Chapter 1- An Introduction to the Human Body
Chapter 1- An Introduction to the Human Body
Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.
1) Grant and Gray made extensive studies of the structure of the entire human body and produced atlases documenting their work. Grant and Gray were
A) embryologists
B) histologists
C) neurophysiologists
D) gross anatomists
E) endocrinologists
Answer: D
Reference: Page 2, Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Difficulty: Easy
2) Many scientists and physicians devote their lives to understanding how the body works. These researchers are classified as
A) anatomists
B) histologists
C) physiologists
D) immunologists
E) radiologists
Answer: C
Reference: Page 2 , Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Difficulty: Easy
3) ALL of the following are primarily studies of anatomy (as opposed to physiology) EXCEPT:
A) observing the arrangement of cells in the adrenal gland
B) describing the process by which nerve impulses are transmitted
C) exploring the embryonic origins of endocrine cells
D) finding the location of the biceps femoris muscle
E) identifying types of tissues present in the walls of the intestinal tract
Answer: B
Reference: Page 2, Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Difficulty: Medium
4) ALL of the following are primarily studies of physiology (as opposed to anatomy) EXCEPT:
A) describing the process by which glucose molecules are broken down
B) explaining how substances are secreted from cells
C) describing the process by which nerve impulses are transmitted
D) identifying the types of tissues present in the walls of the intestinal tract
E) identifying the factors that affect blood pressure
Answer: D
Reference: Page 2, Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Difficulty: Medium
5) Which of the following best indicates the relationship between structure and function?
A) Structure and function are independent of each other.
B) Structure determines function.
C) Form (structure) follows function.
D) Both B and C are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.
Answer: D
Reference: Page 2, Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Difficulty: Medium
6) Histologists studies groups of cells that work together to form a particular function. Histologists must focus their attention on the ___ level of organization.
A) cells.
B) tissues.
C) chemistry of cells.
D) gross structures of the body.
E) functions of specific organs.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Hard
7) Which of the following correctly lists the levels of organization in decreasing order of complexity?
A) cellular, tissue, chemical, system, organ, organism
B) chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
C) tissue, cellular, chemical, organ, system, organism
D) chemical, tissue, cellular, system, organ, organism
E) organism, system, organ, tissue cellular, chemical
Answer: B
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
8) Which of the following best defines a cell?
A) the basic structural and functional unit of an organism
B) the molecules that form the body's structure
C) a group of cells and the surrounding materials that work together to perform a particular function
D) a group of related organs with a common function
E) the membranes that cover organs
Answer: A
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
9) An organ is defined as a structure that has a recognizable shape, has specific functions and is composed on two or more different types of
A) molecules.
B) cells.
C) systems.
D) tissues.
E) membranes.
Answer: D
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
10) In order to discuss the details of the metabolism of a cell, which level of structural organization would it be most helpful to understand?
A) chemical
B) tissue
C) system
D) organ
E) organism
Answer: A
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
11) The two body systems that regulate homeostasis are the
A) cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
B) cardiovascular and urinary systems.
C) cardiovascular and endocrine systems.
D) nervous and cardiovascular systems.
E) nervous and endocrine systems.
Answer: E
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
12) An explosion sends shrapnel throughout a bystander’s abdominopelvic cavity. Which body system(s) and process (es) will be most directly affected by the injuries caused by the shrapnel?
A) urinary system, filtration and elimination of wastes
B) digestive system, processing and absorption of nutrients
C) respiratory system, exchange of gases
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Hard
13) Which of the following best describes the endocrine system?
A) It transmits regulatory signals via nerve impulses.
B) It absorbs nutrients.
C) It contains hair, skin, and nails.
D) It produces blood cells that transport oxygen.
E) It transmits regulatory signals via the release of hormones into the blood.
Answer: E
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
14) The body system that distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells is the
A) respiratory system.
B) cardiovascular system
C) endocrine system.
D) urinary system.
E) integumentary system.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
15) The system that plays the major role in regulating the volume and chemical composition of blood, eliminating wastes, and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance is the
A) respiratory system.
B) cardiovascular system.
C) endocrine system.
D) urinary system.
E) integumentary system.
Answer: D
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
16) Which of the following are considered part of the integumentary system?
A) liver, stomach, and intestines
B) brain and spinal cord
C) hormone-secreting glands
D) kidneys and urinary bladder
E) hair, skin, and nails
Answer: E
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
17) Lymphatic vessels may become blocked due to damage that occurs during surgery or due to a parasitic infection called filiariasis. Which of the lymphatic system’s functions would be directly affected by such blockage?
A) absorption of fats from the small intestine
B) return of fluid and protein to the cardiovascular system.
C) activation of some immune cells
D) A and B are correct.
E) B and C are correct.
Answer: E
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Hard
18) Generation of heat (thermogenesis) is a function of the
A) integumentary system.
B) muscular system.
C) cardiovascular system.
D) digestive system.
E) nervous system.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
19) Which of the following is true regarding the skeletal system?
A) It provides support and protection.
B) It stores vitamins.
C) It initiates body movements.
D) It stores proteins.
E) All of the above are true.
Answer: A
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
20) Assessment of body structure and function by touching body surfaces with the hands is called
A) auscultation.
B) percussion.
C) palpation.
D) autopsy.
E) epidemiology.
Answer: C
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
21) Which statement is not true concerning characteristics of life?
A) All body cells exhibit irritability to some extent.
B) Each organ system is isolated from all other body systems.
C) Growth can be defined as an increase in size due to an increase in the number of cells.
D) Reproduction occurs on both the cellular and organismal levels.
E) Differentiation results in the specialization of cells.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
22) The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is known as
A) growth.
B) reproduction.
C) metabolism.
D) differentiation.
E) responsiveness.
Answer: C
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
23) Tom has been lifting weights. As a result of the physical work, his muscle cells have added proteins and become larger. Which of the following terms best describes this increase in size?
A) metabolism
B) growth
C) responsiveness
D) differentiation
E) reproduction
Answer: B
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
24) During the process of development of the skeletal system, embryonic cells, known as mesenchyme cells, may develop into either osteoblasts or chondroblasts, which, in turn, may develop into osteocytes and chondrocytes (respectively). This process is an example of
A) growth.
B) metabolism.
C) differentiation.
D) responsiveness.
E) movement.
Answer: C
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
25) Several students are reviewing for their first anatomy and physiology exam. One student asks the others to explain which characteristic of living things is NOT exhibited by a single human organism in nature. The students agree that the only possible characteristic to be considered is reproduction, but they disagree over the explanation. Which of the following explanations is true and should be used by the students?
A) Even single human organisms can reproduce individual cells, as evidenced by growth and repair.
B) Individual humans cannot naturally reproduce themselves because it takes both male sperm and female ova to make a new human.
C) Explanation B is true, but explanation A is not.
D) Explanation A is true, but explanation B is not.
E) Both explanations are correct and should be used.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Hard
26) All of the following are true of a post-mortem examination, or autopsy, except:
A) may reveal previously unknown congenital defects
B) used to confirm or determine the cause of death
C) involves analyses of tissues and body fluids
D) may not be used in criminal investigations
E) involves dissection of internal organs
Answer: D
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
27) Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains
A) the lowest possible energy usage.
B) a relatively stable internal environment, within limits.
C) a static state with no deviation from preset points.
D) a changing state, with an unlimited range.
E) a relatively stable external environment, within limits.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
28) Which of the following is considered to be the body's "internal environment" when discussing homeostasis?
A) intracellular fluid
B) plasma
C) interstitial fluid
D) hormones
E) lymph
Answer: C
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
29) Interstitial fluid is the fluid
A) inside blood vessels.
B) inside cells.
C) between the cells.
D) inside lymph vessels.
E) that is consumed as part of the diet.
Answer: C
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Easy
30) Which of the following is not considered to be an extracellular fluid?
A) the fluid inside cells
B) the fluid inside blood vessels
C) the fluid between cells
D) the fluid inside lymphatic vessels
E) the fluid around the brain and spinal cord
Answer: A
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
31) A feedback system consists of three basic components: a control center, a receptor and a (an)
A) modulator
B) generator
C) integrator
D) effector
E) regulator
Answer: D
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Easy
32) If a response enhances the original stimulus, the system is classified as a ______feedback system.
A) neutral
B) polarized
C) deficit
D) negative
E) positive
Answer: E
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
33) Osmometer cells sense changes in the concentration of blood plasma; therefore, they must be
A) receptors.
B) control centers.
C) stimulators.
D) modulators.
E) effectors.
Answer: A
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
34) Osmometer cells in the brain sense an increase in the concentration of the blood plasma. They then notify the posterior pituitary gland to release the hormone, ADH. This hormone causes the kidney to save water, which lowers the concentration of the plasma. ALL of the following are TRUE for this scenario EXCEPT:
A) The kidney acts as an effector in this feedback loop.
B) The osmometer cells acts as receptors in this feedback loop.
C) The stimulus in this feedback loop is an increase in the plasma concentration.
D) The controlled condition regulated by this feedback loop is constant ADH secretion.
E) This is an example of a negative feedback loop.
Answer: D
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Hard
35) Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop?
A) A neuron is stimulated, thus opening membrane channels to allow sodium ions to leak from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid. This causes more membrane channels to open, thus allowing more sodium ions to enter the intracellular fluid.
B) Baroreceptors notify the brain that the blood pressure has increased. The brain then notifies the blood vessels to dilate, thus lowering the blood pressure.
C) Low levels of glucose in the blood cause the pancreas to release less insulin (a hormone that lowers blood glucose).
D) Elevated body temperature is sensed by cells in the brain. As a result, sweat is produced, and heat is lost as the water in the sweat evaporates.
E) Receptors detect deficient amounts of calcium ions in the blood. The receptors notify the parathyroid gland, which then releases a hormone that causes more calcium ions to be retained in the blood.
Answer: A
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
36) Platelets, which have negatively-charged cell membranes, adhere to the positively charged surface of a torn blood vessel. As they do so, they release substances which attract more platelets to the damaged area and change the charge on their cell membranes to positive. More platelets adhere to the damaged area. The cycle repeats until the damaged area is sealed.
A) This is a negative feedback loop because having too many platelets in one area blocks blood flow.
B) This is a positive feedback loop because the response prevents a person from hemorrhaging to death. .
C) This is a positive feedback loop because the response reinforces the initial change.
D) This is a negative feedback loop because the response opposes the initial stimulus.
E) This is a neutral feedback loop because the positive and negative effects cancel each other.
Answer: D
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Hard
37) Which of the following cannot be present if homeostasis is maintained?
A) negative feedback loops
B) disease or disorder
C) positive feedback loops
D) minor fluctuations in a controlled condition such as body temperature
E) changes in the composition of the ECF
Answer: B
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
38) All of the following would be considered signs of infection EXCEPT:
A) skin lesions of chicken pox
B) elevated body temperature
C) swollen lymph nodes
D) dull pain localized in the back of the neck
E) enlargement of the liver
Answer: D
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
39) Which of the following would be considered a symptom of disease?
A) tremors in the hands
B) excessive urine output
C) a skin rash
D) nausea
E) vomiting
Answer: D
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
40) Which of the following would be an example of a local disease?
A) a sinus infection
B) an ulcer
C) influenza
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C
Answer: D
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
41) Diagnosis of disease usually involves all of the following except
A) taking a medical history
B) observing for signs of disease
C) performing an autopsy
D) measuring vital signs
E) performing a physical examination
Answer: C
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
42) A person in anatomical position will exhibit ALL of the following EXCEPT:
A) standing erect
B) facing observer
C) feet flat on floor
D) arms at sides
E) palms against the lateral sides of the thighs
Answer: E
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
43) The word axillary refers to the
A) groin.
B) armpit.
C) upper arm.
D) neck.
E) back of the knee.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Easy
44) The word popliteal refers to the
A) groin.
B) armpit.
C) upper arm.
D) neck.
E) back of the knee.
Answer: E
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Easy
45) The term cephalic refers to the
A) head.
B) neck.
C) back of the lower leg.
D) chest.
E) spinal column.
Answer: A
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Easy
46) A plane or section that divides an organ such that you could view an inferior surface of the section of that organ would be a
A) coronal section.
B) medial section.
C) sagittal section.
D) transverse section.
E) oblique section.
Answer: C
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
47) A mid-sagittal plane divides the body into
A) superior and inferior portions.
B) right and left halves.
C) anterior and posterior portions.
D) ventral and dorsal body cavities.
E) quadrants.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
48) A plane or section that divides an organ such that you would be looking at a medial surface of the section would be a(n)
A) coronal section.
B) horizontal section.
C) sagittal section.
D) transverse section.
E) oblique section.
Answer: C
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
49) Which of the following best describes the relationship between the urinary bladder and the stomach?
A) The urinary bladder is distal to the stomach.
B) The urinary bladder is proximal to the stomach.
C) The urinary bladder is inferior to the stomach.
D) The urinary bladder is superior to the stomach.
E) The urinary bladder is anterior to the stomach.
Answer: C
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
50) Which of the following best describes the relationship between the right plantar region and the right femoral region?
A) The right plantar region is distal and ipsilateral to the right femoral region.
B) The right plantar region is proximal and ipsilateral to the right femoral region.
C) The right plantar region is inferior and contralateral to the right femoral region.
D) The right plantar region is superior and contralateral to the right femoral region.
E) The right plantar region is anterior and oblique to the right femoral region.
Answer: A
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Hard
51) Which of the following most correctly describes the relationship between the spine and the lungs?
A) The spine is lateral and posterior to the lungs.
B) The spine is medial and posterior to the lungs.
C) The spine is lateral and anterior to the lungs.
D) The spine is medial and posterior to the lungs.
E) The spine is medial and deep to the lungs.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
52) Which structures are superior and lateral to the oral region; posterior, inferior and lateral to the ocular regions; and posterior and lateral to the nasal region?
A) eyes
B) teeth
C) ears
D) eyebrows
E) lips
Answer: C
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Hard
53) The region of the abdominopelvic cavity that is inferior and medial to the left lumbar region is the
A) left hypochondriac region.
B) left inguinal region.
C) umbilical region.
D) hypogastric region.
E) epigastric region.
Answer: D
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
54) Which of the following includes all of the others?
A. mediastinum
B. pericardial cavity
C. pleural cavity
D. thoracic cavity
E. ventral cavity
Answer: E
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Hard
55) Which of the following is located in the pelvic cavity?
A) uterus
B) prostate
C) gallbladder
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.
Answer: D
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
56) The cranial cavity
A) contains the brain.
B) is lined by the meninges.
C) is part of the ventral body cavity.
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.
Answer: D
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
57) Which of the following lines the abdominal cavity?
A) peritoneum
B) pericardium
C) pleurae
D) meninges
E) synovium
Answer: A
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
58) Which of the following structures is not located in the mediastinum?
A) heart
B) lungs
C) esophagus
D) trachea
E) thymus
Answer: B
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
59) Which of the following most correctly describes the relationship between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura?
A) The visceral pleura is anterior to the parietal pleura.
B) The visceral pleura is posterior to the parietal pleura.
C) The visceral pleura is superficial to the parietal pleura.
D) The visceral pleura is deep to the parietal pleura.
E) The visceral pleura is medial to the parietal pleura.
Answer: D
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
60) A sonogram is produced by
A) the response of protons to a pulse of radio waves while they are being magnetized.
B) comparison of an x-ray of a body organ before and after a contrast dye has been injected into a blood vessel.
C) an x-ray beam moving in an arc around the body.
D) high-frequency sound waves transmitted to a video monitor.
E) computer interpretation of radioactive emissions from injected substances.
Answer: D
Reference: Page 21, Medical Imaging
Difficulty: Medium
61) Ginny is six years old and has grown 12 inches during the last year. Her family physician has referred her to a medical imaging center to help diagnose the cause of this abnormally rapid growth. The medical imaging technique LEAST likely to yield the information the doctor needs is
A) computed tomography.
B) sonography.
C) magnetic resonance imaging.
D) conventional radiography.
E) positron emission tomography.
Answer: B
Reference: Page 21, Medical Imaging
Difficulty: Hard
Choose the answer from the column on the right that best matches the description or term on in the column on the left.
62) sensory nerve ending
63) brain or spinal cord
64) muscle or gland
A) control center
B) controlled condition
C) effector
D) receptor
E) stimulus
62) Answer: D
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
63) Answer: A
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
64) Answer: C
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
66) wrist
67) front of elbow
68) hand
A) antebrachial
B) antecubital
C) carpal
D) digital
E) manual
65) Answer: C
Reference: Page 12 , Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
66) Answer: B
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
67) Answer: E
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
68) mouth
69) ear
70) eye
A) cranial
B) nasal
C) ocular
D) oral
E) otic
68) Answer: D
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
69) Answer: E
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
70) Answer: C
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: medium
71) location of pancreas
72) location of urinary bladder
73) location of stomach and spleen
A) epigastric region
B) L. hypochondriac region
C) R. hypochondriac region
D) hypogastric region
E) umbilical region
71) Answer: A
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
72) Answer: D
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
73) Answer: D
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
74) used to assess fetal development,
blood flow, cardiac function
75) used to identify and locate tumors
76) used to identify bone fractures or fluid in
lungs
A) computed tomography
B). magnetic resonance imaging
C) positron emission tomography
D) radiography
E) ultrasound scanning
74) Answer: E
Reference: Page 21, Medical Imaging
Difficulty: Medium
75) Answer: D
Reference: Page 21, Medical Imaging
Difficulty: Medium
76) Answer: B
Reference: Page 21, Medical Imaging
Difficulty: Medium
Write the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
77) ____ is the study of the morphology, or structure, of the body.
Answer: Anatomy
Reference: Page 2, Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Difficulty: Easy
78) _____ are the basic structural and functional units of the body.
Answer: Cells
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Easy
79) The _____ system is responsible for the continuation of the species.
Answer: reproductive
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
80) Listening to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs is called _____.
Answer: auscultation
Reference: Page 3, Levels of Structural Organization
Difficulty: Medium
81) A chemotherapy drug that limits the increase in the size of existing tumor cells or blocks the tumor cells from reproducing inhibits tumor _____.
Answer: growth
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
82) ______ fluid is the internal environment maintained in equilibrium by homeostatic mechanisms.
Answer: Interstitial
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
83) _____ feedback systems, such as those regulating blood sugar and body temperature, respond to counteract the initial stimulus.
Answer: Negative
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
84) An endocrine ______ is a disruption of normal endocrine system function.
Answer: disorder
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
85) ______ is the science that studies the effects of drugs in the treatment of disease.
Answer: pharmacology
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Easy
86) A patient has excessively low blood pressure, a low body temperature and a rapid pulse. This patient exhibits ______ of a condition called shock.
Answer: signs
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
87) A patient lying face up in a hospital bed is in the _____ position.
Answer: supine
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
88) The _____, or frontal, plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
Answer: coronal
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
89) A physician performing a spinal tap would insert the needle into the ____ cavity, which also contains the brain.
Answer: dorsal
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
90) A medical examiner is a pathologist with years of medical school and residency training. Consider the roles of the medical examiner conducting an autopsy. Is the medical examiner functioning as an anatomist, a physiologist, or both? Explain.
Answer: A medical examiner (ME) functions as an anatomist in that he or she must be able to study the details of the structure of a cadaver in order to ascertain the cause of death. However, the ME must also be a physiologist because understanding structures normally function in the body is critical to determining why a person died. For example, observing that a bullet made a hole in the heart is an anatomical observation, but realizing that the person died because the heart could no longer circulate blood is a physiological observation. An ME must be both an anatomist and a physiologist.
Reference: Page 12, Anatomical Terminology
Difficulty: Medium
91) Identify and briefly define the six important life processes of the human body described in Chapter One.
Answer: Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Movement is the motion of the body or its parts. Growth is an increase in the size and/or number of cells. Differentiation is the development of specialized from unspecialized cells. Reproduction is the formation of new cells or a new individual.
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
92) Define the term homeostasis. Identify the components of a typical feedback loop, and describe the role of each.
Answer: Homeostasis is a condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment produced by the interplay of all the body's regulatory processes. Homeostasis is regulated by feedback loops, which typically consist of a receptor, a control center, and an effector. The receptor monitors changes (stimuli) in controlled conditions, and sends this information to the control center. The control center compares this input with other information from other receptors, and notifies and effector to make an appropriate change. The effector makes the appropriate response, as dictated by the control center.
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
93) Explain how a positive feedback loop differs from a negative feedback loop.
Answer: In a positive feedback loop, the response of the effector enhances or amplifies the original stimulus, that is, the condition is moved further away from homeostasis. In a negative feedback loop, the response of the effector is the opposite of the original stress, and tends to move the controlled condition back toward homeostasis.
Reference: Page 8 , Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
94) Identify and describe the locations of the major body fluid compartments. Which is most often called the body's "internal environment?"
Answer: Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid within cells. Extracellular fluid (ECF) is the fluid outside of cells. Plasma is the ECF within blood vessels. Interstitial fluid is the fluid surrounding cells, and is considered the internal environment.
Reference: Page 5, Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Difficulty: Medium
95) Osmometer cells in the brain sense and increase in the concentration of plasma. This information is sent to the hypothalamus, which notifies the pituitary gland to release the hormone ADH. ADH causes the kidney to save water, which lowers the concentration of the plasma.
Identify the elements of a feedback loop in this scenario. Is this a positive or a negative feedback loop? Explain your answer.
Answer: The controlled condition is plasma concentration, and increased plasma concentration is the stimulus. Osmometer cells are the receptors because they sense the increased concentration. The hypothalamus is the control center, which receives the input from the receptors and notifies the effector of the appropriate response. The pituitary gland and the kidneys act as effectors, since both are required to carry out the response. This is a negative feedback loop because the original stimulus (increased plasma concentration) is reversed.
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Hard
96) Consider the roles of two hormones involved in regulation of the concentration of calcium ions in the blood. Parathyroid hormone increases the concentration of calcium ions in the blood, but calcitonin decreases the concentration. Maintenance of calcium ion homeostasis is critical to neurological, cardiac and skeletal muscle function. Based on this information predict what type of feedback mechanism would respond to restore calcium balance if a teenager took a dare and ate 100 antacid tablets made of a calcium compound in 10 minutes. Explain the answer in terms of the components of a feedback loop and whether the body would respond to this situation with a positive or a negative feedback loop.
Answer: A person eating 1oo antacid tablets in 10 minutes would cause an increase in blood calcium concentration. That increase would be the stimulus. Since calcium ion homeostasis is so important, the body probably has a receptor that detects changes. That receptor would send signals to the gland (or glands) that produce hormones regulating calcium balance. Since the blood calcium level is too high, the body needs to react to lower the blood calcium. This would be a negative feedback loop and would need to use calcitonin. The body might also send signals to block the action of parathyroid hormone because the calcium levels are already too high. There must be a way for the body to get rid of the extra calcium in the blood. Two possibilities are putting more calcium into the bones or putting more calcium out in urine or feces. The cells that put calcium into the bone or release it into the urine or feces would be the effectors in the case described here.
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
97) A nurse is in the hospital room when the physician comes in to examine the patient and discuss the patient’s condition with her family. The physician tells the family that the patient’s hypogastric pain may be associated with several conditions and further tests must be conducted. The doctor wants to have some medical imaging tests done, but is concerned because the patient is of reproductive age. When the doctor leaves, the family asks the nurse what the hypogastric region is, what kinds of tests the doctor wants to do, and why it matters if the patient is pregnant. Answer the family’s questions in terms that someone with a middle school education could understand.
Answer: The hypogastric region is basically the pelvic region. The nurse could show the general location of the region with a simple diagram or by pointing to the area on the patient. The nurse should tell the family that the urinary bladder and uterus are in that location. The doctor could order several different tests, but because the patient is of reproductive age will probably order one that will not harm a fetus. X-rays can cause birth defects. A safer alternative is to use ultrasound, which will help the doctor determine if there are any unusual changes in the patient’s bladder or uterus.
Reference: Page 21, Medical Imaging
Difficulty: Medium
98) One of the members of your study group is insisting that a feedback loop is a positive feedback loop because it is "doing good for the body." What is wrong, if anything, with this student's thinking?
Answer: This student is confusing the terms positive and negative with good and bad. When describing feedback loops, the terms positive and negative are used in a more quantitative way to describe whether the effects of a loop amplify (increase) or reverse (decrease) a change in a controlled condition.
Reference: Page 8, Control of Homeostasis
Difficulty: Medium
99) Mr. Barry is experiencing pain in his left hypochondriac and left lumbar regions. He has just been admitted to the emergency room following a construction accident in which he was pulled from beneath the rubble of a collapsed wall. One intern yells, "Get him to X-Ray now!" Yet another intern orders him to CT scanning. What would each intern hope to determine from the procedure ordered?
Answer: X-rays (radiography) will give good clear indications of broken bones (such as ribs), while a CT scan would give a better indication of soft organ damage (such as a ruptured spleen).
Reference: Page 21, Medical Imaging
Difficulty: Medium
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