UNIT: MIDDLE EAST



UNIT: MIDDLE EAST

The Arab-Israeli Conflict

“One Land, Two People”

|Palestine-today |

|part of Israel |

Arabs -named by Israelis

-Muslims the Romans- -Jewish

who forced out

Jews

**Both groups see Palestine as a historic & religious homeland

-Both want to establish an independent nation on this land

-Zionism-movement of Jews to return to their homeland (Israel

-Arab Nationalism-desire to establish their own home in Palestine

-Nationalism-love for your country=Conflict between Arabs and Jews

Balfour Declaration

Handout

-Written in 1917 by Lord Balfour during WWI –promise made both Arabs & Jews-wants to strengthen war effort-defeat Ottoman Empire (Turks).

-Before WWI, Britain makes promises to the Arabs if they help in British war against Germany Arabs would be given freedom after war.(they were part of the Ottoman Empire who ruled over the Arabs.)

BUT

-Balfour Declaration states that Jews should establish their “national home” in Palestine. But not violate rights of Arabs.

**CONFLICT-MORE FRICTION

-Britain takes Palestine & takes away its support for a Jewish State

=WWII-extermination of Jews-Holocaust-many Jews seek refuge in Palestine

BUT

-Same time-several Arab nations formed the Arab League-set out to defend the Arab cause in Palestine

-1947-UN feels that Palestine should be split into 2 parts-a Jewish state and Arab state.

-Jews agree but Arabs disagree-fighting begins-Jews win their independence and in 1948 the state of Israel was proclaimed. Israel=democratic nation

**What have been the results of the Arab-Israeli Conflict?

I. 4 major wars have been fought between Israel and Arab nations around it (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia)

(Map pg. 617)

1. Independence War in 1948-

2. Suez Canal Crisis-1956

-Nasser (King of Egypt) “nationalized” the Suez Canal (took it over-denies Israel access-to finance dam). Britain owned but it was international waterway-

*Arab see this as a right to control their own land-conflict-Jews see it as a dictator cutting off vital areas for trade.

-Br., France & Israel defeat Egypt-U.S. & USSR disapprove-withdraw-Canal in the hands of Egypt.

3. Six-Day War (1967) many Palestinians under Israeli rule at end of

-Egypt & Jordan begun cutting off all ports to Israel-Israel attacks and wins big! Triple their land, Israelis win Gaza strip from Egypt, Golan Heights from Syria, & West Bank from Jordan.

***Biggest Problem of Wars-Arab Refugees-those who flee (1948 War increase) must be taken in by other Arab countries or go to UN refugee camps under Israeli control

-Bad conditions, riots-over 1 million under Israeli control after the 1967 war.

-After the 6 day war, more and more Palestinian Groups came under on organization-PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization-Leader was and is Yassar Arafat-very radical group-TERRIORISM-

4. Yom Kippur War (1973)-on Yom Kippur & during Ramada-surprise attack

-Egypt & Syria (supported by USSR) made surprise attacks on Israel-in Golan and Gaza-failed miserably wanted land lost in 967 war, U.S. support Israel-airlift, UN negotiated a cease-fire

5. 1987-Intifada (Uprising)-Palestinian movement in the occupied territories to “throw off” Israeli rule. (Stone throwing, strikes-attack troops and selected targets-workers strike-young people)

-Violence against Israeli soldiers

-Gaza strip-West Bank

*Focused World attention on Palestine

II. Growth of Arab Nationalism

1. Arab League-a response to Jewish Nationalism-Stop Zionism

2. Pan-Arabism ( 1953)

(Egypt & Syria joined together for 3 years into the United Arab Republic-didn’t as last as Egypt took over)

-Arabs united by hatred of Israel but they are not really united-

-more loyal to their own country

-poor nations felt the rich would rule (mistrust)

-no trust (suspicious)- Ex. Persian Gulf War

3. Attempt to solve conflict

A. Camp David Accords (1979)

-set up full relations between Israel and Egypt (Menachem Begin-Egypt and Anwar Sadat-Israel)-President Jimmy Carter steps in when talks stall

*Egypt becomes first Arab nation to make peace w/Israel and recognize their right to exist

*Israel give back Sinai Peninsular (taken in 1967 war). (what don’t they give back-p. 617-Gaza)

B. Middle East Peace Conference (1993 Madrid, Spain)-led by U.S.-Israel (Rabin) and PLO

-Main goal was to settle West Bank & Gaza Strip (Palestinians still there in Refugee camps

-Gaza given back in 1994, 1995

Aim: What was the Iranian Revolution

-1953-Iran ruled by Shah Reza Pahlavi (similar to Kemal Ataturk in Turkey) he did some positive things and he did some negative things

Positive

-Friendly with the West (U.S.)-good ally which vital to us in the M.E. for Oil

-Took steps to modernize & westernize the country

-Western style divorce

-Women urged to not wear veils in public

-New industry

-New modern railroads

-Education a priority, literacy increases (western books)

-Movie theaters

-Became a secular society (non-religious) (not positive)-does not consult w/religious figures/ignores the church’s point of view

Negative

-Rules w/absolute power had his own secret police-SAVAK-put down demonstrations violently to maintain order

-1970’s-oil boom-large $ increases-Shah spends money on himself and leads a rich lifestyle

-Gap between rich (few) and poor (many) grows larger (much corruption)

**People want change-Shah is Not meeting the needs of the people of Iran=REVOLUTION

Ayatollah Khomeini

-Shi’ite Muslim-outspoken about Shah’s rule-broadcasts radio messages on underground radio stations-forced to flee to France (or he would be in jail)-taped messages smuggled in and played in mosques.

1979-Iranian Revolution-violent overthrow of govt. Shah flees to Egypt and Khomeini is the new leader of Iran

EFFECTS of the Revolution=Islamic Republic

-A Theocracy is set up-govt. where political and religious leaders are the same

-Revolution and modern ways and go back in time

-People follow Islamic Fundamentalism.-oppose westernization, reform to Islamic principles- Muslim religious tradition

-very strict interpretation of the Koran

-law of Islam will govern people

-no non-Islamic believers in office

-will try to spread beliefs through M.E.-will use terrorism to est. Islamic republic

Ex. 1988-Pan Am Flight 103-Scotland

1993-World Trade Center Bombing

Hostage Taking

-Iran becomes

-Anti-modern

-Anti-Western-western-style divorce laws repealed, women had to wear veils in public places.

-U.S. hated-“the Great Satan”-U.S. had supported Shah-supply oil buffer to USSR

-Shah goes to U.S. for medical treatment-there was demand he be returned to Iran for trial-Hostage Crisis-fundamentalist storm embassy-52 kept for 444 days-effected U.S. elections in 1980-carter loses to regan

Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) (Iranians-non Arabs)

-Civil disorder in Iran-vulnerable to an attack

-Iraq invades and take the Shatt-Al-Arab (key waterway into the Persian Gulf)-Iraqis superior weapons, poison gas-Iranians larger # of troops.

-Hussein wants to become leader of the Arab World

-becomes a religious war-Sunni vs. Shi’ite (Jihad-Martyrs)

-Ended by UN cease-fire Iraq owes Kuwait large debt

TURKEY

-1920-Kemal Ataturk

-Modernized & westernized Turkey-secular state

-Stable, democratic govt.-modeled after the U.S.

Kurds-10% of Turkey’s population (also live in Iraq, Iran)

-face discrimination b/c they want to rule themselves-many jailed, civil rights violated, live in mountains separated from others.

-Never had their own nation-seek freedom

-Kurdistan

(Sikhs-Indian-storm the Golden Temple (holiest shrine)-Kill Indira Gandhi-separate country)

Sikhs & PLO used terrorism to spread their ideas

OIL-non-renewable resources

What is O.P.E.C.?

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 1960

It is a cartel-a combination of individuals who combine for the purpose of limiting production of a good-not a monopoly.

-Its purpose?

-to limit & control production of oil-this controls price

Why formed?

-Eliminate competition between these nations-charge same price per barrel

Impact?

-OPEC nations have great power and influence because of control of oil

-sell mostly to industrialized nations-U.S. imports over 50%-INTERDEPENDENCE-rely on one another

-Oil has been used as a political weapon

-Nations looking for alternate sources of energy-solar, nuclear, hydroelectric

IMPACT on Middle East

-Tradition vs. modernism

-Jealousy between have and have-not nations

Have-lost of oil-$, low pop., very wealthy, S. Arabia, Kuwait, UAE

have-not-no oil, Syria, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq has oil but high population

U.S.-USSR involvement in the M.E.

Ditto

1979-Soviets invade Afghanistan to maintain its pro-Soviet govt.

-world protests invations-3 million flee to Pakistan

-1980 Summer Olympics (Moscow)-boycott by almost all-Western nations led by U.S.

-1984-Soviets retaliate by boycott of Summer Games in L.A.

-1989-Gorbachev orders withdrawal of Soviet troops-100’s thousands died.

Iraq Invasion of Kuwait

Why did Persian Gulf war involve many nations from around the world-world eco depends on oil

-U.S. helped to build up Iraq (USSR too)-worried about the rise of Khomeini in Iran

-8/2/90-Iraq invades Kuwait-(S. Arabia next) Why?

1. Oil-wants Kuwaiti assets-major debt ($100 billion)-cost of war w/Iran (owe $10 Billion to Kuwait)

2. Needs port-Kuwait has a 120-mile coastline, Iraq-26 mils-best port in the Persian Gulf

3. Always considered Kuwait a territory-reclaim it (from days of Ottoman Empire)

4. Hussein claims conspiracy against him

-No one will help w/$

-Iraq wants higher oil prices-OPEC says no

-UN imposes an embargo on Iraq

-Jan 16, 1991-U.S. leads Operation Desert Storm (air attack-ground attack) 27 nations/U.S.-200,000 troops-

Greatest Problems faced by U.S.

-lack of water-high temps

-fear of use of poison gas

-Inexperience in desert warfare

-Keeping high tech weapons/parts clean in desert sand

Points about War

-Fear of use of chemical weapons by Hussein

-Iraq tries to draw Israel into war w/SCUD attacks-stays out

-High Tech War-laser guided bombs, stealth bombers (night flying)

-Massive environmental damage-oil spills, burning wells

-Oil-people question why fighting-Not defending democracy-Kuwait, Saudis very undemocratic

Embargo until 1996-allow limited oil exports-to help people of Iraq get medical supplies and food.

Hussein still refuses to allow UN team to inspect weapons/factories/plants for chemical and biological weapons.

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