. Because they are filled with air, they lighten the skull.

B. They warm, moisten, and filter inhaled air.

C. They are the sinuses involved when you have a respiratory sinus infection, as part of a head cold, for example.

D. They are lined by respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells).

E. They contain the scroll-like conchae.

B. Key 48. Into what part of the digestive or respiratory passages do the pharyngotympanic (Eustacian) tubes open?

A. nasal cavity

B. nasopharynx

C. oropharynx

D. fauces

E. oral cavity

E. Key 49. What is the function of the epiglottis?

A. It contains the lingual tonsils.

B. It flips up during swallowing to seal the oropharynx from the nasopharynx so you do not swallow food or drink into your nasal cavity.

C. It holds the highest concentration of taste buds.

D. It holds the uvula.

E. It covers the laryngeal inlet so you do not swallow food or drink into your larynx and trachea.

C. Key 50. Which skeletal element, in or near the larynx, moves the most to change the tension on the vocal cords and to adjust the pitch of the voice?

A. hyoid bone

B. thryoid cartilage

C. arytenoid cartilages

D. rings of the uppermost trachea

E. cricoid cartilage

A. Key 51. In the thorax, what two structures correspond to 1) the peritoneal cavity and 2) the peritoneum in the abdomen?

A. pleural cavity and pleura

B. root of the lung

C. fibrous pericardium and endocardium

D. the thoracic peritoneal cavity and the visceral peritoneum around the thoracic esophagus

E. lumen and inner epithelium of the esophagus

B. Key 52. Choose the FALSE statement about the lungs.

A. One lung has two lobes, and the other lung has three.

B. The left lung has three lobar bronchi, but the right lung has only two.

C. Each lung has a hilum on its medial surface.

D. The left lung has an oblique fissure but not a horizontal fissure.

E. The right lung has both an oblique and a horizontal fissure.

B. Key 53. Bronchopulmonary segments. Circle the FALSE statement.

A. Each segment makes up about one-tenth the volume of a lung.

B. A bronchopulmonary segment is larger than a lobe of the lung.

C. Each is supplied by a third-order (tertiary) bronchus.

D. They are separated from each another by walls of connective tissue, which makes them easy to separate surgically.

E. Only a few small blood vessels run between them, so they can be removed surgically without much bleeding.

E. Key 54. Which of these respiratory structures does NOT have elastin in its wall to aid exhalation?

A. alveoli

B. bronchioles

C. trachea

D. alveolar duct

E. nasal cavity

A. Key 55. Structures of the respiratory zone. Trace the flow of inhaled air to the end of the respiratory tree in the correct order:

A. Respiratory bronchiole to alveolar duct to alveolar sac.

B. Alveolar sac to alveolar duct to respiratory bronchiole.

C. Respiratory bronchiole to alveolar sac to alveolar duct.

D. Alveolar duct to respiratory bronchiole to alveolar sac.

E. Alveolar duct to alveolar sac to respiratory bronchiole.

C. Key 56. Which cell type is being described? It is an extremely thin, squamous epithelial cell, is part of the wall of an alveolus, and is part of the blood-air barrier.

A. alveolar type II cell

B. dust cell

C. alveolar type I cell

D. respiratory goblet cell

E. capillary endothelial cell

A. Key 57. Which cell type secretes surfactant to make inhalation easier?

A. alveolar type II cell

B. dust cell

C. alveolar type I cell

D. respiratory goblet cell

E. capillary endothelial cell

D. Key 58. What kind of molecule is surfactant?

A. a protein enzyme that digests worms

B. a sticky glycoprotein that traps dust particles

C. a type of chromatin that forms extracellular nets to trap bacteria

D. a phospholipid detergent molecule

E. a bleach-like radical that kills bacteria

B. Key 59. In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt said if you want to bond with your parents, you should discuss one of our topics with them, because they will remember it well. What was that topic?

A. Organ transplants regularly failed until the late 1970s, when drugs were developed that specifically inhibit T lymphocytes, and lessened the rejection.

B. Parents will recall how stomach ulcers were a serious problem throughout history, until these ulcers could be cured, starting in the 1990s.

C. Parents will recall the days, until about 25 years ago, when almost all middle-aged Americans lost their teeth and had to wear dentures.

D. They will remember that tonsillectomies were less common decades ago when fewer children went to day care and got sick there.

E. They will remember when many more premature babies died from respiratory distress syndrome, because the treatments were not as advanced as now.

A. Key 60. In the demonstration where Dr. Mallatt showed you a chunky baby-book, what did the pages of that book represent?

A. plates of hepatocytes

B. the different layers in the wall of the GI tract

C. conchae, because he bent the pages into scrolls

D. lots of flat capillaries

E. plicae circulares

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download